Blue Hill Research Articles

Codell Sandstone, Denver Basin--Frontier Exploration in a Mature Basin: ABSTRACT

End_Page 567------------------------------The Codell Sandstone Member of the Carlile Shale is a new exploration target for oil and gas in the northern Denver basin. The Codell interval ranges in thickness from a wedge edge to approximately 100 ft (30.5 m), the average being 15 to 20 ft (4.5 to 6.1 m). The Codell is well developed in the southern Denver basin, is absent in a broad northeast-trending area in the central Denver basin, and is sporadically developed in the northern Denver basin. The variation in geographic distribution and thickness results from regional unconformities at the base and top of the Codell. The Carlile Shale (50 to 200 ft, 15.3 to 61 m), in the Denver basin and marginal outcrop area, has four members which, in ascending order, are the Fairport Chalk, Blue Hill Shale, Codell Sandstone, and Juana Lopez Limestone. The unconformity at the base of the Codell Sandstone member has a hiatus which increases in magnitude to the west across the basin. The sandstone is transitional with the underlying Blue Hill in central Kansas, but overlies Fairport equivalents in most of the Denver basin and the underlying Greenhorn Formation along the northwest flank of the basin. The unconformity at the top of the Codell places the Fort Hays Limestone Member of the Niob ara in erosional contact with either the thin (1 to 3 ft, 0.3 to 0.9 m) Juana Lopez or the Codell. Outcrop and core studies clearly show three types of sandstones which developed during sea level changes in late Turonian and early Coniacian time. The Codell is related to processes in three different environmental settings: 1. The marine (or shoreline) bars have a transitional base with the underlying Blue Hill Shale Member. The sandstones have good porosity and permeability and a sheetlike distribution. These sandstones occur in Kansas and the southern Denver basin and are not currently productive of petroleum. 2. Tight bioturbated and reworked marine shelf sandstones generally are without a central-bar facies. These sands may also be associated with thin, irregular, relict, or palimpsest shelf deposits which locally are coarse grained and conglomeratic. Recent petroleum discoveries have been made in this sandstone facies in the west-central part of the Denver basin. Productive depths range from 4,000 to 8,000 ft (1,219 to 2,438 m). Net pay ranges from 3 to 25 ft (0.9 to 7.6 m). Porosities range from 8 to 24%. Permeabilities are generally less than 0.5 md. Trapping of petroleum appears to be stratigraphic. 3. Tight sandstones of marine (?) origin fill large scour depressions (valleys?) which were eroded into underlying Fairport or Greenhorn strata. Although these sandstones are the thickest found in the Codell, they are generally tight and occur mainly in the Wyoming portion of the basin. Only minor production has been found in this facies. Variation in thickness and reservoir quality is related to original environmental control, paleostructure which locally influenced the unconformities, fracturing, and diagenesis. Where fracturing is important to reservoir quality, the Codell and overlying Fort Hays Limestone may be a co-mingled reservoir. End_of_Article - Last_Page 568------------

Mid-Cretaceous Biostratigraphic Units, Unconformities, and Diastrophism in Wyoming, Colorado, and Adjacent Areas: ABSTRACT

In the central Rocky Mountains and adjoining Great Plains, lithologies and hiatuses within sequences of mid-Cretaceous formations reflect widespread fluctuations of sea level and intermittent tectonism during Cenomanian, Turonian, and Coniacian time (88 to 96 m.y.B.P.). Siliciclastic and carbonate strata of marine origin in the Graneros, Belle Fourche, Greenhorn, Carlile, and Niobrara Formations grade laterally into marine and nonmarine siliciclastic beds of the Frontier Formation. The clastic strata are products of uplift and erosion in both the Sevier orogenic belt of Utah, Idaho, and western Montana, and a contiguous region within Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and Nebraska. The ages of these rocks, the durations of intervening hiatuses, and the times of diastrophis were determined mainly from a detailed succession of marine molluscan index fossils. Outcrops at scattered localities in this region, in a western part of the Cretaceous seaway, as well as outcrops in eastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa, near the eastern shore of the seaway, indicate a marine transgression in the Cenomanian and early Turonian (Belle Fourche and Greenhorn time), a marine regression in the middle Turonian (early Carlile time), and a marine transgression in the late Turonian and Coniacian (late Carlile and early Niobrara time). However, the stratigraphic record of these widespread events has been obscured in most of Wyoming and Colorado by submarine and subaerial erosion and attendant sedimentation associated with episodic orogenic activity during the Turonian and Coniacian (88 to 91 m.y.B.P.). In central and northwestern Wyoming, strata as young as late Cenomanian (early Greenhorn age) are disconformably overlain by beds of early middle Turonian (latest Greenhorn) age. Uplift and erosion in these areas probably occurred during early to earliest middle Turonian time. In western Colorado, early middle Turonian strata (Fairport Member of the Carlile) and older rocks are disconformably overlain by late middle Turonian strata (Blue Hill Member of the Carlile), indicating deformation and truncation in the middle Turonian. Moreover, truncated beds as young as late middle Turonian (Codell Sandstone Member of the Carlile) are overlain by early late Turonian strata (Juana Lopez Member of the Carlile) in Colorado and Wyoming, reflecting earliest late Turonian orogenic activity in the icinity of the Front Range, Laramie Range, and Bighorn Mountains. Some of the rocks of early late Turonian age (a lower part of the Wall Creek Member of the Frontier) were, in turn, uplifted and eroded during later late Turonian time in an area that extends from Yellowstone Park to central Wyoming. Furthermore, at outcrops near the Laramie Range, truncated beds of late Turonian age (Wall Creek Member of the Frontier) and the overlying Coniacian strata (basal Niobrara) indicate earliest Coniacian tectonism and erosion in southeastern Wyoming. Elongate areas of uplift and erosion and of discrete sedimentary facies of mid-cretaceous age commonly trend approximately southeastward and northeastward in the central Rocky Mountains-western Great Plains region. From Yellowstone Park southeast to the vicinity of Casper, Wyoming, intermittent truncation and deposition during the Turonian are especially evident. End_of_Article - Last_Page 513------------

Upper Cretaceous Coastal Deposits in South-Central Colorado--Codell and Juana Lopez Members of Carlile Shale

The Codell Sandstone Member of the Carlile Shale in south-central Colorado is a coastal deposit forming the upper part of the regressive phase of the Upper Cretaceous Greenhorn cyclothem. These beds consist of fine-grained sandstones and lesser amounts of silty shale deposited in a system of barrier islands, lagoon fills, tidal deltas, and offshore bars. The generally northeast-trending coast prograded southeastward in response to a gradual drop in sea level. Barrier-bar deposits display a characteristic vertical succession of facies that begins with transition from dark, silty shales of the underlying Blue Hill Shale Member of the Carlile Shale to (1) thoroughly bioturbated sandstones of the lower shoreface, succeeded by (2) lenticular-bedded and hummocky cross-laminated sandstones of the lower and middle shoreface, and (3) flat-laminated sandstones of the upper shoreface and foreshore. The top of a barrier-bar sequence can contain tabular cross-bedded sandstones of an ebb-tidal delta. The lagoonal succession contains (1) prelagoonal lower shoreface deposits overlain by (2) a thick body of strongly bioturbated sandstone, the lagoon fill, locally containing lenses of mollusk coquina, which are storm-washover beds, and at the top, (3) a flood-tidal delta sandstone made up of bipolar-oriented, tabular cross-bed sets. Offshore-bar deposits are like an abbreviated barrier-bar sequence, being thinner and lacking upper shoreface-foreshore facies. In places, Blue Hill-like offshore shales overlie these bar deposits. Lebensspuren in the Codell include feeding structures such as Zoophycos, Teichichnus, Diplocraterion, and Rhizocorallium; dwelling burrows such as Ophiomorpha, Thalassinoides, and Arenicolites; trails such as Gyrochorte and Gordia; and escape traces. The Juana Lopez Member of the Carlile Shale disconformably overlies the Codell and is the basal transgressive deposit of the Niobrara cyclothem. It consists of a thin lag deposit composed of reworked Codell sand with admixed shark teeth, bones, and broken mollusk shells, and an overlying dark, fetid, skeletal limestone. Establishment of fully marine conditions resulted in deposition of light-colored foraminiferal micrites of the Fort Hays Limestone Member of the Niobrara Formation, which overlies the Juana Lopez beds.

Ordovician cauldron subsidence of the Blue Hills Complex, eastern Massachusetts

The Blue Hills Complex, which lies south of the Boston Basin in eastern Massachusetts, is composed of Cambrian sedimentary rocks and Late Ordovician alkalic plutonic and volcanic rocks. On the north, the Complex is separated by a fault from the Boston Bay Group, which very recently has been shown to be late Precambrian. On the south, the Complex is overlain unconformably by the Pennsyvanian rocks of the Norfolk Basin. The bedding and volcanic flow structures of the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Pennsylvanian rocks are essentially parallel and dip steeply south. I believe that the Blue Hills Complex is a Late Ordovician cauldron subsidence that was tilted during the Alleghenian Orogeny and was thrust northward over the Boston Bay Group.

Communications: The crystal detector: By 1920, G.W. Pickard had tested 31 250 possible combinations of materials in search of a practical detector

We use the term electronics today; in 1906. the term was “radio.” Radio was a new field, and most of the technology had to be developed from scratch. For reliable long-distance communication, sensitive receivers were vitally needed. The heart of the receiver was its detector, the device that demodulated the radio frequency signal and produced an audio frequency current in the headphones that listeners had to wear. Making this detector more sensitive became the goal of every radio engineer. The inventor who did more than any other to develop the crystal detector and turn it into a practical device was an American, Greenleaf Whittier Pickard (1877-1956). Pickard, whose great-uncle was John Greenleaf Whittier, the poet, was born in Portland, Me., and educated at the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During the Summer of 1899, he received a grant from the Smithsonian Institution to experiment with wireless antennas raised by kites at the Blue Hill Observatory in Milton, Mass. His apparatus was the same as Marconi's (Fig. 1), employing a coherer as the detector, and Pickard soon became aware of its limitation.

Spatial and temporal pattern of eastern U.S. haziness: A summary

One of the key features of the optical environment over the eastern U.S. is the frequent occurrence of regional haziness, particularly during the summer season. Four historical data bases were examined for estimation of the regional trend in haziness over the past 80 years: the surface visibility observations currently operated by the National Weather Service; historical visibility at Blue Hill MA; the NOAA-WMO turbidity network measuring the extinction of solar radiation with a sun photometer since the 1960's; and a set of direct solar radiation monitoring stations operated since 1910. In the 1970's the lowest visibility occurred in the region of the Ohio River. The strongest increase of haziness was noted in the states adjacent to the Smoky Mountains: the average visibility there has decreased from 24 to 10 km since 1948. That region also exhibits the highest turbidity (vertical optical depth of the aerosol). The spatial trends of coal consumption indicate a consistency with the spatial trends in haziness.

Trends in Atmospheric Transmission at Three Locations in the United States from 1940 to 1977

The pyrheliometric measurements at three locations in the United States axe examined to determine if there are trends in atmospheric transmission. Although the radiation values at Madison are depressed in the 1940's because of local pollution, there is no strong evidence of other man-made aerosol pollution at Madison, Albuquerque or Blue Hill. Collectively, there is a suggestion of increased aerosol pollution for the three stations, but the decrease in atmospheric transmission is rather small and confined to the urban areas where the measurements are made. The detected trends, if real, are too small to be important to climate on a regional or global scale because the estimated growth rate is ∼0.05% per year. There is evidence for the eruptions of Agung, Awu and Fuego in the radiation records. The eruption of Agung increases the optical depth by ∼0.035 several months after its eruption. By 1965 the atmospheric transmission returned to normal. The Lamb dust veil index in the Northern Hemisphere for these three eruptions is estimated to be 250. 85 and 165, respectively.

Exposures of Greenhorn Formation and Carlile Shale (Upper Cretaceous) at Lake Traverse, Western Minnesota: GEOLOGIC NOTES

The Greenhorn Formation and Carlile Shale (Cenomanian and Turonian) crop out in western Minnesota near the town of Browns Valley. The locality (NE¼, NE¼, Sec. 2, T125N, R49W) provides important lithologic and biostratigraphic data because it is situated in an area of sparse outcrop. About 3 m of chalk and limestone are assigned to the Greenhorn; Mytiloides labiatus (Schlotheim) and Watinoceras coloradoense (Henderson) are present in the unit. The Carlile Shale is approximately 35 m thick and includes the Fairport, Blue Hill, Codell Sandstone, and upper unnamed members. Collignoniceras woollgari (Mantel) is present in the Blue Hill Member. The Greenhorn Formation and Carlile Shale were deposited in shallow marine environments on the eastern margin of the Late Cretaceous seaway. Postdepositional tectonism is suggested by an observed dip of 27°. The units are potential shallow, low-permeability gas reservoirs.

FAMILY AND MULTI-FAMILY THERAPY (a two-part video program, 42 minutes and 57 minutes, available on ½-inch reel-to-reel videotape or ¾-inch videocassettes). Produced by Blue Hill Educational Systems, Inc., in association with Abraham Lurie, Ph.D., director of the department of social work services at the Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center. Distributed by Blue Hill Educational Systems, 52 South Main Street, Spring

<b>FAMILY AND MULTI-FAMILY THERAPY</b> (a two-part video program, 42 minutes and 57 minutes, available on ½-inch reel-to-reel videotape or ¾-inch videocassettes). Produced by Blue Hill Educational Systems, Inc., in association with Abraham Lurie, Ph.D., director of the department of social work services at the Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center. Distributed by Blue Hill Educational Systems, 52 South Main Street, Spring

Metabolic rate, temperature acclimation and resistance to high temperature of soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, as affected by shore level

1. 1. Metabolic rates, temperature acclimation patterns and mortality resistance at high temperature were determined for Mya arenaria collected in summer from four beach levels at Blue Hill Falls, ME. 2. 2. For a clam of intermediate size, metabolic rate is highest at the high intertidal level and lowest at the low intertidal level; subtidal and mid intertidal clams exhibit intermediate rates. 3. 3. Bivalves from the low intertidal level exhibited near-complete (Precht type 3–92.4%) metabolic compensation to temperature change while those from mid and high intertidal levels showed partial compensation (Precht type 3–61% and 32.5%. respectively) after 2 weeks. 4. 4. Subtidal clams exhibited supraoptimal compensation (Precht type 1); warm acclimated clams from this level were metabolically temperature independent over the range of 10–25°C. 5. 5. Subtidal and high intertidal clams are better able to withstand high temperature (25°C) than clams from low and mid intertidal levels.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE IN THE COLONIZING SEA ANEMONEHALIPLANELLA LUCIAE

Populations of Haliplanella luciae on the Atlantic coast of North America typically are composed of one or a few strictly asexual clones. The lack of genetic variability in one local population, that at Blue Hill Falls, Maine, is reflected in the population's response to extremes of temperature and salinity. As the limits of tolerance are approached, there is an abrupt and epidemic incidence of mortality, rather than a gradual one. Genetic and the concomitant physiological uniformity explain the well-known tendency for local populations of Haliplanella to disappear suddenly and illustrate a common outcome of the founder effect. The success of Haliplanella as a colonizer is due to its extreme hardiness toward physical environmental factors and to its prolific asexual nature. Asexual reproduction by longitudinal fission and by pedal laceration not only provides a means of rapid colonization of a new habitat, but also a means of producing multiple copies of genotypes that have proved to be successful under local conditions. The resultant population structure recalls that in other animal and plant colonizers, in which there is heavy reliance on general purpose genotypes in isolated populations. The comparative lack of colonizing success in the ecologically similar anemone, Diadumene leucolena, relates to its reproductive biology. Not only is the asexual potential for the rapid spread of successful genotypes lacking, but sexual reproduction typically requires a more optimal set of environmental circumstances which will not necessarily be met in a new habitat.

How to Take a Health History

This article was adapted with permission from the video-taped program, Health History,' by the'nursing faculty of Herbert H. Lehman College and produced by Blue Hill Educational Systems, Inc., 52 S. Main Street, Spring Valley, N.Y. 10977. Three individual titles and their runping times in minutes are Overview (13), History-Taking Interview (26), and Formulating the Plan (13). Costs are $200 each or $550 for the set; composite preview, no charge ('/2inch reel to reel or ',-inch cassette). The ideal of health care and health as an individual right began during the depression of the 1930's, a period of social concern about employment and public health. The rising economrqy after World War II dampened interest in public welfare, but the recessions of the 1950's renewed it. The late fifties and

Simultaneous optical and incoherent scatter observations of two low-latitude auroras

During the last sunspot maximum, major auroras occurred over Boston, MA ( L = 3.1) on 23/24 March 1969 and 8/9 March 1970, during which optical and incoherent scatter radar measurements were made simultaneously from the Blue Hill Observatory and Millstone Field Station, respectively. The paper presents the results of these measurements and attempts a self-consistent interpretation of them. It is found that a major increase (5–10 times) in the abundance of molecular species (O 2 and N 2) at F-region heights must have occurred; this was not accompanied by any appreciable increase in the major neutral species, atomic oxygen. From the radar data, the energy input to the F-region can be separated into direct heating by secondary electrons, downward heat flow from the magnetosphere and a low-energy non-ionizing electron flux. The total observed intensity of the predominant optical emission from atomic oxygen at 6300 Å can then be predicted satisfactorily by summing the contributions to this emission from impact excitation by ambient electrons, from the low-energy precipitating electrons and from dissociative recombination.

The intensity variation of the atomic oxygen red line during morning and evening twilight on 9–10 April 1969

During the evening of 9 April and the morning of 10 April 1969, the twilight zenith intensity of the atomic oxygen red line OI( 3P- 1D) at 6300 Å was measured at the Blue Hill Observatory (42°N, 17°W). At the same time incoherent scatter radar data were being obtained at the Millstone Hill radar site 50 km distant. We have used a diurnal model of the mid-latitude F-region to calculate the ionospheric structure over Millstone Hill conditions similar to 9–10 April 1969. The measured electron temperature, ion temperature, and electron density at 800 km are used as boundary conditions for the model calculations. The diurnal variation of neutral composition and temperature were obtained from the OGO-6 empirical model and the neutral winds were derived from a semiempirical three-dimensional dynamic model of the neutral thermosphere. The solar EUV flux was adjusted to yield reasonable agreement between the calculated and observed ionospheric properties. This paper presents the results of these model computations and calculations of the red line intensity. The 6300 Å emission includes contributions from photoelectron excitation, dissociative recombination, Schumann-Runge photodissociation and thermal electron impact. The variations of these four components for morning and evening twilight between 90–120° solar zenith angles, and their relative contributions to the total 6300 Å emission line intensity, are presented and the total is compared to the observations. For this particular day the Schumann-Runge photodissociation component, calculated using the solar fluxes tabulated by Ackermann (1970), is the dominant component of the morning twilight 6300 Å emission. During evening twilight it is necessary to utilize a lower O 2 density than for the morning twilight in order to bring the calculated and observed 6300 Å emission rates into agreement. The implication that there may be a diurnal variation in the O 2 density at the base of the thermosphere is discussed in the light of available experimental data and current theoretical ideas.

The relationship of diffuse radiation to total radiation in Canada

The diffuse-to-total radiation correlation developed by Liu and Jordan (1960) has been extensively used by designers even though the correlation was based on only one location (Blue Hill, Massachusetts). Indirect evidence indicates the universal nature of the correlation, however, no published test or similar correlation exists for any location in Canada. The Canadian Department of Transport has, for over twenty years, published monthly tabulations of the measured incident solar radiation from various weather stations in Canada. Four of these stations, Toronto, Montreal, Goose Bay, and Resolute Bay, record both total and diffuse radiation. The present paper describes a correlation and provides a check of Liu and Jordan's method using seven years of data for each of the four above mentioned locations. (WDM)

The sense of history in recent Soviet Latvian poetry

The visitor to the Latvian Song-Festival Centennial celebrated in Riga in 1973, who attended at least two of the five-hour long concerts, the first and the third, was subjected to two expressions of historical awareness. The first concert sang the praises of Lenin and of Latvia as a worthy and grateful member in the sisterhood of friendly communistic republics. Guest choirs from other republics participated, only one third of the program was non-communist and Latvian, and the introductory speeches celebrated the 33rd anniversary of the Latvian Socialist Republic rather than the 100th anniversary of the song festival. The second concert celebrated the choir singers and their conductors; two thirds of the program consisted of Latvian folksongs and of choir music meaningful to Latvians everywhere, some of the songs old and composed to texts by earlier poets expressing the national spirit of the Latvian people: songs about the Castle of Light rising again after centuries; about the blue hills of Latvia and about its immortal heroes; about the defiance of its pines which can break but never will bend.1 The first concert represented the history of the moment, or the political condition of the present. The second reached back far into the past; as the applause proved, it tapped the deepest levels of response in the audience; it showed the people to be in touch not only with their poetic and musical tradition but with the myths, value systems, and dimensions of history that have made up the Latvian experience. A part of Soviet Latvian poetry, significantly not the best, is created like the first concert - through the imposition from without of a political creed and a simplified and false we. There is no need to dwell upon the view of history as revealed in the praises of Lenin, the Revolution, or the victories of the working class - in the treatment of these topics,

Kimberlite and related rocks from the Nama Plateau of South-West Africa

The Gibeon Kimberlite province contains at least forty-six pipes and sixteen major dykes of mainly basaltic kimberlite besides several occurrences of a more carbonatitic character which include the Gross Brukkaros carbonatite volcano, the Blue Hills monticellite peridotite, the Hatzium dome and the Mukorob dyke. The paper describes briefly the regional geology of the Nama Plateau, the location and outcrop characteristics and petrology of the kimberlites and related rocks and a method of their detection by alluvial prospecting. The writer suggests that all these rocks are related and form part of the same petrological province. Various analytical data allow the construction of a diagram which shows a smoothly curved direct petrogenetic relationship between the kimberlites and the carbonatitic rocks of the Gibeon province. The evolution of kimberlite provinces is thought to be controlled by their tectonic environment with kimberlites ascending rapidly in zones with convex curvature of the crust while carbonatitic rocks result from an interrupted or slow ascent in zones of concave curvature.

Imagination and the Spirit: Essays in Literature and the Christian Faith (review)

Reviewed by: Imagination and the Spirit: Essays in Literature and the Christian Faith Ian Campbell (bio) Imagination and the Spirit: Essays in Literature and the Christian Faith presented to Clyde S. Kilby. Edited by Charles Huttar. (William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., $9.95). Two personalities overshadow this Festschrift anthology of essays: one is that of an inspiring scholar and teacher at Wheaton College, the other that of a great humane scholar and writer at Oxford, now no longer living. To Clyde Kilby, the teaching of English and the chairmanship of a growing and energetic English department in Illinois have been the major part of his life. Scholar, teacher, inspiring friend, "a faithful servant of the Lord Jesus Christ" (pp. 476-477), Clyde Kilby's influence is obvious throughout the pages of this anthology. Typically, Glenn Sadler (who contributes a perceptive and much-needed essay on "The Fantastic Imagination in George Macdonald") was first introduced to the work of Macdonald, not through lecture or seminar, but through devotional reading prefacing Kilby's class. Kilby's personality is one half of the background to Imagination and the Spirit; the other half is the personality of C. S. Lewis. Kilby was a long-term admirer of Lewis' writing while the Oxford scholar was still alive: "Many evangelical students whom Kilby guided [End Page 240] through the structure of Lewis' thought found the same vivification of the fabric of Christian ideas" (p. 472). His interest in Lewis' work had three important results. One was the meeting between the two men in Oxford, which led to a lively correspondence. The second was a useful interchange of material and unfinished projects, in which the handicap of Lewis' failing health was partly overcome by help from Illinois. The third, and perhaps the most important in the long term, was the continuing work of the establishment in the library of Wheaton College of an archive of C. S. Lewis manuscripts and correspondence. Imagination and the Spirit will certainly contribute to the reader's awareness of a Christian tradition, and the writer's place in a Christian society; yet a sense of the boundaries of the imagination and the capabilities of the human spirit in exploring these boundaries stands behind the scholarship of these pages. Specifically, one may turn to the section on "Inklings and Ancestors," to the essays on Wordsworth and MacDonald, to two important essays by Alice Hadfield and Marjorie Wright on the fiction of Lewis and Williams, and to two equally important but specialized essays on Lewis by Walter Hooper and Corbin Carnell. For too long regarded loosely and at half-acquaintance as a writer of science fiction and the amusing if unintelligible Screwtape Letters, Lewis is revealed in these essays as an important writer of allegory and fantasy. His works yield richly to the scholarly investigation they receive—a true liberation of the imagination as of the spirit. This liberation is perhaps the theme which will most attract those who teach children's literature. The writer's vision of reality is transformed in writing for children into a form of critical meaning: sometimes the meaning may be all but concealed, sometimes re-interpreted in a way which could be described as ". . . a poet's artistic diary of youthful dreams"—Glenn Sadler's description of Macdonald's Phantastes (p. 220). The artistic diary, like all diaries, will select what is recorded, and this makes all the more valuable the biographical insights which we can receive into MacDonald's life and its effect on the world of his art. Professor Sadler combines information on MacDonald's youth, and the influence of Scottish scenery, with an investigation of the debt MacDonald owed to the German romantics—a linking of the "blue hills" of his birthplace and the impossible dreams of the Märchen which emerge transfored in Phantastes, "an imaginative journey into MacDonald's poetic unconsciousness" (p. 222). To perform such a journey, to illuminate the artist's vision, somehow to relate the world of fantasy to the reader's experience, must surely be the responsibility of those who teach "Children's Literature." More material on C. S. Lewis is available in this collection, in a context which...

Hemangiomatosis, localized growth disturbance, and intravascular coagulation disorder presenting with an unusual arthritis resembling hemophilia.

HomeRadiologyVol. 97, No. 2 PreviousNext ArticlesHemangiomatosis, Localized Growth Disturbance, and Intravascular Coagulation Disorder Presenting with an Unusual Arthritis Resembling HemophiliaEdward Milikow22, Thane AschEdward Milikow22, Thane AschAuthor Affiliations Department of Radiology Mount Sinai Hospital500 Blue Hills Ave. Hartford, Conn. 06112Edward Milikow22Thane AschPublished Online:Nov 1 1970https://doi.org/10.1148/97.2.387MoreSectionsPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In AbstractThe combination of two rare syndromes including hemangiomata as the predominant lesions is reported. The patient had a well-documented coagulation disorder and an extensive arthritis of both knees, simulating hemophilia.Article HistoryAccepted: June 1970Published in print: Nov 1970 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByJournal of Pediatric OrthopaedicsJournal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Vol. 24, No. 1Recommended Articles RSNA Education Exhibits RSNA Case Collection Vol. 97, No. 2 Metrics Altmetric Score PDF download

Aspidogaster conchicola from Freshwater Gastropods in the United States

Aspidogaster conchicola infection is reported in 2 species of freshwater gastropods, Viviparus malleatus and V. japonicus. This represents the first report of this trematode from Massachusetts and also the first time that gastropods have been implicated as hosts in North America. Observations are presented on natural infections and their pathology in the snails, in vitro maintenance of A. conchicola for periods up to 135 days, and morphologic variations of this trematode's opisthaptor. Aspidogaster conchicola, a common parasite of freshwater mollusks, has been reported from China, North Africa, Central Europe, and North America (Dollfus, 1958). Although it has been found occasionally in species of freshwater gastropods, fish, and turtles (Faust, 1922; Simer, 1929; Dollfus, 1958), infections in animals other than Unionidae have been considered accidental and transient (Van Cleave and Williams, 1943). It was of interest, therefore, to find that A. conchicola frequently parasitizes the snails Viviparus malleatus and V. japonicus in the Boston area. This represents the first report of A. conchicola from Massachusetts and also the first time that gastropods have been implicated as hosts in North America. Observations are also presented on natural infections and their pathology in snails, the in vitro maintenance of A. conchicola, and on peculiarities in the morphology of this organism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Viviparus malleatus were collected from Emmanuel Pond and from the Muddy River, Brookline, Massachusetts, and V. japonicus from Spot Pond, Blue Hills, Massachusetts. Sixty specimens of the former and 10 of the latter were used in this study. No unionids were found in either of the collecting sites. Whole mounts of A. conchicola were prepared from specimens fixed in AFA and stained with Delafield's hematoxylin or Mayer's acetic carmine. Other specimens were fixed in Zenker's 5% acetic acid solution, embedded in paraffin, sectioned serially (8 4), and stained with hemalum and azure II-eosin. Snails were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned Received for publication 26 August 1969. * These studies were supported, in part, by Grants AI-00513 and AI-00046 from the NIAID, U. S. Public Health Service. serially (8 4z), and stained with hemalum and eosin, hemalum and azure II-eosin, or Gomori's trichrome. To study the opisthaptor, living worms were relaxed with menthol crystals, fixed in hot AFA, and stained with half-strength Lugol's iodine. The worms were then oriented, opisthaptor up, in a small drop of 70% alcohol on a slide. Details of the opisthaptor were observed using a stereomicroscope ( X 30). Trematodes were maintained axenically in glass roller tubes (20 by 150 mm) containing 5 ml of a modified Unionid Ringer's Solution (Ellis et al., 1931). The solution was modified by adding 5% clam blood (sterile, from Anodonta implicata), penicillin G (100 units/ml), streptomycin sulfate (100 jg/ml), and sufficient sodium bicarbonate to yield pH 7.9. Tubes were sealed with nonreactive rubber stoppers, but opened every 10 days. Groups of 10 tubes, each containing one adult worm, were maintained at 4, 20, and 25 C in each of two experiments.