Blue-green Alga Anabaena Research Articles

Antifungal cyclic peptides from the terrestrial blue-green alga Anabaena laxa. II. Structures of laxaphycins A, B, D and E.

Laxaphycins A and B are the major components in an antifungal mixture of cyclic peptides from the terrestrial blue-green alga Anabaena laxa FK-1-2. NMR and MS spectral studies coupled with amino acid analysis indicate that the gross structures of laxaphycins A and B are cyclic (Aoc-Hse-E-Dhb-Hyp-Hse-Phe-Leu-Ile-Ile-Leu-Gly) where Aoc is a 3-aminooctanoic acid residue and cyclic (Ala-Hleu-Gln-N-MeIle-Hasn-Thr-Pro-Leu-Thr-Ade-Val- Hleu) where Ade is a 3-aminodecanoyl unit, respectively. Laxaphycin E, a minor cyclic undecapeptide, differs in gross structure from laxaphycin A in possessing a 3-aminodecanoic acid unit (Ade) in lieu of Aoc, whereas laxaphycin D, a minor cyclic dodecapeptide, differs from laxaphycin B in possessing a 3-aminooctanoyl unit (Aoc) instead of an Ade unit.

Antifungal cyclic peptides from the terrestrial blue-green alga Anabaena laxa. I. Isolation and biological properties.

Laxaphycins are responsible for the antifungal and cytotoxic activity of crude ethanolic extracts from the cultured blue-green alga Anabaena laxa. These cyclic peptides exhibit an unusual biological synergism when tested for antifungal or cytotoxic effects. The isolation procedure for the peptides, their characterization and biological activities are described here along with experiments demonstrating synergism between the two major laxaphycins.

Changes in the Pigment content of Anabaena variabilis Cells in Outdoor Culture

Summary The influence of daily and seasonal irradiance as well as of other environmental factors on the pigment content of the nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis has been investigated in outdoor cultures. An adaptive response to variations in solar irradiance is evident throughout day-night cycles and during the months of high and low solar irradiance, the chlorophyll level of the cells increasing when itradiance decreases. A similar adaptive reaction to indirect changes in the availability of light to cells caused by variations in either density or depth of the cell suspension has also been observed. The accessory pigments phycobiliproteins respond in an analogous manner. Growth rate estimates in A. variabilis outdoor cultures significantly differ depending on whether growth is expressed on either a chlorophyll or a dry weight basis. This discrepance is due to the variability in the chlorophyll content of cells in response to either direct or indirect changes in available light.

ChemInform Abstract: Puwainaphycin C, a Cardioactive Cyclic Peptide from the Blue‐Green Alga Anabaena BQ‐16‐1. Use of Two‐Dimensional 13C‐13C and 13C‐15N Correlation Spectroscopy in Sequencing the Amino Acid Units

ChemInformVolume 20, Issue 47 Natural Products ChemInform Abstract: Puwainaphycin C, a Cardioactive Cyclic Peptide from the Blue-Green Alga Anabaena BQ-16-1. Use of Two-Dimensional 13C-13C and 13C-15N Correlation Spectroscopy in Sequencing the Amino Acid Units R. E. MOORE, R. E. MOORE Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorV. BORNEMANN, V. BORNEMANN Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. P. NIEMCZURA, W. P. NIEMCZURA Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. M. GREGSON, J. M. GREGSON Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ.-L. CHEN, J.-L. CHEN Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorT. R. NORTON, T. R. NORTON Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. M. L. PATTERSON, G. M. L. PATTERSON Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. L. HELMS, G. L. HELMS Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this author R. E. MOORE, R. E. MOORE Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorV. BORNEMANN, V. BORNEMANN Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. P. NIEMCZURA, W. P. NIEMCZURA Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. M. GREGSON, J. M. GREGSON Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ.-L. CHEN, J.-L. CHEN Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorT. R. NORTON, T. R. NORTON Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. M. L. PATTERSON, G. M. L. PATTERSON Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. L. HELMS, G. L. HELMS Dep. Chem., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: November 21, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198947298Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume20, Issue47November 21, 1989 RelatedInformation

Recovery of15N from ammonium nitrate and algal biomass-amended soil

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of blue-green algae (Anabaena flos aquae) produced in a simulated inorganic-wastewater medium and NH4NO3 as sources of N for bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) on a Decatur silt loam soil (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudult).15N-labeled blue-green algae and15N-labeled NH4NO3 were used as N sources to supply up to 300 mg N per pot (3 kg of soil). Bermudagrass was clipped at 42, 63, and 102 d after planting and dry matter yield, total, and15N were determined at each clipping. Results indicated a highly significant increase in total dry matter (shoots and roots) and N uptake over the control for both algae and NH4NO3 treatments at all N rates. There were no significant effects of N source on bermudagrass yields, but total N uptake was significantly higher with NH4NO3. The net mineralization of N from blue-green algal biomass ranged from 36 to 59% of the total N applied and the corresponding net release for NH4NO3 ranged from 65 to 86%. From 29 to 54% of the total N applied as blue-green algal biomass and from 50 to 75% of the N applied as NH4NO3 were assimilated by bermudagrass plants. For N rates above 100 mg N pot−1, higher proportions of the labeled N in the shoots of the third harvest were derived from algal biomass than from NH4NO3. A large portion of the labeled N remained undecomposed or immobilized in the algae treated soil (41–64%) as compared to NH4NO3 treated soil (14–35%). More loss of N occurred in the NH4NO3 treatments from 3 to 15%, while the corresponding figures for algae treated soil were 2 to 8%.

Puwainaphycin C, a cardioactive cyclic peptide from the blue-green alga Anabaena BQ-16-1. Use of two-dimensional carbon-13-carbon-13 and carbon-13-nitrogen-15 correlation spectroscopy in sequencing the amino acid units

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPuwainaphycin C, a cardioactive cyclic peptide from the blue-green alga Anabaena BQ-16-1. Use of two-dimensional carbon-13-carbon-13 and carbon-13-nitrogen-15 correlation spectroscopy in sequencing the amino acid unitsRichard E. Moore, Volker Bornemann, Walter P. Niemczura, John M. Gregson, Jian Lu Chen, Ted R. Norton, Gregory M. L. Patterson, and Gregory L. HelmsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 16, 6128–6132Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00198a021RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views262Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (613 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

Recent Changes in the Phytoplankton of the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario: the Relative Importance of Fish, Nutrients, and Other Factors

A 50% reduction in phosphorus loading to the upper Bay of Quinte (Lake Ontario) from municipal sources in 1977 was followed by a major decline in phytoplankton biomass in 1978. However, by 1984–85, biomasses again approached those of the pre-phosphorus control period, despite continued low phosphorus loadings. No major shifts in phytoplankton composition occurred; domination by the diatoms Melosira and Stephanodiscus spp. and the blue-green algae Anabaena and Aphanizomenon spp. has continued. Highly significant positive correlation coefficients (r = 0.92–0.98) were found for phytoplankton — fish relationships during both the pre- and postphosphorus removal periods which coincided with pre- and postdie-off periods of white perch (Morone americana) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). For the entire 16-yr period of data collection, a multiple regression model fitting upper bay phytoplankton biomass (with an adjusted R2 of 0.83) was developed with five input variables. White perch biomass alone explained more than 50% of the variance in the model. It is hypothesized that trophic interactions among other biotic components in the Bay of Quinte may be very important in controlling phytoplankton biomass.

Bioconcentration and metabolism of aldrin and phorate by the blue-green algae Anabaena (ARM 310) and Aulosira fertilissima (ARM 68)

Anabaena sp. and Aulosira fertilissima showed marked ability to bioconcentrate aldrin and phorate from culture medium. Uptake was directly related to the insecticide concentration in the medium and was inversely related to the water solubility of the insecticides. Bioconcentration of aldrin in Anabaena sp. and A. fertilissima ranged from 3.9 to 247.5 μg g −1, respectively. Maximum concentration of aldrin in the blue-green algae was reached after 8–16 h and that of phorate after 16–32 h. Aldrin was metabolised to dieldrin by both blue-green algae but no metabolism was noticed in the case of phorate.

A new procedure for the analysis and purification of naturally occurring anatoxin-a from the blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae

K. Harada, Y. Kimura, K. Ogawa, M. Suzuki, A. M. Dahlem, V. R. Beasley and W. W. Carmichael. A new procedure for the analysis and purification of naturally occurring anatoxin-a from the blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae. Toxicon 27, 1289–1296, 1989.— Anabaena flos-aquae produces at least two neurotoxins termed anatoxin-a (ANTX-a) and -a(s) [ANTX-a(s)]. ANTX-a is a potent postsynaptic depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Its structure is the secondary amine, 2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-ene. Known isolation and analysis methods have not always given satisfactory results. Therefore, an improved procedure was developed for both isolation and analysis of ANTX-a which involves four steps; extraction, clean-up, separation and determination. Extraction was efficiently done with 0.05 M acetic acid, and a reversed phase, ODS (octadecylsilanized) and a cation exchanger (COOH) organosilans bonded to silica gels were applied to a clean-up step. Separation and determination were then performed using two TLC and HPLC chromatographies.

Particle size analysis of unicells formed by mild sonication of filaments of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis

Particle size analysis of unicells formed by mild sonication of filaments of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis

Effects of High Boron Concentrations on Nitrate Utilization and Photosynthesis in Blue-green Algae Anabaena PCC 7119 and Anacystis nidulans

The effect of excess boron on growth, cell composition, photosynthesis, and nitrogen metabolism, in two species of blue green algae (cyanobacteria), Anabaena PCC 7119 and Anacystis nidulans , was examined. High concentrations of boron in culture media inhibited growth and decreased the contents of phycobiliproteins and chlorophyll. In addition, an accumulation of carbohydrates and a decrease in lipids were observed in both species. Parallel to the fall in photosynthetic pigments, an inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution was observed, after 72 h of culture, in Anabaena PCC 7119. However, initial exposure of the cultures to high concentrations of boron did not affect photosynthesis. In contrast, nitrate uptake decreased in both species with initial exposure to excess concentrations of boron. This inhibition was followed by a decrease in the nitrate reductase activity.

Interaction of Combined Nitrogen Availability and Light in the Regulation of Growth, Heterocyst Differentiation and Dinitrogen Fixation of the Planktic Blue-Green Alga Anabaena solitariaKleb.

Dependence of specific growth rate of the planktic blue-green alga Anabaena solitaria on light intensity (continuous light) was described using modified Mitscherlich-equation. Deficiency of combined nitrogen does not remarkably influence either maximum specific growth rate or parameters of light utilization efficiency (i 0, k I). Growth rates at any light intensities are lower by only 10% if only elemental N 2 is available. Whereas nitrogenase activity is suppressed by ammonium nitrate supply to a very low level, heterocysts are still present under the same conditions. The results are discussed with respect to the adaptability of A. solitaria to changing but limiting nitrogen supply.

Factors affecting the production of biomass by a nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga in outdoor culture

The effectiveness of an aeration-shaking (air-lift) system for outdoor biomass photoproduction by the N 2-fixing filamentous blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis was evaluated and the influence of relevant factors on the productivity of the system was assessed. Air at a flow rate of 60 liters per liter of cell suspension per h was enough, by itself, to promote adequate turbulence and to supply the gaseous nutrients (CO 2 and N 2) needed for maximal productivity. The addition of either or both, CO 2 and combined nitrogen (as KNO 3 or NH 4Cl), did not result in any increase in productivity. In summer and winter, optimal cell density for a suspension depth of 25 cm was 0·2–0·3 g (dry weight) liter −1 and 0·1–0·2 g (dry weight) liter −1 respectively. Reciprocally, optimal suspension depth for a cell density of 0·2 g (dry weight) liter −1 was 20–25 cm in summer and below 15 cm in winter. Optimal values for pH and temperature were 8·2–8·4 and 30–35°C, respectively. Under optimal conditions, mean productivity values were about 13 g (dry weight) m −2 day −1 in summer and 6 g (dry weight) m −2 day −1 in winter. Net protein content of A. variabilis cells was higher than 50%, and nitrogen accounted for 10% of the dry biomass. From the productivity and nitrogen content data, the N 2 fixation rate in outdoor cultures of A. variabilis can be estimated to be higher than 1 g N m −2 day −1, i.e. more than 3 t N per hectare per year when values are extrapolated both in time and area.

Lipid-Linked Desaturation of Palmitic Acid in Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerol in the Blue-Green Alga (Cyanobacterium) Anabaena variabilis Studied in Vivo

The mechanism of desaturation of palmitic acid in monogalactosyl diacylglycerol in Anabaena variabilis was studied by labeling in vivo with 13C and mass spectrometry. When the cells were fed with [13C]Na2CO3 for 2.5 h, 19% of the palmitic, but virtually none of the palmitoleic, acid at the C-2 position of the lipid was enriched with 13C. During subsequent incubation for 7.5 h, the [13C]palmitic acid was desaturated to [13C]palmitoleic acid. Mass spectrometric analysis of the 2-acylglycerol moiety of the lipid indicated that [13C]palmitoyl-[13C]glycerol and [12C]palmitoyl-[12C]glycerol were converted to [13C]palmitoleoyl-[13C]glycerol and [12C]palmitoleoyl-[12C]glycerol, respectively. These results suggest that the palmitic acid was converted to palmitoleic acid in vivo by lipid-linked desaturation but not via a pathway consisting of deacylation, desaturation and reacylation.

Nitrogen isotope ratios of red tide organisms in the East China Sea: A characterization of biological nitrogen fixation

Nitrogen isotope fractionation in the process of N 2 fixation was examined in detail by culturing the blue green alga Anabaena cylindrica. The δ 15N value of the alga was almost constant ( − 0.6 ± 0.9‰ on average) irrespective of growth conditions, similar to other N 2 fixing microorganisms previously reported. Nitrogen isotope ratios of marine plankton from the East China Sea have been studied to evaluate the contribution of N 2 fixation to the red tide organisms, predominated by the N 2 fixing blue-green alga Trichodesmium spp. The δ 15N of Trichodesmium ( − 2.1 to + 1.0‰) showed the same range of that estimated if the biological atmospheric N 2 fixation was the main nitrogen source of the red tide organisms. Mixed plankton collected by towing a phytoplankton net (96 μm) gave from 2 to 4‰ higher δ 15N than that of sorted phytoplankton. Zooplankton and fish collected from the same red tide area showed systematic enrichment of 15N along the food chain, and exhibited relatively lower δ 15N than previous results for zooplankton from other regions, reflecting biological N 2 fixation. The δ 15N of mixed plankton in the surface seawater from 32°N to 20°N latitude along 125°E longitude decreased from 6 to 1‰. A symmetrical relation was found between the horizontal distribution of δ 15N of plankton, the concentration of Trichodesmium and the trend of salinity.

Algal Competition for Phosphorus: The Influence of Zooplankton and Fish

Interspecific competition for phosphorus between the blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae and the green alga Staurastrum luetkemuelleri was studied in enclosure experiments. Both algal populations increased in number upon introduction of fish, but addition of herbivorous zooplankton led to an increase solely in the Staurastrum population. This could not be attributed to grazing by zooplankton, chemical or physical conditions (light, pH, inorganic carbon), or the total supply or rate of supply of phosphorus. The observed differences were apparently due to the patchy release of phosphorus by the fish, and the more homogenous release of this nutrient by the zooplankton. This would allow the Anabaena species, which was capable of rapid uptake of temporary pulses of phosphate, to coexist with Staurastrum in the enclosures with fish.

Accumulation of Cyanophycin and Glycogen during Sporulation in the Blue-green Alga Anabaena torulosa

Summary The contents of Cyanophycin and glycogen increased with the onset of initiation of sporulation in Anabaena torulosa and the relative amounts of these two may increase or decrease with free spore stage. Urea supported maximum formation of both the reserve products amongst the nitrogen sources tested. The incorporation of amino acids; aspartic acid and arginine together favoured more Cyanophycin and it is further enhanced in the presence of chloramphenicol, thus signifying the non-ribosomal synthesis of Cyanophycin as reported by earlier workers. These findings are supported by the protein content of the sporulating cells. The supplementation of ammonium chloride along with chloramphenicol resulted in early sporulation concomitant with an increase in Cyanophycin content and a decline in the protein content.

Interaction effects of mercury-pesticide combinations towards a cyanobacterium.

The present study supplies interaction data for combinations of mercuric ion (supplied as mercuric chloride), atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), and permethrin (3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloro-vinyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate) when tested towards growth of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Anabaena inaequalis. Mercury is one of the most important heavy metal pollutants and has been widely used in toxicology research. Atrazine is the most heavily used pesticide in the United States and its residues are widely distributed in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Permethrin is an important insecticide with expanding markets and is presently being evaluated for its environmental impact. A. inaequalis has been used extensively in this laboratory in previous interaction studies.

Inhibition of growth of freshwater microalgae by long-chained aliphatic amines employed in solvent extraction processes

The influence on algal growth by six long-chained aliphatic amines, used in industrial solvent extraction processes, was investigated by a conventional algal assay and, in addition, a simple assay where algae were grown in liquid medium in 250 μl cultures on microtitration plates. Loss of solvent extractants from processes to ambient water represent a potential environmental problem. The primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines (with one exception) had EC50-values based on growth rate (ECr) or algal biomass (ECb) at 0.01–0.3 mg/L (20–800 nM). This makes long-chained aliphatic amines about a thousand times more toxic than short-chained amines—on a molar basis. The difference in toxicity was interpreted as being due to different modes of action between the two groups of amines. The diatomAsterionella formosa and the blue-green algaAnabaena flos-aquae were more sensitive to the amines than the green-algaeSelen-astrum capricornutum, Monoraphidium pusillum orChlorella emersonii. The maximum ECmax/ECmin ratio recorded was 19.5, for the primary amine.Anabaena flos-aquae was more sensitive by a factor 2–4 when grown under nitrogen fixation conditions than when supplied with combined nitrogen. Compared to other aquatic organisms, the algae show a particular sensitivity to amines. The microtitration test system was less sensitive than the flask test system. The low sensitivity of the microtitration test system is not an inherent property, but due to the use of an insensitive technique (visual inspection) for detection of algal biomass. The ECr50 and ECb50-values in the flask test system were both heavily time-dependent.

Algal Periphyton Growth on Nutrient‐Diffusing Substrates: An in situ Bioassay

Differences in nutrient limitation for dominant species within an algal periphyton community were determined using additions of N and P supplied by nutrient—diffusing artificial substrates. Sealed clay flowerpots were filled with 2% agar and one of nine nutrient treatments (all combinations of K2HPO4 at 0.0, 0.05, and 0.5 mol/L with NaNO3 at 0.0, 0.05, and 0.5 mol/L). The pots were submerged at 0.5 m depth in Douglas Lake, Michigan, and diffused N and P to their outer surfaces in proportion to internal concentrations. After 51 d the pots were scraped and analyzed for attached algae. Total algal biomass as chlorophyll a on the pots ranged from 0.17 ± 0.02 (SE) mg/cm2 for pots without added nutrients to 15.7 ± 2.0 mg/cm2 for pots with K2HPO4 at 0.05 mol/L and NaNO3 at 0.5 mol/L. chlorophyll a on pots containing just P (0.05, 0.5 mol/L) increased 6— to 10—fold over controls. The diatoms Epithemia adnata and Rhopalodia gibba and the blue—green alga Anabaena increased significantly on the P—only pots; these species are suspected of N—fixing capability. Chlorophyll a on pots containing just N (0.05 mol/L) increased 1.5— to 2—fold, though this increase was nonsignificant; Achnanthes minutissima, Gomphonema tenellum, and Cocconeis placentula showed enhanced growth on these pots. Combinations of N and P caused heavy growth of the filamentous alga Stigeoclonium tenue. Naviculoid diatoms were also most abundant on the N + P pots. Average nutrient levels in Douglas Lake during the study were: NH3, 2.02 μmol/L; NO3, 0.44 μmol/L; and PO4, 0.06 μmol/L. The low ambient concentrations of both N and P, together with results of the periphyton bioassay, indicate that the two nutrients may jointly limit overall growth, and that the form of growth limitation differs by species within the periphyton community.