Cyanobacterial Research Articles

Prediction of Blue-Green Algae Cells in a City Water Source Based on the LSTM Model

China’s freshwater resources are relatively small per capita, and the traditional passive control of hydrographic outbreaks can no longer meet modern water management needs. Data-driven models, such as Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs), have been gradually applied to water resources management, but most of the research has focused on the enhancement of the prediction effect of hybrid models while neglecting the importance of data structure. In this study, we predicted the number of dominant algae (blue-green algae) in a water source based on LSTM and explored the effects of different feature combinations and time window steps on the prediction performance. It was found that the model prediction was significantly improved by adding multiple features, and the R2 improved by 31.98% compared with single feature prediction. Meanwhile, as the time window (T-value) increased from 7 to 300, the R2 improved by 0.4%, but the iteration time increased by 96%. The results suggested that appropriate input feature selection is beneficial for model prediction, while longer time windows led to reduced model prediction benefits. Lastly, this study offers insights into future research directions from three key dimensions: the input indicator, optimization algorithm, and model combination.

Effects of the Dietary Blue-Green Algae (Spirulina platensis) Supplementation and Egg Storage Period on Egg Quality Traits, Blastoderm Characteristics and Hatching Results of Mast Geese (Anser anser).

This study aimed to determine the effects of the dietary Spirulina platensis supplementation and egg storage period on egg quality traits, blastoderm characteristics and hatching results of Mast geese. For this purpose, the control group was fed the standard enterprise diet, while the experimental group received the same diet supplemented with 0.5% S. platensis. Quality traits of the eggs (shape index, shell thickness, breaking strength, albumen/yolk ratio, albumen index and yolk colour) were evaluated according to diet groups. Except for the yolk ratio of these traits, the mean values obtained from the experimental group were higher than the mean values obtained from the control group (p < 0.05; p < 0.001). Dietary supplementation of S. platensis did not affect blastoderm diameter (BD) but significantly increased the blastoderm viable cells (BVCs) (p < 0.001). Although early embryonic mortality (EEM) was statistically significantly affected by diet groups and storage time, late embryonic mortality (LEM) was affected only by diet groups (p < 0.001). Dietary S. platensis supplementation significantly increased pipped (PIP) classified under the LEM (p < 0.001). Storage period affected internal and external egg traits at different statistical significance levels. As the storage time increased, the breaking strength (p < 0.05), albumen ratio, albumen index, yolk index, Haugh unit decreased (p < 0.01; p < 0.001), while the yolk ratio, and albumen pH increased (p < 0.001). An increase in BD, and a decrease in BVCs were determined with prolonged storage period (p < 0.001). In the classification of LEM, the storage period significantly affected unabsorbed yolk sac (UYS) and the PIP. With prolonged storage time, UYS and PIP significantly increased (p < 0.05; p < 0.01), which is classified under LEM. According to these results, we suggest that S. platensis supplementation to goose diets would be beneficial, but the detailed further studies are needed for more effective results.

Removal of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (HABs) from contaminated local park lake using Ganoderma lucidum mycelial pellets.

Eutrophication and hypereutrophication in lakes foster harmful blue-green algal blooms, which pose a significant threat to the ecological health of freshwater reservoirs. This study investigated the effectiveness of the bio-flocculation approach using the Ganoderma lucidum fungus strain BGF4A1 to remove these harmful blooms, specifically targeting cyanobacterial species like Microcystis PCC-7914. Key flocculation parameters, cyanobacterial concentrations, adsorption kinetics, and pellet morphology were explored in this research. Our results demonstrate that G. lucidum can effectively remove up to 93.70% of cyanobacteria (measured as chlorophyll-a absorbance), 75.28% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 92.09% of total suspended solids (TSS) under optimal conditions: an initial pH of 4, 1% fungal volume (w/v), 48h of contact time, and 100rpm agitation at room temperature. Microscopic examination of water samples before and after treatment confirmed a significant reduction in cyanobacterial colonies, indicating the death or decline of the targeted organisms. Morphological analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that Microcystis cells were deposited on the hyphae of the G. lucidum pellets, in contrast to the smooth surface of control pellets. These novel culture technologies show great promise as bio-flocculating agents for removing blue-green algae and potentially be adapted for microalgae harvesting in biodiesel production.

The Impact of Spirulina Supplementation on Iraqi Obese Females: A Cohort Study

Background: Spirulina, a type of blue-green algae, has been recognized for its dense nutritional profile and purported health benefits. Furthermore, the effects of spirulina on individuals who are obese have been a subject of interest in scientific research. Objective: This study was to examine the impact of spirulina supplements on obese females in the Iraq population. The research adopted related treatments in cohort study design utilizing spirulina. Methods: The seventy-five obese female participants aged between 25-55 years were administered spirulina supplements for eight months. Cholesterol, triglyceride, High density lipid (HDL), Risk-1, Risk-2, Thyroid stimulated hormones (TSH), and hemoglobin-A1c (HBA1c) were examined before and after administering the supplements. Results: The current study revealed a significant effect on levels of all parameters. Specifically, cholesterol, very low-density lipid (VLDL), and Risk were significantly decreased in their levels, with a reduction of the body mass index (BMI) in the obese females after administration. However, the level of HBA1c and TSH slightly decreased after the spirulina. According to HDL was increased level after administration of spirulina in obese females compared to before. Conclusions: Spirulina could be considered a good supplement to increase the metabolism of the body and decrease BMI with improved health.

PRODUCTIVITY OF WHITE SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei) WITH THE ADDITION OF PROBIOTICS AND PREBIOTICS

Vaname shrimp remains a prime commodity due to several advantages, including the ability to thrive in a salinity range of 0.5-31 ppt, with a stocking density of 100-300 individuals/m², a faster growth cycle of 90-100 days, and a high appetite leading to rapid growth. Currently, the technology for culturing vaname shrimp has advanced with the implementation of intensive systems that utilize high stocking densities, although this impacts water quality. One approach to maintaining good water quality, especially in reducing organic waste, is the use of prebiotics and probiotics. Further studies are needed to determine the productivity of vaname shrimp with the addition of probiotics and prebiotics in shrimp culture. This research employed a survey method with parameters observed including productivity and water quality. Productivity encompassed stocking density, Average Body Weight (ABW), Average Daily Growth (ADG), population, biomass, Food Conversion Rate (FCR), Survival Rate (SR), and size. Water quality parameters measured included salinity, temperature, pH, DO using a Multitester, alkalinity, TOM, Ca, Mg, Total Hardness using titration, PO4, NH4, NO3, NO2 using a test kit, the number of green algae, blue-green algae, diatoms, euglena, and dinoflagellates using a hemocytometer, zooplankton, and protozoa using a Sedgewick Rafter, total bacteria, total vibrio, and the number of yellow, green, and black vibrio using Total Plate Count (TPC). Data analysis used descriptive methods. The results showed that the harvest exceeded the company's target, and the SR and FCR values were categorized as good in vaname shrimp cultivation. Water quality measurements indicated that conditions were still optimal for vaname shrimp culture.

Seasonal Dynamics of Planktonic Algae in the Volzhsky Reach of the Kuibyshev Reservoir in 2017

Studies were carried out on the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the Volga r each of the Kuibyshev r eservoir in 2017. At the same time, the seasonal values of the main abiotic environmental factors influencing the dynamics of phytoplankton (level regime, intensity of incident solar radiation, a number of basic hydrochemical and hydrophysical indicators, etc.) were analyzed. The dominant phytoplankton complex consists of blue-green, green volvox, centric diatoms and dinophytes. The studied area is subject to extremely intense processes of “blooming” of water due to the mass reproduction of blue-green algae species Microcystis, Aphanizomenon and Anabaena , and the waters of the studied area during most of the growing season corresponded to the mesosaprobic type and a moderately polluted zone.

Lesser-Known Cyanotoxins: A Comprehensive Review of Their Health and Environmental Impacts.

Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are a diverse phylum of photosynthetic, Gram-negative bacteria and one of the largest microbial taxa. These organisms produce cyanotoxins, which are secondary metabolites that can have significant impacts on both human health and the environment. While toxins like Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsins are well-documented and have been extensively studied, other cyanotoxins, including those produced by Lyngbya and Nostoc, remain underexplored. These lesser-known toxins can cause various health issues in humans, including neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and dermatotoxicity, each through distinct mechanisms. Moreover, recent studies have shown that cyanobacteria can be aerosolized and transmitted through the air over long distances, providing an additional route for human exposure to their harmful effects. However, it remains an area that requires much more investigation to accurately assess the health risks and develop appropriate public health guidelines. In addition to direct exposure to toxins, cyanobacteria can lead to harmful algal blooms, which pose further risks to human and wildlife health, and are a global concern. There is limited knowledge about these lesser-known cyanotoxins, highlighting the need for further research to understand their clinical manifestations and improve society's preparedness for the associated health risks. This work aims to review the existing literature on these underexplored cyanotoxins, which are associated with human intoxication, elucidate their clinical relevance, address significant challenges in cyanobacterial research, and provide guidance on mitigating their adverse effects.

Understanding cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins: implications for human exposure, toxicological risk assessment and management

Cyanobacteria, often referred to as blue-green algae, are a diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria that play a crucial role in various ecosystems. However, their proliferation and toxin production pose significant challenges to environmental, animal, and human health. In recent years, the interplay between cyanobacteria, climate change, and the production of cyanotoxins has garnered increased attention. This short note aims to delve into the intricate relationship between cyanobacteria and the production of cyanotoxins, the toxicological risks associated with exposure, and strategies for risk assessment and management.

Taxonomy of cyanobacteria: the era of change

Until mid-1970s, cyanobacteria have been interpreted as algae despite they differed from other members of this taxonomic group by the absence of cell nucleus (that is currently considered a character of prokaryotic organization). However, when bacteria were reinterpreted as prokaryotes, blue-green algae became reattributed as cyanobacteria, and bacteriologists began to study their cultured strains with microbiology methods. But since these objects did not obey the provisions of bacteriological code (ICNB), the development of their taxonomy had certain problems, especially regarding nomenclature, that could not be solved until early-2010s. Current changes in taxonomy of cyanobacteria result from a general progress in taxonomy of prokaryotes due to the explosive accumulation of 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, particularly of uncultured objects. Advances in the description of cyanobactera are as follows: I) based on polyphasic approach, new taxa ranging from species to order were published; II) “dark” objects demonstrating several types of non-photosynthetic metabolism were described; III) the objects producing red-shifted chlorophylls d and f were published. Advances in the nomenclature of cyanobacteria are: IV) taxa validly published according to the botanical code (ICN) are also considered valid under the prokaryotic code (ICNP); V) category of phylum was introduced into ICNP, and due to valid publication of the type genus Cyanobacterium, the phylum name Cyanobacteriota became legitimate; VI) names of uncultured Candidatus objects could get standing in nomenclature based on the SeqCode in which type material is represented by genomic DNA sequences. Advances in the classification of cyanobacteria are: VII) evolutionary tree of oxygenic phototrophs and related phylotypes was construed; VIII) phylogenomic system of orders and families was elaborated; IX) ecogenomic system combining genome analysis and genome distribution data was offered. The subject for future research is a restriction of taxonomic redundancy in cyanobacteria, and further attempts to develop their species concept.

Phycobiliprotein content and growth profile of Spirulina platensis in airlift photobioreactor

&lt;p&gt;Microalgae are versatile organisms capable of adapting to diverse environmental conditions, allowing for enhanced biomass production and metabolite synthesis. Due to their rich biochemical composition and rapid growth rate, they are widely utilized across various industries. Microalgae cultivation can be conducted at different scales and methods, including photobioreactors and open ponds. Among various microalgae species, &lt;em&gt;Spirulina platensis&lt;/em&gt; is particularly favored in industrial applications and recognized as one of the most significant commercial sources of phycobiliproteins, bioactive compounds unique to blue-green algae. Phycocyanin, a phycobiliprotein derived from &lt;em&gt;S. platensis&lt;/em&gt;, is especially valued for its high-added economic potential. This study investigates the production of phycocyanin from &lt;em&gt;S. platensis&lt;/em&gt; using an airlift photobioreactor, which offers advantages such as the elimination of mechanical mixing components and the efficient replacement of O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; through aeration. The specific growth rate of &lt;em&gt;S. platensis&lt;/em&gt; was determined to be 0.28 ± 0.01 day&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, with a doubling time of 2.47 ± 0.09 days. The phycobiliprotein concentrations were measured as follows: 1.03 ± 0.001 mg/L for phycoerythrin, 10.37 ± 0.08 mg/L for phycocyanin, 6.29 ± 0.24 mg/L for allophycocyanin, and 17.71 ± 1.76 mg/L for total phycobiliprotein. This study successfully cultivated &lt;em&gt;S. platensis&lt;/em&gt; in an airlift photobioreactor, demonstrating its potential for efficient production of biomass and bioactive materials.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Phycobiliprotein content and growth profile of Spirulina platensis in airlift photobioreactor

&lt;p&gt;Microalgae are versatile organisms capable of adapting to diverse environmental conditions, allowing for enhanced biomass production and metabolite synthesis. Due to their rich biochemical composition and rapid growth rate, they are widely utilized across various industries. Microalgae cultivation can be conducted at different scales and methods, including photobioreactors and open ponds. Among various microalgae species, &lt;em&gt;Spirulina platensis&lt;/em&gt; is particularly favored in industrial applications and recognized as one of the most significant commercial sources of phycobiliproteins, bioactive compounds unique to blue-green algae. Phycocyanin, a phycobiliprotein derived from &lt;em&gt;S. platensis&lt;/em&gt;, is especially valued for its high-added economic potential. This study investigates the production of phycocyanin from &lt;em&gt;S. platensis&lt;/em&gt; using an airlift photobioreactor, which offers advantages such as the elimination of mechanical mixing components and the efficient replacement of O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; through aeration. The specific growth rate of &lt;em&gt;S. platensis&lt;/em&gt; was determined to be 0.28 ± 0.01 day&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, with a doubling time of 2.47 ± 0.09 days. The phycobiliprotein concentrations were measured as follows: 1.03 ± 0.001 mg/L for phycoerythrin, 10.37 ± 0.08 mg/L for phycocyanin, 6.29 ± 0.24 mg/L for allophycocyanin, and 17.71 ± 1.76 mg/L for total phycobiliprotein. This study successfully cultivated &lt;em&gt;S. platensis&lt;/em&gt; in an airlift photobioreactor, demonstrating its potential for efficient production of biomass and bioactive materials.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Review of Climate Change Impacts on Water Quantity and Quality in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia

Climate change is a global phenomenon that significantly affects water quality and quantity, with implications observed across various regions worldwide. In the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia’s largest and most vital river system, climate change is exacerbating environmental and public health challenges, particularly through its impact on water resources. This review assesses the historical, current, and potential future impacts of climate change on both water quantity and quality in the MDB. The study involved a systematic review of 126 reputable sources, including peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and relevant books. A particular focus was given to the increasing frequency of blue-green algae (BGA) and blackwater events, which are key indicators of climate change’s impact on the basin’s water systems. The findings underscore the critical importance of integrating climate adaptation measures into existing water quality management policies to mitigate these adverse effects. The review concludes that proactive adaptation measures are essential for enhancing the resilience of the MDB’s water resources against the ongoing and future impacts of climate change, with lessons that may be applicable to other regions facing similar challenges.

The use of a benign fast-growing cyanobacterial species to control microcystin synthesis from Microcystis aeruginosa.

Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), one of the most prevalent blue-green algae in aquatic environments, produces microcystin by causing harmful algal blooms (HAB). This study investigated the combined effects of nutrients and cyanobacterial subpopulation competition on synthesizing microcystin-LR. In varied nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, cyanobacterial coculture, and algicidal DCMU presence, the growth was monitored by optical density analysis or microscopic counting, and the microcystin production was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-UV. Furthermore, growth and toxin production were predicted using MATLAB. First, coculturing with a fast-growing cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 (S. elongatus) reduced M. aeruginosa biomass and microcystin production at 30oC. Under high nitrogen and low phosphorus conditions, S. elongatus is mostly effective, with up to 94.7% and 92.4% limitation of M. aeruginosa growth and toxin synthesis, respectively. Second, this biological strategy became less effective at 23oC, where S. elongatus grew slower. Third, photosynthesis inhibitor DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) hindered M. aeruginosa growth (at 0.1 mg/L) and microcystin production (at 0.02 mg/L). DCMU was also effective for controlling microcystin production in S. elongatus-M. aeruginosa cocultures. Based on experimental results, a multi-substrate, multi-species kinetic model was built to describe coculture growth and population interactions. Future research should examine more complex models to further develop and refine to facilitate the derivation of more effective recommendations for health prevention programs, particularly for mothers and girls.

A novel hybrid deep learning model for real-time monitoring of water pollution using sensor data

This study developed a hybrid model for predicting dissolved oxygen (DO) using real-time sensor data for thirteen parameters. This novel hybrid model integrated one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) to improve the accuracy of prediction for DO in water. The hybrid CNN-LSTM model predicted DO concentration in water using soft sensor data. The primary input parameters to the model were temperature, pH, specific conductivity, salinity, density, chlorophyll, and blue-green algae. The model used 38,681 water quality data for training and testing the hybrid deep learning network. The training procedure for the model was successful. The training and test losses were both nearly zero and within a similar range. With a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.94 and a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.12, the hybrid model indicated higher performance compared to the classical models. The normal distribution of residual errors confirmed the reliability of the DO predictions by the hybrid CNN-LSTM model. Feature importance analysis indicated pH as the most significant predictor and temperature as the second important predictor. The feature importance scores based on extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) for the pH and temperature were 0.76 and 0.12, respectively. This study indicated that the hybrid model can outperform the classical machine learning models in the real-time prediction of DO concentration.

Analysis of antioxidant, antityrosinase and antiglycating properties of a blue-green algae based skin cream

Analysis of antioxidant, antityrosinase and antiglycating properties of a blue-green algae based skin cream

Performance Enhancement of Green synthesized ZnO Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membrane for Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution

Nano-membranes are gaining significant attention for various applications, including water treatment, ion concentration control, desalination, and a range of biomedical uses. However, this advanced technology faces challenges such as toxicity and fouling from contaminants, which raises safety concerns regarding the synthesis of green and sustainable membranes. In this study, green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) derived from blue-green algae Arthrospira platensis were combined with cellulose acetate (CA) to fabricate ultrafiltration (UF) nanocomposite membranes designed for the removal of Chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions. This ensures that our material is environmentally friendly and poses no risk of ecotoxicity, unlike conventional synthetic materials that may have harmful environmental impacts. The membranes were synthesized using the phase inversion technique and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and water contact angle (WCA) assess their chemical composition and morphological structure. The performance of the membranes was evaluated by measuring water flux and Cr(VI) removal. The concentration of ZnO NPs influenced the membranes’ morphology, performance, surface hydrophilicity, and Cr(VI) removal efficiency. Various concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 wt%) were added to the CA membrane. The findings revealed that the membrane containing 3 wt% ZnO NPs achieved a Cr(VI) removal efficiency of 94.77 %, an adsorption capacity (qe) of 11.28 µg/cm2, and exhibited excellent hydrophilicity with a contact angle of 34.7°. Additionally, the water flux of the CA/ZnO NPs nanocomposite membrane was 53 % higher than that of the neat CA membrane. The kinetic data suggested that the adsorption of Cr(VI) onto the membrane followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Among the isotherm models applied, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm provided the best fit for the experimental data. In summary, our study not only introduces an environmentally sustainable and economically viable method for producing ZnO NPs, but it also highlights the superior performance of the nanocomposite membranes in treating polluted water. This makes our approach a valuable contribution to the development of green technology for environmental applications, offering promising potential for industrial and ecological implementation.

Study of Seasonal Dynamics of Microcystins and Nutrients in Studena Reservoir in 2023

This paper is a synthesis of data from studies conducted in 2023 on the seasonal dynamics of the presence of microcystin-LR and its homologues in water samples from Studena reservoir. A total of ten samples were collected from June to October 2023. The species composition of phytoplankton and the nutrients total nitrogen and total phosphorus were determined. The presence of microcystins was detected in three samples from the months of September and October (microcystin-LR concentration 0.38 and 0.75 μg/L in the water sample and in a scum at the reservoir wall in October; microcystin-RR 0.10 μg/L in September and 0.55 and 0.70 μg/L in the water sample and in a scum at the reservoir wall in October; microcystin-YR 0.27 and 0.48 μg/L in the water sample and in a scum at the reservoir wall in October). Trace amounts of microcystin-LR equivalents other than microcystin-RR and microcystin-YR were observed in water samples in June and July. The phytoplankton communities in the reservoir are persistently inhabited by blue-green algae. The presence of microcystins at concentrations close to the permissible level in the autumn sample indicates that at the time of sampling the bloom of cyanobacteria that produced the microcystins had passed and the toxins released remained in the water. Due to the near acceptable concentration of MC-LR in the autumn sample, serious consideration should be given to monitoring the reservoir during periods favourable for bloom formation.

Using Dominant Phytoplankton as Assessment of Water Quality: Water Resource Case Studies of University in Chatuchak District

The use of dominant phytoplankton as a water quality indicator was studied. Samples from 6 stations (S1-S6) were collected. From the study, 6 divisions of 34 genera of phytoplankton, i.e. Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chromophyta, and Pyrrhophyta were found, and the significant phytoplankton genera were Euglena, Phacus, and Tetraedron. By analysing water quality assessment in terms of scores by AARL-SPP Score using these three dominant genera, it was found that stations S1–S4 had a moderate level of water quality and stations S5–S6 had a moderate-polluted level of water quality. When the relationship between phytoplankton species and the water quality parameters were analysed by stepwise multiple regression analysis, the results showed that the prominent genus Merismopedia of Cyanophyta (Blue-green algae), correlated with transparency, salinity, chlorophyll a, and soluble phosphate while the genus Oscillatoria correlated with the total suspended solids, Chlorophyll a content, transparency, pH, temperature, and ammonia-nitrogen. The correlation indicates the high rate of phytoplankton growth was due to reduced water quality. According to water quality standards for surface water, the water quality was classified in Category 3.

Marine Cyanobacteria-Assisted Metallic Nanoparticles: A Review on Anticancer Activity and Mechanism of Action

Marine cyanobacteria, known as blue-green algae, are ancient microorganisms with oxygenic photosynthetic capability. They have diverse biochemical capabilities, including production of bioactive secondary metabolites. We studied the anti-cancer properties of cyanobacterial nanoparticles through various literatures. We focused on mechanistic studies of the anticancer properties of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. Our research gathered information from patent databases, conference abstracts, publications, and news releases, as well as PubMed searches for peer-reviewed articles and Google searches for gray literature. We used strict criteria for selecting sources, and our search ended on 30 October, 2022. Metal nanoparticles, such as gold and silver, have unique physicochemical properties, making them suitable for therapeutic applications in nanomedicine. Cyanobacteria-assisted synthesis is environmentally sustainable and results in mild reaction conditions and minimal toxic byproducts. These nanoparticles have potential applications in cancer therapy, including drug delivery systems and targeted therapies. This study further explored the mechanistic aspects of cancer development, emphasising the role of genetic mutations, uncontrolled cell growth, and metastasis. Cyanobacterial biogenic nanoparticles demonstrate cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, ROS generation, and immunomodulation, contributing to their anticancer efficacy. Additionally, these nanoparticles serve as carriers for drug delivery, enabling the targeted and controlled release of therapeutic agents. The review ends by emphasising how crucial it is to comprehend how cyanobacteria extract assists metallic nanoparticles. Cyanobacterial biogenic synthesis using microemulsion synthesis methods, UV-initiated photoreduction, microwave assistance, and polymer/polysaccharide-mediated approaches was investigated. The field of marine cyanobacteria, biogenic metal nanoparticles, and their anticancer potential is dynamic and has important implications for future therapeutic approaches.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Solvent Extracts of Spirulina fusiformis against Pathogenic Bacterial Strains

This study explores the antibacterial properties of Spirulina fusiformis, a blue-green alga with significant dietary and medicinal value. Spirulina is recognized globally for its nutrient-rich composition and potential therapeutic applications. With antibiotic resistance emerging as a serious global health concern, algae-derived bioactive compounds offer a promising, natural alternative to traditional antibiotics due to their non-toxic profile and effectiveness against pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial activity of S. fusiformis was assessed using various solvent extracts, including petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol, and ethanol, tested against twelve bacterial strains, including Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Escherichia coli, using the well diffusion method. Results showed that the ethanol extract of S. fusiformis exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, inhibiting all tested bacteria, with the greatest zones of inhibition observed against Streptococcus pyogenes (17 mm) and Bacillus thuringiensis (16 mm). The presence of some significant antimicrobial compounds present in the ethanol extract. These findings support the use of Spirulina fusiformis as a natural antibacterial agent and underline its potential in developing alternative therapeutic strategies for combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens.