Trichogaster Trichopterus Research Articles

Sex Differences in the Brain Transcriptomes of Adult Blue Gourami Fish (Trichogaster trichopterus)

Blue gourami (gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus) is a model for labyrinth fishes (Anabantoidei) adapted to partial air breathing. Its reproductive endocrinology has been extensively studied, and transcriptomic sex differences in the gonads were described. Nevertheless, sex differences in gene expression in non-gonadal tissues ostensibly affected by the sex-specific hormonal balance, e.g., the brain, are unknown. To assess such differences, we used bulk RNA-seq to assemble and compare polyA+ transcriptomes between whole brains of four adult male and five adult female gourami, in addition to other tissues (three dorsal fin and five ovary samples) from the same female group. While all nine brain transcriptomes clustered together relative to the other tissues, they showed separation according to sex. A total of 3568 genes were differentially expressed between male and female brains; of these, 1962 and 1606 showed lower and higher expression in males, respectively. Male brains showed stronger down-regulation of specific genes, which included hormone receptors, e.g., pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (pacap-r1). Among the genes with lower expression in male brains, multiple pathways essential to brain function were over-represented, including GABA, acetylcholine and glutamate receptor signaling, calcium and potassium transmembrane transport, and neurogenesis. In contrast, genes with higher expression in male brains showed no significant over-representation of brain-specific functions. To measure the mRNA levels of specific hormone receptors known from prior studies to regulate reproductive function and behavior in gourami and to validate RNA-seq results for these specific genes, we performed RT-qPCR for five receptors, pacap-r1, gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 receptor (gnrh2r), kisspeptin receptor 1 (gpαr1/kiss1), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (igf1r), and membrane progesterone receptor 1 (mpr1), in the brain RNA sample groups. Of these, pacap-r1 showed a significant, three-fold down-regulation, while gpαr1/kiss1 showed a significant two-fold down-regulation in male vs. female gourami brains. Our results are novel in describing the suppression of brain function-related gene expression in male, as compared to female, gourami brains. Further research is needed to assess the behavioral significance of this effect and its prevalence in other vertebrate groups.

The diversity, distribution, biomass, and conservation status of ichthyofauna of the Singkil peat swamp in Aceh Province, Indonesia

Abstract. Razi NM, Nasir M, Khalidin K, Savira D, Najmi I, Mahfud M, Dermawan F, Fadli N, Muchlisin ZA. 2023. The diversity, distribution, biomass, and conservation status of ichthyofauna of the Singkil peat swamp in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6661-6674. The land conversion of the Singkil peat swamp into oil palm plantations poses a significant threat to the aquatic ecosystem, with potentially detrimental consequences for fish biodiversity. Several reports showed that there was no data on fish diversity in the Singkil peat swamp despite the damage occurring in the area. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the diversity, distribution, biomass, and conservation status of Ichthyofauna in the Singkil peat swamp waters. Sampling was carried out at 13 locations from July 2023 to August 2023, and the samples were caught using gill nets, casting nets, fishing rods, and traps. A total of 934 samples were collected during the sampling, belonging to 39 species, 31 genera, and 26 families. The results showed that Cyprinidae was the most dominant family, with an average diversity index of 1.23, indicating the medium category. The average dominance index was 0.42, which was placed in the low category. Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) and Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770) had the highest frequency of occurrence and were found in seven locations out of 13 surveyed. Furthermore, these species were categorized as frequently found based on their availability. The average fish biomass was 288.75 kg/ha, with C. striata having the largest value. Among the 39 fish species obtained, 3 species were classified as near threatened, including Anguilla bicolor (McClelland, 1844), Mystus bimaculatus (Volz, 1904), and Kryptopterus minor (Roberts, 1989), while 1 invasive sample was recorded, namely Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in one location.

Analysis of Liver Histology Several Fish in the Air Kotok River in the Gold Mining Area, Lebong Regency

Fish have habitats that are easily exposed to contamination from the environment such as heavy metal waste which can cause changes in the structure and function of body tissues. One type of waste that enters the river in the Lebong Regency River is gold mining processing waste that uses mercury and cyanide. Heavy metals can enter organisms and accumulation and biomagnification of mercury can occur in the bodies of aquatic biota such as fish. There has been no research related to fish histology in the Lebong gold mining area, so the aim of this research was to determine the histological condition of the liver organs of several fish in the form of Hemibagrus nemurus, Rasbora sp, Trichogaster trichopterus, and Macrognathus circumcinctus in the Air Kotok river in the gold mining area of Lebong Regency. The research was conducted using the paraffin method with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively based on the histology of the fish liver. The results of the research on the liver histology, it shows damage to the fish liver structure which includes vacuolization, congestion, pyknosis, dilated sinusoids, melanomacrophages and leukocyte infiltration. The damage to the hepatocytes of this fish can be used as a bio-indicator of exposure to toxic substances in the Air Kotok river, one of which is heavy metal activity from gold mining, which can be a threat to the health and survival of the fish.Keywords: Bengkulu, gold mining waste, heavy metal, hepa

Comparison of the effect of Passiflora incarnata extract and Alprazolam on sex hormone levels and ovarian tissue ultra-structure in Adult Female fish (Trichogaster trichopterus)

Comparison of the effect of Passiflora incarnata extract and Alprazolam on sex hormone levels and ovarian tissue ultra-structure in Adult Female fish (Trichogaster trichopterus)

Partial validation of a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the three genotypes of Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus.

Megalocytiviruses (MCVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses known to infect important freshwater and marine fish species in the aquaculture, food, and ornamental fish industries worldwide. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species within the genus Megalocytivirus that causes red seabream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) which is a reportable disease to the World Animal Health Organization (WOAH). To better control the transboundary spread of this virus and support WOAH reporting requirements, we developed and partially validated a TaqMan real-time qPCR assay (ISKNV104R) to detect all three genotypes of ISKNV, including the two genotypes that cause RSIVD. Parameters averaged across 48 experiments used a 10-fold dilution series of linearized plasmid DNA (107-101 copies), carrying a fragment of the three-spot gourami iridovirus (TSGIV) hypothetical protein revealed that the assay was linear over 7 orders of magnitude (107-101), a mean efficiency of 99.97 ± 2.92%, a mean correlation coefficient of 1.000 ± 0.001, and a limit of detection (analytical sensitivity) of ≤10 copies of TSGIV DNA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was evaluated and compared to other published assays using a panel of 397 samples from 21 source populations with different prevalence of ISKNV infection (0-100%). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was 91.99% (87.28-95.6; 95% CI) and 89.8% (83.53-94.84). The latent class analysis showed that the ISKNV104R qPCR assay had similar diagnostic sensitivities and specificities with overlapping confidence limits compared to a second TaqMan qPCR assay and a SYBR green assay. This newly developed TaqMan assay represents a partially validated qPCR assay for the detection of the three genotypes of the species ISKNV. The ISKNV104R qPCR assay once fully validated, will serve as an improved diagnostic tool that can be used for ISKNV surveillance efforts and diagnosis in subclinical fish to prevent further spread of MCVs throughout the aquaculture and ornamental fish industries.

ADDITION OF DIFFERENT GALANGAL PERCENTAGES AGAINST THE ORGANOLEPTIC VALUE OF SHREDDED DRIED SALTED GOURAMI (Trichogaster trichopterus)

The State of Indonesia has a fairly large archipelago of potential fish resources (6,520,100 tons/year), as stated in the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries number KEP.45/MEN/2011 seen from the potential of Indonesia's marine resources. According to Article 1 of Law 45 of 2009, fish are all kinds of living things which all or part of their life cycle is in the aquatic environment.The purpose of this study was to obtain the best percentage of galangal for shredded dried salted fish in Sepat Swamp. The benefits of this research are to optimize the utilization of salted salted fish (Trichogaster trichpterus) to increase public consumption, to increase the selling value of salted fish (Trichogaster trichopterus), to increase the diversification of processed products from dried salted fish.This study used an experimental method with 4 treatments, namely: treatment O = 0% galangal from the weight of fish meat, treatment A = 5% galangal from the weight of fish meat, treatment B = 10% galangal from the weight of fish meat and treatment C = 15% galangal from the weight of the fish. fish weight. Organoleptic testing used moderately trained panelists, selected from students of Fishery Products Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Lambung Mangkurat University. After the panelists assessed the dried salted fish shredded product, the data analysis was continued using the sign test. The test uses organoleptic test with description method. Based on organoleptic test with descriptive test that the addition of galangal has a significant effect on the shredded dried marsh sepat fish. the organoleptic test results of dried sepat swamp salted fish shredded with the addition of galangal with the best formulation on the addition of the percentage of galangal in treatment C with 15% galangal. Specifications Appearance 7.05, Aroma 8.6, Taste 8.6 and Texture 8.1

The Effect of Zinc Speciation and Its Concentration on Bioaccumulation in Pomfret (Colossoma macropomum) and Sepat Fish (Trichogaster Trichopterus)

Heavy metal Zinc is still a pollutant from various industrial and domestic activities whose waste is directly dumped into the waters. The presence of biota in the waters can be used as a bioindicator to identify the presence of heavy metal contaminants. The kinetics of the Zinc bioaccumulation process through the freshwater route using pomfret (Colossoma macropomum) and sepat fish (Trichogaster trichopterus) as bioindicators have been investigated by analyzing the effect on variations in concentration and pH. This research was conducted by determining Zinc speciation's effect and concentration on the bioaccumulation process. The results showed an increase in concentration would also increase the rate of uptake and elimination rate of Zinc by pomfret and sepat, obtained concentration factors (CF) at variations of Zinc concentration in pomfret was 2.56 - 22.97 mL.g–1 and 2.14 - 56.87 mL.g–1 in sepat fish. While the value of the concentration factor (CF) in the variation of pH for pomfret is 0.65 - 13.15 mL.g–1 and for sepat fish is 0.93 - 15.29 mL.g–1, and ZnCl42– was the dominant species containing Zn in most of the electrolytes in fresh water and from each concentration variation. This method is expected to provide information that can be used for environmental studies and against toxic effects for food safety. HIGHLIGHTS The kinetics of the Zinc bioaccumulation process through the freshwater route as bioindicators have been investigated This research was conducted by determining Zinc speciation's effect and concentration on the bioaccumulation process Provides information on the accumulation of Zinc in Pomfret ( macropumum) and Sepat Fish (T. trichopterus) to be used as an environmental study and for food safety purposes GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Sound Producing in the Three-Spot Gourami Trichopodus trichopterus (Osphronemidae) during Feeding

Sound Producing in the Three-Spot Gourami Trichopodus trichopterus (Osphronemidae) during Feeding

Hubungan panjang berat dan faktor kondisi ikan sepat (Trichogaster pectoralis) di Perairan Rawa Desa Lakea Dua Kabupaten Buol Sulawesi Tengah

This study aims to determine the relationship between length and weight and condition factors of Trichopodus trichopterus in the waters of Rawa, Lakea Dua Village, Buol Regency, Central Sulawesi. The research was carried out for 2 months and took place in the swamps of Lakea Dua Village, Buol Regency, Central Sulawesi. The fish collected were measured based on the total length using a ruler in cm (1 mm accuracy), while the fish weight was measured using a digital scale with units of grams (0.01 gram accuracy). The test parameters observed included analysis of length and weight, relative weight, fulcon condition factor, and relative condition factor. The results showed that there were 53 Trichopodus trichopterus collected in the swamps of Lakea Dua Village, Buol Regency. The length ranges from 10-18 cm with an average length of 14.43±2.39 cm. Fish weight ranged from 14.50-155.30 g with an average weight of 51.33±25.83 g. The growth pattern is negative allometric. The relative weight shows a value of 102.63±21.40, meaning that the source of feed is abundant in the Trichopodus pectoralis environment and the condition is healthy. The Fulcon condition factor value is 1.61±0.55 and the relative condition factor is 1.04±0.33, meaning that the condition factor value is below 3. This shows the cheek-shaped fish. Keywords: condition factor; length weight; Trichogaster pectoralis

Length-weight relationship and condition factors of Trichogaster pectoralis in the swamp, Lakea Dua Village, Buol Regency, Central Sulawesi

This study aims to determine the relationship between length and weight and condition factors of Trichopodus trichopterus in the waters of Rawa, Lakea Dua Village, Buol Regency, Central Sulawesi. The research was carried out for 2 months and took place in the swamps of Lakea Dua Village, Buol Regency, Central Sulawesi. The fish collected were measured based on the total length using a ruler in cm (1 mm accuracy), while the fish weight was measured using a digital scale with units of grams (0.01 gram accuracy). The test parameters observed included analysis of length and weight, relative weight, fulcon condition factor, and relative condition factor. The results showed that there were 53 Trichopodus trichopterus collected in the swamps of Lakea Dua Village, Buol Regency. The length ranges from 10-18 cm with an average length of 14.43±2.39 cm. Fish weight ranged from 14.50-155.30 g with an average weight of 51.33±25.83 g. The growth pattern is negative allometric. The relative weight shows a value of 102.63±21.40, meaning that the source of feed is abundant in the Trichopodus trichopterus environment and the condition is healthy. The Fulcon condition factor value is 1.61±0.55 and the relative condition factor is 1.04±0.33, meaning that the condition factor value is below 3. This shows the cheek-shaped fish.Keywords: length weight; condition factor; Trichogaster pectoralis

Optimal time of year and fishing methods for controlling exotic fishes in Longluan Lake, Taiwan

Aim: This study aimed to identify the optimal time and fishing methods for removing exotic fishes, including striped snakehead (Channa striata), marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata), tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), three-spot gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus), and predatory carp (Chanodichthys erythropterus), from Longluan Lake, which is located in Kenting National Park in Taiwan. Methodology: The selected fishing methods included lure fishing, longline fishing, and fyke netting. A total of 2,284 individuals were collected over 12 removal events in Longluan Lake from 2017 to 2019. Among the collected fish, 1,640 fish represented exotic species, and 644 fish represented native species. Results: Among the collected fish, 1,640 fish represented exotic species, and 644 fish represented native species. Based on the results of this study, we suggest that the optimal time for managing exotic fishes is from April to June, when is the period representing lower water levels in Longluan Lake. For removing specific exotic fish in Longluan Lake, employing lure fishing in natural habitat is effective for C. striata and Oreochromis spp., utilizing fyke netting in natural habitat is workable for T. trichopterus and C. erythropterus, and operating fyke netting in artificial habitat is useful for O. marmorata. Interpretation: The habitat preferences and sampling efficiency of gears vary among exotic fishes, however, a combination of applying lure fishing and fyke netting in both habitat types will achieve the greatest advantage for controlling exotic fishes in the Longluan Lake.

BIODIVERSITY OF FISH FAMILY OSPHRONEMIDAE IN SWAMP WATERS IN BAGAN BILAH VILLAGE, DISTRICT OF PANAI TENGAH LABUHANBATU REGENCY

One of the swamp waters is located in Bagan Bilah Village, Panai Tengah District, Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatra Province. These swamp waters store a lot of fish diversity that has been used by the surrounding community. Among them are fish from the Osphronemidae family. This study aims to determine the biodiversity of fish of the Osphronemidae family in the swamp waters of Bagan Bilah Village. Fish sampling was carried out for 3 months, starting from October to December 2021. Fish are caught using traditional fishing gear called tangkol. The caught fish are collected, counted in number and then identified by species. The research data is calculated for its ecological index using the 2010 version of the Microsoft Excel application, then the data is displayed in tabular form. Based on the results of this study obtained 5 species of fish family Osphronemidae (Belontia hasselti, Betta imbellis, Trichogaster trichopterus, Trichopodus pectoralis, and Trichopsis vittatus). The Diversity Index (H') of Station 1 (0.78), Station 2 (0.76), and Station 3 (1.26). Uniformity Index (E) for Station 1 (0.43), Station 2 (0.42), and Station 3 (0.70). Dominance Index (C) for Station 1 (0.13), Station 2 (0.16), and Station 3 (0.28).

Determination of the Most Efficient Household Technique for the Reduction of Pesticide Residues from Raw Fish Muscles.

Substantial quantities of pesticides are routinely applied to enhance agricultural crop production. Pesticides used in this way continuously accumulate in the environment and in foods. Harvested crops contain pesticide residues at various concentrations, with potential harmful impacts on human health. Hence, it is of value to identify techniques for the effective decontamination of tainted foods. However, cleaning with water or household agents, e.g., acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate, are recognized treatments for the efficient degradation of pesticides from vegetables and fruits. There is an apparent void of information about the decontamination treatments for raw fishes using household agents that are affordable for all classes of consumers. Hence, the present study was performed to determine the most efficient household technique for reducing pesticide residue levels from precooked raw fish to ensure the utmost food safety. Fish muscles of four species of fishes, viz., Clarias gariepinus, Channa striatus, Anabas testudineus and Trichogaster trichopterus, were treated with six treatments: washing with running tap water (T1), dipping in normal water (T2), dipping in 2% salt solution (T3), dipping in 2% vinegar (T4), dipping in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution (T5) as well as dipping in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice (T6), as fish muscle is the major consumable portion of fish. The current study demonstrated that the removal percentage of lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, methoxychlor and cypermethrin residues against the treated household treatments, in downward order, were soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice solution (T6) > soaking in 2% vinegar (T4) solution > soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate (T5) solution > soaking in 2% salt (T3) solution > washing with running tap water (T1) > soaking in stable normal water (T2). The treatment of raw fish muscle samples by soaking them in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution + 2% vinegar + 2% salt solution + lemon juice was found to be the most efficient household treatment, performing significant reductions (%) in pesticide concentration: 72–80% (p < 0.05) in Channa striata, 71–79% (p < 0.05) in Clarias gariepinus, 74–80% (p < 0.05) in Anabas testudineus as well as 78–81% (p < 0.05) in Trichogaster trichopterus before cooking.

Effects of natural carotenoids on the body coloration and growth performance of Blue Gourami fish (Trichogaster trichopterus)

The effect of natural carotenoid on body coloration and growth of Blue Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus) was investigated using china rose petal (T1), marigold petal (T2), and carrot (T3). Sources were incorporated with fish feed with four treatments, including T0 control treatment (without natural carotenoid sources) at a 15% ratio. Fishes were purchased and conditioned for two weeks and then randomly distributed among the 12 plastic tanks, and stocking density was maintained at eight fishes/tank. Fishes were fed twice/daily with four different treatments for eight weeks. Sampling was done every week and carotenoid contents, weight, and length measurements were recorded. The average final weights in four treatments were found 5.455±0.821 gm, 4.504±0.2196 gm, 4.764±0.727 gm, and 3.776±0.418 gm in treatments T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. In the case of weight gain, a higher result was found in T0 (5.455±0.821 gm). Mean final lengths obtained were 4.094±0.250 cm, 4.005±0.233 cm, 4.083-0.297 cm, and 4.083±0.311 cm, respectively. The average final carotenoid absorptions of the fishes in four treatments were 0.1226±0.0115 mg/100 kg, 0.1296±0.0169mg/100 kg, 0.1669±0.0298 mg/100 kg, and 0.1487±0.0228 mg/100 kg in treatments T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. T2 treatments (marigold) had the highest carotenoids gain. The highest survival rate (100%) was observed at T2. Study suggested that marigold petal could be used to make natural color enhancer feeds at a cheaper cost.&#x0D;

Impact of Camellia sinensis Iron Oxide Nanoparticle on Growth, Hemato-biochemical and Antioxidant Capacity of Blue Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus) Fingerlings.

The effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) iron oxide nanoparticles (nano-Fe) on the effectiveness, growth, antioxidant capacity, and immunological response of Trichogaster trichopterus (Blue gourami) fingerlings was investigated. UV-Visible, Fourier Transform Infrared, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, Dynamic Light Scattering, and Zeta Potential spectroscopy were used to evaluate the biologically synthesized nano-Fe. Characterization revealed the hexagonal and spherical morphology with an average diameter of 114nm. Six different experimental diets were supplied to the fish in duplicate for 60days. The first diet served as a control (no nano-Fe supplementation), whereas the remaining five diets contained nano-Fe at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50mg/kg (D1 to D5). The results indicated that fish fed a nano-Fe diet at a concentration of 40mg/kg had improved growth performance, biochemical constituents, hematological parameters, and antioxidant activity in T. trichopterus, implying that it might be used as a vital feed supplement in ornamental fish culture.

THREE SPOT GOURAMI (Trichogaster trichopterus) FOOD HABITS IN THE KOMERING RIVER'S DOWNSTREAM, SOUTH SUMATERA

One of the downstream areas of the Komering River with potential for capture fisheries is Sungai Dua Village. One of the types of fish caught by fishermen in Sungai Dua is the three spot gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus). The three spot gourami fish is a type of freshwater consumption fish that has high economic value. But the fishes only rely on catches from nature. If the fishing is carried out continuously, without domestication and cultivation, it will cause a decline in the fish population. The research about the biological aspects of red-eye septic fish (Trichogaster trichopterus) which include food habits, relationship length and weight, condition factors and stomach fullness index. This research was conducted from April to June 2017. Sampling was carried out in the downstream waters of the Komering River in Sungai Dua Village, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra. Fish samples were analyzed at the Animal Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Sriwijaya University. The determination of stations in sampling was carried out using multiple sampling methods, namely purposive sampling and quota sampling. The result of this research showed that (1) the Cyanophyta is the main food for the three spot gourami, Diatomae and Desmidiacae as a complementary food, while the additional foods are Rhizopoda, Chlorophyta, Ostracoda, and Entomostraca, (2) The growth pattern of red-eyed fish is negative allometric with a b value of -2 (b &lt;3), the increase in length is faster than the weight gain, (3) The highest condition factor value is found in the size range 6.01-7.00 cm of 23.25 gr / cm and the lowest condition factor value is in the size range 5.01-6.00 cm of 0.62 gr / cm, and (4) The highest hull fullness index value of the red eye sepat fish hull is in the size range 7.01-8.00 cm at 32.86% and the lowest hull fullness index value at the size range 8.01-9.00 cm is 2.05% .

Checklist of endemic (Adrianichthyidae, Gobiidae, Zenarchopteridae) and introduced fish in Lake Poso, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Lake Poso is one of the ancient lakes in the world. This lake is known to have high diversity of endemic fish. Several exotic fish species have been introduced to increase the fisheries production in the lake. However, it is reported that the introduced fish is one of the causes of the threat of the existence of endemic fish in this lake. This study aimed to obtain the latest information on endemic (Adrianichthyidae, Gobiidae, and Zenarchopteridae), and introduced fish in Lake Poso. The research was carried out from May to July 2019 at 17 stations on the coast and rivers of Lake Poso. Fish were collected using a seine net, tray net, and hook and line. The results showed that there were 13 species of fish belonging to eight families and 11 genera. A total of six endemic fish species were still found in this study, namely Adrianichthys oophorus, Oryzias nebulosus, O. nigrimas, O. orthognathus, Mugilogobius sarasinorum, and Nomorhamphus celebensis. Seven species of introduced fish were found, namely Anabas testudineus, Aplocheilus panchax, Channa striata, flowerhorn (Cichlasoma sp.), Melanocromis auratus, Oreochromis niloticus, and Trichopodus trichopterus. Cichlids (flowerhorn, M. auratus, and O. niloticus) have the potential to be invasive due to their adaptability and ease of reproduction in Lake Poso. Conservation of the fish endemic to Lake Poso must be a serious concern for the government, academics, and the community. Ex-situ conservation can be a strategy to conserve the endemic fish of Lake Poso through controlled captivity.

Capture Fishery Resources of Citanduy River, West Java

Citanduy river is one of the priority watersheds in West Java. Information on capture fisheries resources in Citanduy, however, river is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the information of capture fisheries resources in that river. The method used in this study was a survey method, by collecting data in the field, and then analyzed it in the laboratory. This research was conducted in 2018. Samples of fish were collected through the active participation of fishers with various types of fishing gear. The identification of fish and fishing gear used some references. Some fish caught were preserved in formalin solution and identified. The dominant catch in Citanduy River is Mystacoleucus marginatus and Cyprinus carpio. Other economic fishes catch in Citanduy river are Oreochromis niloticus, Osteochilus vittatus, O. mossambicus, Trichogaster trichopterus, Hemibragus nemurus, Hampala macrolepidota, Channa striata, Moolgarda seheli, and Glossogobius giurus. The fishing gears used by fishers are hooks and lines, cast nets, scope nets, traps, and gill nets. The inland capture fishery in Citanduy river is still a secondary sector for the interests of local government.The current condition of capture fisheries in Citanduy is not the main livelihood for fishers. The inland capture fisheries in Citanduy is still using a simple fishing gear and do not have more complex tools. Citanduy river has potential source of economic and protein food, particularly for local community. Regarding in these potential, management of environment could be the major domains in fisheries management. The policy of local government in handling non-selective fishing gear and restocking activity could be maintain the sustainable fish resources in Citanduy river.

The growth pattern and condition factors of three spot gourami Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770) from the Lempake Dam, East Kalimantan

The growth pattern and condition factors of three spots gourami Trichopodus trichopterus (Pallas, 1770) from Lempake Dam, East Kalimantan, are not yet informed. These studies aimed to investigate fishes' length and body weight, sex ratio, length-bodyweight relationships, growth patterns, and condition factors. The collection of fish sampling was carried out monthly from February to May 2020. A total of 912 individual samples of sepat rawa fish were caught by 15 fish traps using a purposive sampling method at three stations. This research showed that the total length of the fishes analyzed ranged from 31.68 to 103.53 mm, while body weight ranged from 1.12 to 7.22 g. The sex ratio in males and females was 1:1.19. The regression model of the length-body weight relationships calculated was W=3x10-5L2.861 for total samples, W=5x10-5L2.710 for males, and W=2x10-5L2.977 for females. The length-body weight was obtained strong relationships in all samples and sexes, with the regression coefficient (r) ranging from 0.965 to 0.977. An isometric growth pattern and the growth coefficient “b”=2.977 was observed in females, while a negative allometric growth pattern in males and both sexes, with the growth coefficient “b”= 2.710 and “b”=2.861. The values of relative condition factor (Kn) observed for females were ranged from 1.472 to 1.555 and for males ranged from 1.024 to 1.082. The growth pattern and relative condition factor of three spot gourami in the Lempake Dam were affected by the number of fishes in gonad mature condition and body shape.

Effects of thermal stress and hypoxia on skin mucus immune and stress responses in blue gourami ( Trichogaster trichopterus ) cultured in intensive recirculation aquaculture system and semi‐intensive systems

The current study evaluated the effects of thermal stress and hypoxia on skin mucus immune and stress responses in an ornamental fish, blue gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus), reared in intensive recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) and semi-intensive traditional pond system (TPS). Fish were derived from RAS and TPS and exposed to thermal (T1: 32 ± 2°C; T2: 12 ± 1°C) and hypoxia (DO: 3–3.5 mg L-1, over 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h) stresses. The results showed that the lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and the soluble protein contents of skin mucus were significantly higher in fish cultured in RAS than those of TPS, while the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and lactate were significantly lower in RAS compared with those of TPS (p < 0.05). Lysozyme activity and the amount of soluble protein showed a significant decrease after exposure to low temperature in both RAS- and TPS-reared fish, while the skin mucus complement activity revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) at low temperature. Hypoxia condition significantly increased the LDH activity, and the lactate content of fish reared in both RAS and TPS 12–24 h after exposure (p < 0.05). Glucose levels significantly increased after 4 h of exposure to hypoxia (p < 0.05) and then returned to the initial level at 8–24 h after exposure. The results of this study demonstrate that both RAS condition and environmental challenges can affect mucosal immune and stress responses in blue gourami.