Blue Devices Research Articles

Frequency-triggered circuit transition in organic light-emitting diodes probed by impedance spectroscopy

Broad-band impedance spectroscopy and equivalent-circuit modeling reveal the emergence of frequency-triggered internal circuit transitions in high-performance organic light-emitting diodes.

Geometry engineering of a multiple resonance core via a phenyl-embedded strategy toward highly efficient narrowband blue OLEDs.

The geometry of the molecular skeleton is of importance for the property regulation of organic electronic materials. Herein, we present a phenyl-embedded molecular design strategy to adjust the molecular curvature and achieve the improvement of blue multiple resonance (MR)-emitters. The introduction of a bridged phenyl contributes to a highly twisted saddle skeleton and the separation of frontier molecular orbitals, which are beneficial for the increase of photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) as well as the decrease of singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST). Consequently, hp-BQAO features an accelerated reverse intersystem crossing rate and suppressed non-radiative decay rate simultaneously, which enables the assembly of high-performance narrowband blue OLEDs with a record-high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 24.1% for the blue OLED devices exploiting nitrogen-carbonyl-containing MR-emitters without sensitizers.

Are Blue-Cut Lenses Safe for Children? Potential Effects on Eye Length and Refractive Disorders

Blue-blocking lenses, including both spectacles and intraocular lenses, are designed to selectively reduce the intensity of short-wavelength visible light and UV radiation using a chromophore. Unlike standard spectacle lenses, which only offer varying degrees of UV protection, blue-blocking lenses provide additional benefits such as enhancing visual performance, reducing eye fatigue from digital screens, protecting the retina from phototoxicity, and minimizing disruption of the circadian rhythm caused by blue light-emitting devices used in the evening. Research has shown that the length of the eye tends to increase over time, especially during the first 10 months of life, indicating the importance of this period in eye development. The Purkinje shift is a phenomenon where the eye becomes more sensitive to blue light in the dark, and it is a normal physiological process. However, there is concern that prolonged use of blue-cut lenses in children may affect the development of eye length and contribute to an increase in refractive eye disorders.

Optimal methodology for percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: a comparative analysis between conventional and multidisciplinary approaches utilizing ultrasound, flexible bronchoscopy, and microcatheter puncture in critically ill individuals of diminutive stature-a longitudinal single-institutional experience and retrospective analysis.

Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT), a bedside procedure in intensive care, enhances respiratory support for critically ill patients with benefits over traditional tracheostomy, such as improved safety, ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and operational efficiency by eliminating patient transfers to the operating room. It also minimizes complications including bleeding, infection, and inflammation. Despite decades of PDT evolution and device diversification, adaptations primarily cater to larger Western patients rather than smaller-statured Korean populations. This study assesses the efficacy and appropriateness of the Ciaglia Blue Rhino (Cook Critical Care, Bloomington, IN, USA), augmented with ultrasound, flexible bronchoscopy, and microcatheter techniques, for Korean patients with short stature. We conducted PDT on 183 intubated adults (128 male/55 female) with severe respiratory issues at a single medical center from January 2010 to December 2022. Patients were divided into two groups for retrospective analysis: a modified group (n=133) underwent PDT with ultrasound-guided flexible bronchoscopy and microcatheter puncture, and a conventional group (n=50) received PDT using only the Ciaglia Blue Rhino device. We assessed clinical and demographic characteristics, outcomes, and complications such as pneumothorax and emphysema. The study also evaluated the suitability and effectiveness of the devices for Korean patients with short stature. Demographic characteristics including sex, body weight, height, body mass index, obesity status, and underlying diseases showed no significant differences between the two groups. However, the modified group was older (69.5±14.2 vs. 63.5±14.1 years; P=0.01). The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) and simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) II score was slightly higher in the modified groups, but no statistically significant differences were observed (7.1±2.3 vs. 6.7±2.3, P=0.31 and 46.7±9.0 vs. 44.0±9.1, P=0.08, respectively). The duration of hospital and ICU stays, as well as days post-PDT, were longer in the conventional group, yet these differences were not statistically significant (P=0.20, P=0.44, P=0.06). Total surgical time, including preparation, ultrasound, bronchoscopy, and microcatheter puncture, was significantly longer in the modified group (25.6±7.5 vs. 19.9±6.5 minutes; P<0.001), and the success rate of the first tracheal puncture was also higher (100.0% vs. 92.0%; P=0.006). Intra-operative bleeding was less frequent in the modified group (P=0.02 for tracheostomy site bleeding and P=0.002 for minor bleeding). PDT, performed at the bedside in intensive care settings, proves to be a swift and dependable method. Utilizing the Ciaglia Blue Rhino device, combined with ultrasound guidance, flexible bronchoscopy, and 4.0-Fr microcatheter puncture, PDT is especially effective for intubated patients who cannot be weaned from ventilation. This technique results in fewer complications than traditional tracheostomy and is particularly beneficial for patients with respiratory issues and smaller-statured Koreans, potentially reducing morbidity and mortality.

Research Progress of Blue Emission Materials and Devices Based on TADF Sensitized Fluorescence

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A new multifunctional fluorescent molecule for highly efficient non-doped deep-blue electro-fluorescence with high color-purity and efficient phosphorescent OLEDs

A multifunctional molecule DTPCZTZ was synthesized, which can not only realize high efficiency nondoped deep blue device, but also achieve high efficiency phosphorescent devices.

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence dendrimers with AIE property and functional dendrons for high-efficiency solution-processed white OLEDs

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials with encapsulation dendrons have exhibited superior advantages in the solution-processed OLEDs. Herein, we utilized electron-donating carbazole and electron-withdraw phenylbenzimidazole as the peripheral wrapping unit to design and synthesize two TADF materials, TRZCz-Cz and TRZCz-Bz, to discuss the distinction about different encapsulations for one identical emissive core. The photophysical investigation demonstrate that both compounds have small ΔE ST and clearly aggregation-induced enhancement (AIE) properties, which are benefit for enhancing the exciton unitization of electroluminescence devices. Despite similar characters in photophysical property, the blue phosphorescence OLEDs host with TRZCz-Cz obtain the maximum current efficiency and external quantum efficiency of 38.6 cd A −1 and 18.4%, respectively, which far exceed TRZCz-Bz based one. Thanks to the high performance of blue device, the fully phosphorescent white OLEDs with Ir(MDQ) 2 (acac) as red phosphorescent dopant achieves the maximum luminescence, current efficiency, external quantum efficiency as high as 12874 cd m −2 , 33.8 cd A −1 and 16.5%, respectively, which are among the highest efficiency of solution-processed white OLEDs. Moreover, the hybrid white OLEDs with TADF as blue host and red phosphor as dopant was also achieved with a low turn-on voltage of 3.2 V, and more standard white emission with CIE coordinate of (0.34,0.33). Thus, this work significantly extends the range of AIE TADF materials and paves the useful way for the fabrication of high efficiency white OLEDs through solution-process. • The optimized wrapping unit enhance the device performance almost two times higher. • The TADF host ensure the solution-processed blue phosphorescence OLEDs with the EQE max of 18.4%. • Both the fully phosphorescent and hybrid white OLEDs achieves high luminescence and stable color purity.

Highly Efficient Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters with a Triphenylamine‐Based Macrocyclic Donor

AbstractThis work reports the incorporation of a triphenylamine‐based macrocyclic donor to design new donor‐π‐acceptor‐configured blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. The X‐ray structure analyses manifest the degree of twisted conformations that can be modulated by methyl substituents of the π‐bridge and macrocyclic donor, leading to well‐separated highest occupied natural transition orbital and lowest unoccupied natural transition orbital frontier orbitals, thus sufficiently small singlet–triplet energy difference (ΔEST) for TADF. The theoretical analyses elucidate the structure–property relationship and reveal the beneficial effect of macrocyclic donor on increasing reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process that can contribute to improved triplet‐upconversion efficiency. The blue device employing c‐NN‐TRZ as emitter gave a maximum external quantum efficiecny (EQEmax) of 26.3% as compared to that (19.1%) of the device using the model compound DPA‐MeTRZ without the macrocyclic donor, suggesting the contribution of macrocyclic donor to enhance device performance. Benefiting from the combined advantages of macrocyclic donor and methyl substituents, the device incorporating c‐NN‐MeTRZ as emitter achieves an outstanding EQEmax of 32.2%, which is attributed to the more horizontally oriented emission dipoles as well as the significantly accelerated RISC rate constant (kRISC) resulting from reduced ΔEST. This work represents a new strategy of designing twisted TADF emitter incorporating macrocyclic donor to achieve highly efficient blue device.

Novel benzonitrile-based AIE host with high triplet energy for highly efficient solution-processed blue TADF OLEDs

Developing high-performance host materials for blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (TADF-OLEDs) is an effective way to improve emission efficiency through overcoming intermolecular interactions. In this work, three novel AIE-active materials with twisted donor-acceptor structures (3phCN-Cz, 3phCN-ICz and 3phCN-tCzICz) are designed and synthesized by modifying the donor unit. Encouragingly, all the molecules exhibited high triplet energies (>2.80 eV) to prevent exciton returning and aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) property for suppressing exciton quenching. Furthermore, systematic studies demonstrated that 3phCN-ICz and 3phCN-tCzICz with larger steric resistance units can not only possess good thermal and electrochemical stability but also exhibit excellent inhibition ability of intermolecular interactions, which are suitable for constructing high-efficiency solution-processed blue TADF devices. Ultimately, the 4TCzBN was employed as the blue TADF emitter, and the solution-processed OLEDs based on 3phCN-ICz achieved the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax), the maximum current efficiency (CEmax), and the lowest turn-on voltage of 22.04%, 41.88 cd A−1, and 3.5 V, respectively. This work demonstrates the potential application of AIE materials with high triplet energy for solution-processed blue TADF OLEDs.

Automated Precision Pulse Capsulotomy Versus Manual Capsulorhexis In White Cataracts: Reduction In Procedural Time And Resource Utilization.

To compare the utility of Precision Pulse Capsulotomy (PPC) with manual capsulorhexis for capsulotomy in white cataracts. Hospital-based academic practice. Retrospective analysis of surgical case records and surgical videos from a single surgeon. Cases involving intumescent and non-intumescent white cataracts were identified. Capsulotomy outcomes, surgical outcomes, procedural time, and resource utilization as well as patient demographic and health data were analyzed and subjected to statistical testing. 15 cases of white cataract (10 Intumescent, 5 non-intumescent) performed using Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis (CCC) were compared to 20 cases (9 Intumescent, 11 non-intumescent) performed using PPC. The cases covered a period of 14 months prior to and 30 months following surgeon adoption of PPC. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in subject age, sex, ethnicity, ocular history, medical history and medications. PPC resulted in complete capsulotomies without tags or tears and intracapsular IOL implantation with 360-degree capsular overlap in all 20 cases. There was one CCC case resulting in the Argentinian Flag sign. Compared to CCC, PPC white cataract cases also demonstrated significant advantages in capsulotomy time, reduced use of trypan blue and ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD), and less overall procedural time. PPC is a safe and highly effective method to create consistent capsulotomies in both intumescent and non-intumescent white cataracts. The use of PPC provides benefits of significant reductions in capsulotomy time, overall procedural time and resource utilization resulting in a streamlined treatment of these complex cataract surgery cases.

Spirobifluorene-based hole-blocking material with enhanced efficiency through hole and exciton confinement in blue fluorescent OLEDs

A new hole-blocking material, 2-(9,9′-spirobi[fluoren]-5-yl)-4-phenylbenzo [4,5]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine (SBF-BTPym), was designed and synthesized using spirobifluorene and electron transport moieties. The high triplet energy and high thermal stability of the spirobifluorene moiety were suitable for designing the hole-blocking material for blue fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The electron deficiency of benzothienopyrimidine allowed good electron transport properties, and a deep highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of −6.55 eV suppressed leakage of the holes from the emitting layer (EML) to the adjacent layer. Blue fluorescent OLEDs consisting of a triplet-triplet annihilation–induced host were fabricated using SBF-BTPym. The maximum external quantum efficiency of the blue fluorescent device was 7.2%, which was higher than that of the device without a hole-blocking layer by 10%. According to transient electroluminescence analysis, exciton confinement in the EML is mainly responsible for the improved efficiency.

Highly efficient stable blue organic light-emitting diodes based on a novel anthracene[2,3-b]benzofuran framework

Organic blue fluorescent emitters’ emissions are highly desirable for high-resolution organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display technology. In this work, a design strategy to realize narrowband emission of organic blue fluorescent emitters by connecting carbazole and amine, named ABFCz and ABFAn, respectively, with anthracene[2,3-b]benzofuran as rigid groups is reported for the first time. The developed materials can achieve high efficiency and long life. Studies of the doped devices show that ABFCz-based blue-emitting OLEDs achieve a maximum current efficiency of 6.96 cd A−1 with a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 44 nm, as well as a Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of (0.15, 0.14). A maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 7.7% is also achieved. Meanwhile, the ABFAn emitter-based devices exhibit blue emission with a maximum current efficiency of up to 9.20 cd A−1 (EQEmax of 11.4%) with a FWHM of 44 nm, as well as a CIE coordinate of (0.14, 0.13). The devices are based on an ABFAn operating lifetime test LT90 (luminance decays to 90% of the initial brightness) of 202 h at an initial luminance of 1000 cd m−2. The results show that anthracene[2,3-b]benzofuran can be modified with a higher glass transition temperature (T g) to achieve high-efficiency and stable-operating-lifetime blue light devices. Our work may provide a new approach for designing high-efficiency blue materials.

The influences of lateral leakage on hysteresis effects in flexible organic light-emitting diodes array

Hysteresis effects in self-luminous devices like organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have been discovered recently, besides emerging in thin film transistors (TFTs). However, the influences of lateral leakage caused by next-door devices on hysteresis effects in flexible OLEDs array have rarely been demonstrated. To mitigate the impact of lateral leakage and figure out the detailed relationship with hysteresis effects, a series of experiments for OLEDs array involving p-doping in holes transport layer (HTL) were employed. It is found that the lateral leakage and hysteresis effects have a trade-off exhibition, which means stronger lateral leakage has induced weaker hysteresis effects. In order to get rid of the role of lateral leakage, the experiments with mono blue devices were also performed to substantiate the intrinsic hysteresis effects existence. The research opens the possibility of considering more internal relationships between different performances on self-luminous arrays for their actual application.

The Relationship between Long Use of Communication Devices that Emit Blue Light with Sleep Quality

Nowadays communication device usage has already reached an unprecedented level. Based on data provided by Central Statistics Agency (BPS), by 2018, at least 62% of Indonesian had a cellphone or a smartphone, and 20% had a computer. Besides smartphones and computers, many Indonesians choose television (TV) as their entertainment device, as proven by 57% of Indonesian households having a TV, although the number has been reduced in the past decade. Based on research conducted by Zickuhr, in 2011, average adults in the United States spent 7-10 hours using their communication device per day, with the most usage in the young adult population (18-35 years) and decreasing as the age increased. The recent development of computer-based communication devices increased our chances of spending much time staring at the blue light emitting screen. Research about the blue light emission effect has become a significant concern, especially in the last five years. It is due to its effect on sleep quality and eyes well-being. This research is an analytic descriptive, non-experiment cross-sectional study. The research uses a prospective and retrospective approach due to the type of data is primary data collected using a questionnaire distributed through social media. Based on Slovin's formula, the sample needed for this study is 133 respondents. This study showed a significant correlation between the usage of blue light-emitting communication devices, sleep quality (P = 0.000), and a moderate relation (r = 0.425) with the positive pattern.&#x0D; Keywords: Communication device usage, blue light, sleeps quality

P‐13.5: Influence of doping ratio of blue guest material on the lifetime of OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) display

As a new generation of display technology, OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)) has superior performance than LCD (liquid crystal display) .However, the lifetime of OLED devices, especially the blue OLED device, is short. In this paper, the influence of doping ratio of guest material and the homogeneity of blue light-emitting layer (EML) on the device lifetime is studied. The data of seven experiments shows that the blue lifetime(T95) of the device reaches the peak at 516hr when the doping ratio of guest material in EML is 3%, and the calculated homogeneity is 2.6%. When the doping ratio reduces from 3% to 2%, blue lifetime(T95) is reduced by 10%, and when the doping ratio increases from 3% to 5%, blue lifetime(T95) is reduced by 32%. And when calculated homogeneity reduces from 26.6% to 2.6%, device lifetime(T95) increases by 28%

Taming quantum dots’ nucleation and growth enables stable and efficient blue-light-emitting devices

Controlling quantum dots’ emission, nanostructure, and energy level alignment to achieve stable and efficient blue emission is of great significance for electroluminescence devices but remains a challenge. Here, a series of blue ZnCdSeS/ZnS quantum dots was optimized in preparation by taming their nucleation and growth kinetics. Controlling anion precursor reactive properties to modulate quantum dots’ nucleation and growth tailors their alloy core and continuous gradient energy band nanostructure. These results not only elevate the thermal stability of blue quantum dots but also further enhance the injection/transportation of carriers and improve the radiative recombination efficiency in the device. The blue ZnCdSeS/ZnS quantum dots applied in light-emitting devices show superior performance, including maximum current efficiency and external quantum efficiency of, respectively, 8.2 cd/A and 15.8% for blue, 2.6 cd/A and 10.0% for blue-violet, and 10.9 cd/A and 13.4% for sky-blue devices. The blue and sky-blue devices exhibit lifetimes of more than 10,000 h. The proposed methodology for tailoring quantum dots is expected to pave new guidelines for further facilitating visible optoelectronic device exploration.

Lattice strain modulation toward efficient blue perovskite light-emitting diodes.

The successful implementation of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) in advanced displays and lighting has proven to be challenging because of the inferior performance of blue devices. Here, we point out that a strained system would lead to the quasi-degenerate energy state to enhance the excited-state transition due to the formation of double-polarized transition channel. The tensile strained structure also brings about a synergetic control of the carrier dynamics in virtue of lattice structure deformation and reduced dimensional phase regulation to promote carrier population in large bandgap domains and to realize near-unit energy transfer from the large bandgap phases to the emitter phases. Accordingly, high external quantum efficiencies of 14.71 and 10.11% are achieved for the 488- and 483-nanometer PeLEDs. This work represents a versatile strategy using a strained system to achieve enhanced radiative emission for the development of efficient PeLEDs.

High‐Performance Blue Electroluminescence Devices Based on Linear Gold(I) Complexes as Ultrafast Triplet Exciton Harvesters

AbstractAchieving large external quantum efficiencies, narrow bandwidths, and a long operational lifetime at high brightness remains the largest hurdle to developing organic blue‐emitting devices. Here, a material strategy is demonstrated that can meet these conditions. The strategy is based on linear heteroleptic Au(I) complex exciton harvesters and multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) emitters. The organic electroluminescence devices produce blue emission with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage chromaticity coordinates of (0.108, 0.160), a narrow full‐width at half‐maximum value of 20 nm, and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) as high as 30.2%. Notably, the EQE value remains 22.2% at 2000 cd m−2, whereas conventional control devices with an organic exciton harvester suffer from huge roll‐offs in quantum efficiency. An additional benefit of the device is a one‐order‐of‐magnitude improvement in its operational lifetime compared with that of the control device. Finally, the investigations reveal that the improvements are attributable to the unique ability of the Au(I) complexes for ultrafast triplet exciton harvest. In addition, the Au(I) complexes can facilitate Förster energy transfer to the MR‐TADF emitter, with effective suppression of hazardous triplet–triplet Dexter energy transfer. It is believed that the research is helpful in commercializing high‐efficiency and stable blue electroluminescence devices.

Synergistic Control of Hot Exciton Relaxation and Exciton–Polaron Dispersion Using a Polaron Retarder for Long Lifetime in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

AbstractThe operational stability of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is an essential property to utilize their efficient triplet harvesting ability and reduce the usage of expensive metal complexes in commercial applications. In this study, a device strategy for extending the device lifetime using the synergistic effects of the hot exciton relaxation and polaron dispersion is demonstrated. By doping a polaron retarder to a conventional TADF‐emitting layer, the lifetime of the blue TADF device is enhanced by 98% at an initial luminance of 1000 cd m−2. Kinetic modeling describing the device degradation indicates that the concurrent contribution via the suppression of exciton and polaron interactions and hot exciton‐related degradation are the origin of the lifetime enhancement. It is demonstrated that the introduction of the polaron retarder finely fits to the ground and that the excited energetic relationship of the host–dopant structure simultaneously improves the operation lifetime and device efficiency without sacrificing other device characteristics.

Novel Polycyclic Fused Amide Derivatives: Properties and Applications for Sky-blue Electroluminescent Devices.

Aromatic imide derivatives play a critical role in boosting the electroluminescent (EL) performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the majority of aromatic imide-based materials are limited to long wavelength emission OLEDs rather than blue emissions due to their strong electron-withdrawing characteristics. Herein, two novel polycyclic fused amide units were reported as electron acceptor to be combined with either a tetramethylcarbazole or acridine donor via a phenyl linker to generate four conventional fluorescence blue emitters of BBI-4MeCz, BBI-DMAC, BSQ-4MeCz and BSQ-DMAC for the first time. BSQ-4MeCz and BSQ-DMAC based on a BSQ unit exhibited higher thermal stability and photoluminescence quantum yields than BBI-4MeCz and BBI-DMAC based on a BBI unit due to their more planar acceptor structure. The intermolecular interactions that exist in the BSQ series materials effectively inhibit the molecular rotation and configuration relaxation, and thus allow for blue-shifted emissions. Blue OLED devices were constructed with the developed materials as emitters, and the effects of both the structure of the polycyclic fused amide acceptor and the electron donor on the EL performance were clarified. Consequently, a sky-blue OLED device based on BSQ-DMAC was created, with a high maximum external quantum efficiency of 4.94% and a maximum luminance of 7761 cd m−2.