Blue Book Research Articles

Early global Trotters and their entrepreneurial employment practices

Purpose Questions have often been asked of the ethicality of multinational enterprises (MNEs) with the conducts of many being classified as exploitative. This is particularly so the internal context, where MNEs are often reluctant to employ host country nationals at important positions and treat their host and parent countries employees differently. This study aims to examine whether the locals are really getting the raw end of the deal. Design/methodology/approach Utilising a unique record book that is available about the employment details of civil servants in Hong Kong known as the blue book, this study intends to examine whether first-moving multinational organisations treated their local employees in an ethical and reasonable manner, for the employees entering the service between 1845-1850. Findings The data suggests that, overall, host country nationals earn much less than not only the British but also those from third countries. Moreover, parent country nationals were placed at important officer and supervisory roles, as oppose to host country nationals at the bottom, forming a typically ethnocentric governance structure (Perlmutter, 1969). Furthermore, even divided by grade, the starting salary difference between host and parent country nationals remain considerable. However, the reason for this is complex, and the authors do not have a quick and precise answer as to whether there has been discrimination. Research limitations/implications The findings perhaps explain the dilemma faced by the early-movers because they tend to feel the strong need of adopting an ethnocentric approach, which can be extremely costly as a result of the large wage differential. A balance needs to be struck between this and utilising host country nationals, which might not necessarily possess all the essential qualities but might be cheaper. Originality/value This is the first study examining the employment practices of fast-moving MNEs.

Changes in the Updated 2016: WHO Classification of the Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Related Myeloid Neoplasms.

In comparison with the 2008 World Health Organization "Blue Book" on hematopoietic neoplasms, a small number of changes have been made in the classification. In the lower-risk patients, Refractory Cytopenias with Multilineage Dysplasia and Ring Sideroblasts (RCMD-RS) has been separated from RCMD to recognize the importance of the SF3B1 mutation. Often there has been confusion as to the degree of morphologic dysplasia and/or cytopenias to define some of the lower-risk subtypes. In addition, the type of dysplasia or cytopenias is not always concordant. Therefore, it seems prudent to apply the more general term "myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)" with single- or multiple-lineage dysplasia. Refractory neutropenia or thrombocytopenia has been deemphasized because most patients have multilineage dysplasia. In the higher-risk patients, the terms Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts (RAEB) 1 or 2 have been simplified to Myelodysplastic Syndrome-Excess Blasts (MDS-EB) 1 or 2 to emphasize the importance of the percentage of blasts that dictate therapy. Patients with Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML) can be classified into 3 groups: CMML 0, 1, or 2, based on the percentage of blasts (< 5%, 5%-9%, 10%-19%). Cases with 50% or more erythroid precursors will not have the percentage of blasts based on the nonerythroid precursors. Previous cases of acute erythroid leukemia (myeloid:erythroid type) can be included in the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subtype: AML with MDS-related features.

A study of the new five tiered prostate cancer Gleason grading system in a nationwide population cohort in Sweden

Recommendations by the International Society of Urologic Pathology (ISUP) and 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) blue book propose the use of a five-tiered prostate cancer (PCa) grading system (1,2). The five Gleason grade groupings (GGGs) ranging from 1 to 5 are defined as Gleason scores 6, 3+4, 4+3, 8, and >8, respectively (2).This new grading system beginning with grade group 1 has the potential benefit of reducing anxiety in patients and may contribute to a decrease in the overtreatment of low risk PCa detected by prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening (3). The new GGGs (2,3) has not been validated in a population-based setting before the study by Loeb et al . (4). In their study, the authors examined the performance of the new GGGs in men with PCa from a nationwide population-based cohort in Sweden. The authors studied the newly proposed GGGs in 4,325 men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) and 1,555 treated with radiation therapy in the national PCa register of Sweden with a mean follow-up of 4.6 years. They showed that the new GGGs was able to predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) after RP and radiation therapy with same accuracy as the previous Gleason classifications, but could potentially avoid overtreatment of low-risk PCa. We eagerly await further results from this group to confirm the prognostic accuracy of the GGGs with longer term oncologic endpoints, and assessment of GGGs in a prospective and the multi-center setting.

Book Review: America’s Battle for Media Democracy: The Triumph of Corporate Libertarianism and the Future of Media Reform by Victor Pickard

America's Battle for Media Democracy: The Triumph of Corporate Libertarianism and the Future of Media Reform. Victor Pickard. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. 247 pp. $85 hbk. $29.99 pbk.In the 1940s, according to Victor Pickard, the decline of New Deal liberalism and other economic and societal changes presented window of opportunity to reform the American Media system. In America's Battle for Media Democracy: The Triumph of Corporate Libertarianism and the Future of Media Reform, he chronicles the efforts of grassroots activist groups, progressive policy makers, and media consumers to make the American media system more responsive to the needs of a democracy and less driven by commercial imperatives.Pickard presents three case studies: the so-called in which the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) attempted to assert greater authority over programming policy and the major radio networks; the Fairness Doctrine, which replaced the FCC's ban on editorializing with a requirement to balance other points of view; and the work of The Hutchins Commission, bankrolled by Henry Luce, the publisher of Time and Life, to stipulate policies for the proper function of the press in a democratic society. In this endeavor, Pickard builds on the work of others-most notably Robert McChesney-who have chronicled the efforts of reformers in the 1930s to fight the dominance of commercial interests in formulating media policy. Even though these earlier efforts came essentially to naught, Pickard contends that in the 1940s there were still opportunities to chart a different course for the entrenched commercial media system.Each of Pickard's case studies follows a similar trajectory. First, media reformers propose structural changes that seek to emphasize the public service responsibilities of media. Second, the proposals get watered down to the point of being-at best-modest tweaks to the commercial system. Third, the industry howls in protest and eventually discredits even the watered-down proposals. Finally, we are left with what Pickard calls corporate libertarianism, in which corporations are granted individual doms, and unregulated marketplace is alleged as the best way for the media to meet the democratic needs of society. 10.1177/1077699015625201In the case of the Blue Book, New Deal FCC chairman James Lawrence Fly and fellow progressive commissioners sought to address radio's programming shortcomings by going after the major networks: CBS and NBC. After much deliberation, what emerged was an assertion of the FCC's right to consider programming practices in license-renewal decisions, and somewhat vague requirements that stations run less advertising and more public interest programming. Although public reaction to the Blue Book was initially positive, commercial broadcasters, as Pickard notes, responded as if their very existence were in question. The National Association of Broadcasters claimed that the FCC was seeking to control and censor radio programming, and the industry's leading trade magazine, Broadcasting, wondered if the Blue Book had been cribbed from the Nazis. …

Updates in the Pathologic Diagnosis and Classification of Epithelial Neoplasms of Urachal Origin.

Since the publication of the World Health Organization "blue book" in 2004, several recent studies have provided new insights on the pathologic aspects of urachal neoplasms. The proposed updates include modified criteria for the diagnosis of urachal carcinoma. A uniform nomenclature for cystic tumors was lacking, and it is recommended that urachal mucinous cystic tumors should be separated and classified in a manner similar to ovarian mucinous neoplasms. The spectrum includes mucinous cystadenoma, mucinous cystic tumor of low malignant potential, mucinous cystic tumor of low malignant potential with intraepithelial carcinoma, and microscopically or frankly invasive mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, with 65% of cystic tumors classified as mucinous cystic tumor of low malignant potential. Most importantly, it has been shown that progression-free survival of noninvasive mucinous cystic tumors is significantly better than noncystic invasive adenocarcinoma. This development, along with prior descriptions of urachal villous adenoma, has also reaffirmed the occurrence of benign tumors of urachal epithelial origin. For noncystic (usual) invasive adenocarcinomas, the traditionally described histologic subtypes of enteric, mucinous, signet ring cell, not otherwise specified, and mixed remain appropriate, with 50% of tumors classified as mucinous subtype. Although this subtyping is helpful in diagnosis and differential diagnosis, the clinical significance of subtyping adenocarcinoma is still uncertain. Rare nonglandular morphologies such as urothelial, squamous, and neuroendocrine carcinoma in urachal carcinomas have been described in detail with proposals for their own set of diagnostic criteria. These criteria are based on unique features of urachal nonglandular carcinomas. Among the immunomarkers studied, only β-catenin and CK7 may be of help in the distinction of urachal from colorectal adenocarcinoma. Awareness of the expression profile of immunomarkers such as CDX2, P504S (racemase), PSMA, claudin-18, and REG IV in urachal tumors and in tumors in the differential diagnosis is important to avoid overreliance of these markers in the diagnosis. Limited studies have identified KRAS mutations interestingly only in mucinous adenocarcinoma and exclusive of MSI loss, and mutations in BRAF are not present. Several alternative tumor staging approaches (eg, Mayo, Ontario, TNM systems) different from the traditional staging proposed by Sheldon are used that provide better tumor distribution across stages; however, the prognostic utility of the stage substratification has yet to be validated in large prospective studies. Evidence though suggests that staging urachal cancer is most pertinent when dichotomized to tumors that have spread outside versus within the perivesical tissue. Only high tumor stage and residual tumor after surgery have been shown to be independent predictors of outcome. This review updates the contemporary classification of urachal epithelial tumors, which has informed the upcoming 2016 classification of World Health Organization tumors. We provide modified criteria for diagnosing urachal adenocarcinomas, which remains a clinico-pathologic exercise. The role of ancillary diagnostic methodology and issues pertaining to staging and prognostication are presented.

О ключевых проблемах аутизма. Сенсорные аспекты аутизма

An american clincal psychologist Bill Nason tells us about the differences in ways of functioning between people on the autistic spectrum and neurotypical people. The third part of his Blue book «The Autism Discussion Page» talks about the sensory differences in autistic people. Sensory hypersensitivity, fragmented or distorted perception, problems of sensoru processing — these are the differences that make the external world experience very special, overwhelming and even painful. The author gives the signs of hyper- and hypo-sensitivity in basical sensory areas. Translated from English by L.G. Borodina

The Research of China Urban Efficiency Based on Suomi-NPP Night-time Light Data

China is the fastest urbanizing area in the world. Nowadays, increasingly complex urban systems not only create more socioeconomic output (such as GDP), but also bring more infrastructural costs, which intensifies the contradiction between large populations and relatively scarce resources. Thus, urban research has to focus on urban efficiency toward efficient, inclusive, and sustainable urbanization instead of urban size. Aiming at “land” in man-land relationship, urban size research mainly explores location factors. However, proposed by Michael Batty, social interaction is the driving force for urban efficiency, stressing on “man” in man-land relationship. Recently, our increasing ability to collect and share data on many aspects of urban life has begun to supply us with better clues to the properties of cities. Human activity can be effectively reflected using night-time light imageries. Making use of Suomi-NPP night-time light data, the Night Light Urban Efficiency Index (NLUEI) was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the urban efficiency, then this index was applied to 282 cities in China to calculate their urban efficiency. Results showed that 60.5% of these cities obtained the same result via NLUEI and social-tie density model from MIT. Compared to “2013 urban competitiveness blue book” published by CASS (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), seven cities in top ten cities published by CASS also emerged in top ten cities according to NLUEI, and other three cities were all energy cities with low NLUEI. It is demonstrated that (1) NLUEI is a straightforward and objective index for evaluating the urban efficiency and (2) NLUEI works well in China and has great potential in urban management.

Genomic Correlates to the Newly Proposed Grading Prognostic Groups for Prostate Cancer

Recommendations by the International Society of Urologic Pathology and 2016 World Health Organization blue book propose the use of a five-tiered prostate cancer (PCa) grading system. The five prognostic grade groupings (PGGs) ranging from 1 to 5 are defined as Gleason grades ≤6, 3+4, 4+3, 8, and >8, respectively. Recent work suggests that each group is associated with a distinct risk of biochemical PCa recurrence. In this study, we sought genomic support for PGGs using whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing data for 426 clinically localized PCas treated by radical prostatectomy. After adjustment for tumor purity for the sequencing data, we observed a significant frequency increase in genomic amplifications and deletions (p=0.013) and in nonsynonymous point mutations (p=0.008) with increasing risk group. Interestingly, PGG1 (low risk) was entirely haploid, whereas PGG2–5 exhibited increasing polyploidy frequency. Principal component analysis of genomic profiles revealed that PGG1, PGG2, and PGG3 represent distinct classes, but PGG4 and PGG5 exhibit genomic similarity. Together, these observations for the largest PCa genomic data set to date provide support for increasing genomic alterations with increasing PGG. This is the first genomic correlation of the PGG system. Future work will need to explore the clinical utility of PGGs in prospective studies with long-term follow-up. Patient summaryGleason grading for prostate cancer provides important information for guiding clinical care. A new proposal by leading pathologists favors translating Gleason grades into five risk categories. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the largest genomic data set on prostate cancer to date, we demonstrate molecular support for this new five-tiered system.

Continuous education in gastroenterology: the present and the future.

Continuous education in gastroenterology: the present and the future.

Book Review: America’s Battle for Media Democracy: The Triumph of Corporate Libertarianism and the Future of Media Reform, by Victor Pickard

Victor Pickard America's Battle Media Democracy: Triumph of Corporate Libertarianism and the Future of Media Reform. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015. 247 pp.This book brings together insightful archival historical research about the development of newspapers and radio during a watershed period, particularly during the 1940s, that has far-reaching impact. Pickard, assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania Annenberg School, guides readers using materials found in archives to shed light on what he refers to as a nascent media reform movement, which set the stage a cluster of progressive court actions and policy interventions (p. 3). 1940s decade begins with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chain broadcasting rules and concludes with the Fairness Doctrine public interest standard.Pickard traces regulation through organizational documents, newspaper and journal articles, and editorials to write this historical narrative. He states that his research aligns with Gramsci's theoretical ideology, and the research reveals a critical juncture in history in which activists, intellectuals, and others came into conflict with media industry owners, but corporate libertarianism among media owners was triumphant in influencing media regulatory policymaking (pp. 2, 8).The first four chapters focus on radio industry regulation. Chapters 5 and 6 mainly cover the Hutchins Commission and newspapers. Taken as a whole, America's Battle Media Democracy covers formative years of media policymaking; the book's contents are helpful in providing an historical context to understanding how normative ideas about media in democracy were forged.In The Revolt Against Radio and A Progressive Turn at the Pickard writes about the inception of the FCC, which had a close relationship with media industry owners-including the first four commissioners, all of whom had close prior ties to AT&T or with broadcasting industry corporations. When FCC Commissioner Lawrence (Larry) Fly was appointed in 1939, however, the agency began to take a decided turn (in response to public critics) against commercialism and in support of communities. Furthermore, when many newspaper owners began buying radio which gave rise to the conglomeration of media outlets, the FCC took notice. By the 1940s, the FCC issued an internal report that was published with a blue cover under the title Public Service Responsibility of Broadcast Licensees that came to be called simply the Blue Book (p. 63).America's Battle Media Democracy contains Pickard's meticulous research on the origin and development of the Blue Book that was used by radio broadcast regulators in the FCC a short time. federal government reserved ultimate control over all radio channels and granted licenses for use of such channels, but not the ownership thereof (p. 65). In 1940, licenses were reviewed renewal every 3 years and today are reviewed every 8 years.According to Pickard, Fairness Doctrine was basically a lightweight version of the FCC's 1941 Mayflower decision stemming from a license renewal case station WAAB. Fairness Doctrine gave media industry more control over their programming but mandated that they must devote a reasonable percentage of their broadcasting time to the discussion of public issues of interest in the served by their stations, and these programs [must] be designed so that the public has a reasonable opportunity to hear different opposing positions on the public issues of interest and importance in the community (p. …

Morphology of Blood and Bone MarrowSecond EditionGiusepped'Onofrio and GinaZini

This is a handsome publication by Zini and d'Onofrio two experts in their field. I have not seen the first edition so I don't know how different it is from the second edition. The second edition is translated from the Italian by Professor Barbara Bain, a fluent Italian speaker. Translating from one language into another is not always easy but I think Professor Bain has been largely successful. The book covers morphology of blood and bone marrow as stated in the title. Chapter one contains a good general introduction to morphology and staining. The authors delineate the morphological changes seen in Anaemias, Acute Leukaemias, Myelodysplasia, Neoplasms of Mature B,T and NK cells and Plasma cell proliferative disorders. They also provide a detailed description of automated instruments used in haematology. Each section is accompanied by a short text. The book, as it should be, is heavily laden with images, most of which are of excellent quality. The authors frequently refer to the WHO Classification of Tumours of Haemopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues or the ‘Blue Book’ as it is commonly known. Although there are more images in d'Onofrio and Zini's book than the ‘Blue Book’ it is difficult to know if it will supersede the new edition of the ‘Blue Book’ which comes out in 2015. The authors do not specify at whom the book is aimed. The preface is very short and written by the translator who says ‘Despite the enormous advances made in immunophenotyping and in cytogenetics and molecular aspects of haematology, morphology of the blood and marrow remains fundamental in haematological diagnosis’, a statement with which I totally agree. I have a few minor quibbles. The authors mention ‘Wright’ and ‘Giemsa’ stains but do not tell us which stains have been used for the images. I think it would be better to put an arrow pointing to the cell the authors are describing rather than saying ‘clockwise from left’. Descriptions of morphology should be on the same page as the image, wherever possible e.g. description of lymphocytes on page 30 and photographs on page 36! Fig 1.47. Surely ingested cells are erythrocytes and not erythroblasts. More stress could be given to WBC changes caused by EDTA and growth factors. In the section on Erythropoiesis and Anaemia the word ‘physiopathology’ is used (p.94) whereas pathophysiology is more frequently used! A thorough explanation of RBC indices prior to the introduction of automated cell counters is given. The authors should lead with a statement that automated cell counting is one of the ‘great’ inventions of the 20th century. Yet in spite of this it is easier to evaluate red cell morphology on a freshly made blood film than an automated one. Page 182, table 3.2 is NOT IPPS as stated but IPPS-R. The authors state (P. 285) that AML is caused by ……. We do not know the cause of AML. We know a lot about genetic and epigenetic changes but little about the aetiology! I think the term ‘aleukaemic leukaemia should be forgotten. The book costs $220.00 and approximately €185.00 (the dollar is very strong at present) so perhaps one copy kept in the laboratory is adequate. Hopefully this book will be a good companion with the new edition of the ‘Blue Book’.

Paternal Instincts

Paternal Instincts

Colección Bicentenaria: ¿educación o adoctrinamiento?

Los libros pertenecientes a la Colección Bicentenaria han causado polémica dentro del entorno social de Venezuela. Estas ediciones son publicadas por el Gobierno Venezolano y se distribuyen de forma gratuita y obligatoria en todos los colegios públicos del país. La finalidad de estos textos, según lo expresa el actual presidente Nicolás Maduro es garantizar una educación adecuada para todas las clases sociales y para todas las edades. Desde su entrega a los estudiantes los textos han sido blancos de diversas críticas, especialmente por el presunto contenido idealista y doctrinario de sus ejemplares en ciencias sociales. La profesora América Bracho quien coordina la colección, sugiere que los libros están fundamentados bajo los ideales del árbol de las tres raíces2. Estos ideales son propuestos por el ex presidente Hugo Chávez en su Libro Azul (2010) y además fundamentan los cimientos de partido MBR200. En busca de una postura crítica frente al contenido de estas ediciones el presente artículo analizará uno de los textos de la colección con la intención de evaluar si realmente existe un contenido doctrinario en sus fundamentos.

Wittgenstein as a Gricean Intentionalist

According to the dominant view, the later Wittgenstein identified the meaning of an expression with its use in the language and vehemently rejected any kind of mentalism or intentionalism about linguistic meaning. I argue that the dominant view is wrong. The textual evidence, which has either been misunderstood or overlooked, indicates that at least since the Blue Book Wittgenstein thought speaker's intentions determine the contents of linguistic utterances. His remarks on use are only intended to emphasize the heterogeneity of natural language. Taking into account remarks written after he finished the Investigations, I show how Wittgenstein anticipated the basic tenets of Gricean intention-based semantics. These are, in particular, the distinction between ‘natural’ and ‘non-natural’ meaning and the distinction between what a speaker means by an utterance and what the expression uttered means in the speaker's natural language. Importantly, Wittgenstein also believed that only the meaning of the speaker determined the content of ambiguous expressions, such as ‘bank’, on a particular occasion of utterance

Reconstruction of the Elementary Life Education Curriculum From the Viewing Angle of AHP

In recent years, more and more elementary school students die suddenly, and most of them are caused by the stampede or the jumping off unexpectedly. The Blue Book China Education Development Report (2014) announced by the Social Sciences Documentation Publishing House and Institute of 21st Century Education in May 2014, collecting 79 cases of suicide of primary and secondary school occurred in 2013. What’s more,there are many cases happened in 2014, such as the “September 26” murder case of Guangxi province, causing 3 deaths and one injury; The “September 26” stampede case of Yunnan, causing 6deaths and 26 injury; The “April 11” Elementary jump off event of Purple Tea House and “June 23” face-hitting to die event of Guangdong; The jumping event in Chongqing of a primary girl in May; And the “May 23” Nai xi Village pupils’ mass brawl event of Beijing. The above cases are all occurred in 2014. The frequent occurrence of the stampede and suicide, have beening causing the community’s attention. This paper attempts to analyze the elementary life education curriculum from the perspective of AHP, finding out and reconstructing a new elementary life education curriculum to reduce the mortality rate of primary school students.

Future making in farm management accounting: The Australian “Blue Book”

In the late 1960s, an attempt was made to implement throughout Australia an innovative scheme to develop and standardise management accounting in the agricultural sector. Despite enthusiastic support for the proposed scheme, it was not implemented, although elements of it can be found in farm consultancy practice today. The story of the “Blue Book” ( Accounting and Planning for Farm Management) and the Australian Committee for the Coding of Rural Accounts (ACCRA) is analysed in the context of diffusion of innovation frameworks. However, as these frameworks do not adequately capture the visions of the future and the related emotional investment in innovations, the concept of future making is introduced from the work of Barbara Adam on future time in social studies, as a further layer of analysis in this case study. In particular, the problems of embedding management accounting innovations in new software in a time when information technology is changing rapidly affected significantly the diffusion of the innovation in Australia.

History of Neurologic Examination Books

The objective of this study was to create an annotated list of textbooks dedicated to teaching the neurologic examination. Monographs focused primarily on the complete neurologic examination published prior to 1960 were reviewed. This analysis was limited to books with the word “examination” in the title, with exceptions for the texts of Robert Wartenberg and Gordon Holmes. Ten manuals met the criteria. Works dedicated primarily to the neurologic examination without a major emphasis on disease description or treatment first appeared in the early 1900s. Georg Monrad-Krohn's “Blue Book of Neurology” (“Blue Bible”) was the earliest success. These treatises served the important purpose of educating trainees on proper neurologic examination technique. They could make a reputation and be profitable for the author (Monrad-Krohn), highlight how neurology was practiced at individual institutions (McKendree, Denny-Brown, Holmes, DeJong, Mayo Clinic authors), and honor retiring mentors (Mayo Clinic authors).

Cold Reading The Blue Book: A. L. Kennedy's Critique of Mind Reading

This article looks at the use A. L. Kennedy's most recent novel, The Blue Book (2011), makes of practices associated with mind reading in both narrative fiction and the performances of stage mediums. Kennedy's novel takes mediums' techniques of cold and warm reading and embeds them into its own narrative technique. These techniques are analyzed here in terms of current narratological debates about second-person narration and mind reading in unnatural narrative, but also in the context of recent European legislation that has reclassified the legal status of mediumship performances.

Educational Administration as national capacity building: towards South Korea becoming a creative learning state

This philosophy paper proposes that a primary purpose of Educational Administration, as a field of study, research and practice in South Korea, becomes national capacity building. It does this by evaluating the current scope of Educational Administration against the need for a new national education policy to help South Korea make the transition from being an economic success to become a creativity-driven knowledge society. It examines the current policy dilemmas to point to the need for a national reform process. It recommends an independent presidential commission to (a) consult all interest groups using a Green Paper–White Paper–Blue Book process, (b) draft a fresh Education Act for consideration in the National Assembly and (c) prepare a detailed, budgeted and fully funded implementation programme. It indicates how researchers and scholars in the field could make significant contributions to such a national policy-making and implementation process. Finally, it recommends that the field adopt a comprehensive approach to capacity building in order to integrate professional development, organizational development and legal and regulatory development in the administration of education with wider government reforms in public administration as South Korea becomes a creative learning state.

Issues in transitioning from the traditional blue-book to computer-based writing assessment

Abstract With the increasing popularity of computers in learning and instruction, it is evident that students are no longer doing much pen-and-paper writing in the classroom. Since most academic work is done on computers, handwriting any piece of academic work is tacitly becoming foreign to students. As such, their placement writing assessments, too, should be administered on computers. However, the decision to transition from the traditional blue book to computer-based writing assessment requires a careful understanding of issues that affect students and raters and that college writing programs must be quipped to manage. This article discusses such critical issues necessary for making informed transitioning and suggests ways to ensure tests administered in both modes are comparable.