Bloody Fight Research Articles

Transmission of HIV-1 infection due to a fist fight

We report a case of HIV-1 infection transmission caused by a fist fight between brothers. A 30-year-old Caucasian UK resident man developed 'flu-like illness with symptoms of lethargy and weakness. Persistent lymphadenopathy six months later lead to HIV antibody testing, which was positive. Of note, his 37-year-old brother, who was HIV antibody-positive since August 2000, was taking HAART (combivir and nevaripine) with CD4 350 x 106/L (16%) with viral load 4800 copies/mL (log 2.58). A bloody fight had occurred between them four weeks prior to onset of symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis was undertaken. Analysis of the pol gene region indicated that samples from both brothers belonged to the subtype C clade of HIV-1, and that the sequences were closely related to one another. Exposure risk data are extremely useful in helping counsel patients prior to HIV-testing but, as this case illustrates, does not cover all situations.

Voicing, De-voicing and Self-Silencing: Charles Kingsley's Stuttering Christian Manliness

Voicing, De-voicing and Self-Silencing:Charles Kingsley's Stuttering Christian Manliness Louise Lee (bio) On the morning of the much-feared 'Monster' Chartist rally of 10 April 1848, London resembled a ghost town: two million protesters were expected to march on the capital; the Queen and Prince Albert had fled to the Isle of Wight; shops were closed; and an ageing Lord Wellington had barricaded London Bridge. All London gentlemen were made special constables in anticipation of a bloody fight. Yet while the city's gentry were busy dusting down their sabres and pistols and boarding up their doors and windows, Charles Kingsley, who had hurriedly caught the train to London that day, was calmly walking towards Kennington, site of the demonstration, with the intention of delivering a speech to the working men of England.1 As it turned out, the march was already dispersing as he and the young socialist journalist John Malcolm Ludlow approached, and a torrential deluge of rain was rather more effective in damping down the revolutionary fervour of the thousands of campaigners standing on the green that day than any words of support issuing from the mouth of the vicar of Eversley. Yet Kingsley's conduct is striking: it demonstrates a profound and unshakeable confidence that he could intervene between two warring sides and prevent what threatened to be one of the biggest bouts of blood-letting in modern British history. It is a sense of optimism that he carried to his early novel-writing life, but one that he realised, in his [End Page 1] own terms, with variable success. Some years later, in December 1855, shortly after the publication of his successful war novel Westward Ho!, Kingsley re-assessed his part in the dramatic events of the previous decade: it was a moment of painful self-revelation. In a doleful letter to Ludlow, he reproached himself for 'hitting as hard as I could and fancy[ing] blasphemously, as I think, that the word of God had come to me only [my emphasis] and went out from me only'.2 That last quote is telling. For at the heart of Kingsley's involvement in the Christian Socialist movement and his early writing career lay his profoundly held belief that words, or perhaps more specifically, his words could heal the bitter divisions of a feuding nation; that he could, in some way, superimpose his voice onto a wounded social body.3 In Alton Locke (1850), this belief is fictionalised in his decision to write the false autobiography, not biography, of a working class tailor and poet. The novel begins with the words: 'I am a Cockney among Cockneys . . . I have drunk of the cup of which they drink' (1–2).4 This is an audacious move. For a well-educated, well-fed, middle class cleric to attempt to internalise, as the cup-drinking metaphor implies, the life of poverty and physical hardship of a consumptive East London tailor might seem an unconscionable act of authorial chutzpah. Bodies, as Pierre Bourdieu suggests, are 'memory pads': they have their own histories, their own identities yet Kingsley's body had absorbed no such pasts and no such subjectivities.5 But it is perhaps easy to see why Kingsley of Kennington, fired up by the spirit of Christian identification and righteous conviction, might attempt such a task. Autobiography requires literacy and culture, both of which were logistically beyond reach of much of the working class. And despite Kingsley's overly harsh reading of himself as suffering from some kind of Messiah complex he was, as a hard-working parish priest (well-used to the sick-room of his parishioners), committed sanitary reformer and educator, more qualified than most of his class and generation to undertake such a writing mission.6Alton Locke can be seen as Kingsley's hopeful authorial amalgam, a chance linguistically to 'de-monster' the monster but also to educate the upper classes in the inequities of the capitalist system. Alton, as his form-changing name implies, occupies two worlds: as down-trodden Cockney seamster, representative of the potentially insurgent working class; and, as aspirant poet, mover in the middle-class world of writing...

A Swan Uncarved: Russian and Irish Heroes Breaking the Table Etiquette

The quarrels at feasts were a common topic in heroic poetry in many countries and ages. The feast was a convenient occasion for a public display of one’s status and wealth and a handy opportunity of its re-establishing and re-evaluation. A number of Irish tales contains the motive of the quarrel at a feast. Among the most important texts are Scéla mucce meic Dathó and Fled Bricrend. The carving of the Pig in the SMMD is the crucial point of the tale. The fact that the Pig is left uncarved and the Ulster hero Conall Cernach eventually swallows most of its meat leads to a bloody fight. The relative standing of the two tribes — Ulaid and Connachta — depended on the distribution of meat which, in fact, did not take place because of the absence or/and improper behaviour of the Pig’s owner. A number of Russian bylinas describing quarrels at feasts offer some interesting and enlightening parallels to the SMMD. The main course is not a pig, but a swan — a traditional Russian specialty. The swallowing of the Pig by Conall is represented in the Ulster cycle in a totally favourable light (pace K. McCone). In the Russian epic the situation is reversed. The person who can swallow the uncarved swan (sometimes a bull) is represented as a stranger and eventually an enemy. His rudeness, bad manners and foreignness are strongly emphasized. The fact that the swan (and often a loaf of bread) is left uncarved is sometimes ascribed merely to the guest’s gluttony, but most often to foul play: the hostess is the stranger’s lover and intentionally tries to avoid distributing the proper portions. As a result, the stranger swallows the whole swan (often accompanied by a loaf and a vat of wine). This gluttony becomes the subject for an open derision: the hero compares the stranger with an old mare or/and an old dog who died from gluttony. In the ensuing fight the stranger is defeated and killed. In Russian stories as well as in Irish, the carving of the main course at a feast becomes a way to assess and appreciate the relative standing of the two or more competing heroes and, eventually, the two societies (tribes). Both stories suppose lack of scruple or trickery from the host’s side. But the outcome is entirely different. In the Russian story the adversary is defeated and the young hero thereby asserts his right to be a full member of the heroic elite. In the SMMD the situation remains indecisive and the quarrel leads to a permanent rift in the Ulaid-Connachta relationships.

De l'Empire à la République : les Juifs de France et la guerre de 1870-1871

Overshadowed by the second act of the confrontation between France and Germany which goes on since Guillaume II to Hitler, the first act, that of 1870-1871, is indeed the very first traumatic experience inflicted by this tragedy. Philippe-E. Landau analyzes how the French Jews lived through the invasion of the country and the horrors of war, the end of the Empire which had been a lucky period for them, and the birth of the third Republic about which they knew nothing, the bloody fight between Communards and the government troops, the first days of the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine. He resets the spy mania of 1870 and the promulgation of the Crémieux decree by the republican government in the long-lasting history of antisemitism in France as well as in Algeria.

In bitterness and in tears: Andrew Jackson's destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles

A gripping account of the Creek War of 1813, the Seminole War of 1818, and the tragic displacement by the U.S. Army of the defeated Creeks and other Native Americans to marginal lands west of the Mississippi. The Creek War of 1813 - 1814 and its extension, the First Seminole War of 1818, had significant consequences for the growth of the United States. Beginning as a civil war between Creek factions, the struggle escalated into a war between the Creeks and the U.S. after insurgent Red Sticks massacred over 250 whites and mixed-bloods at Fort Mims on the Alabama River on August 30, 1813 - the worst frontier massacre in U.S. history. After seven months of bloody fighting, U.S. forces inflicted a devastating defeat on the Red Sticks at Horseshoe Bend on the Tallapoosa River on March 27, 1814. It was the most disastrous defeat ever suffered by Native Americans. The defeat of the Creeks, the only serious impediment to U.S. westward expansion, opened millions of acres of land to white settlers, and firmly established the Cotton Kingdom and slavery in the Deep South. For southeaster Native Americans, the war resulted in the destruction of their civilization and forced removal west of the Mississippi. O'Brien presents both the American and Native American perspectives of this important episode in U.S. history. He also examines the roles of the neighbouring tribes and African-Americans who lived in the Creek nation. IN BITTERNESS AND IN TEARS is a tale for the ages, thrilling and moving, a pivotal point in the tragic and heroic saga that is our national history.

Mountain Rebels: East Tennessee Confederates and the Civil War, 1860-1870 by W. Todd Groce (review)

we witness them through the minds of people who manage to survive. Morgan captures, without grotesque exaggerations, the patterns of Appalachian speech, and his stories tell an extraordinary history of the region as witnessed by ordinary people. —Stephanie Browner Groce, W. Todd. Mountain Rebels: East Tennessee Confederates and the Civil War, 1860-1870. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1999. 218 pages, illustrations, maps, tables and index. $28.00. For many years, East Tennessee has often been labeled as a stronghold of Unionist sentiment during the American Civil War. Regretfully, this view has suggested that little or no Confederate sentiment existed in the Tennessee mountains, or if it did, the "rebellion sentiment" could not have had much impact set amidst so many Unionists. W. Todd Groce's useful book, Mountain Rebels: East Tennessee Confederates and the Civil War, 1860-1870, offers a convincing and important analysis that once again undermines the idea that Appalachia was some type of Unionist monolith. Instead, we find in East Tennessee a region full of complex controversy that led to bloody fighting and bitter memory. In many respects, East Tennessee secessionists were what Daniel Crofts has termed "reluctant Confederates." Groce argues that these mountain rebels, many of whom had developed social and economic ties with Virginia and the Deep South, followed their home state out of the Union only after Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers to suppress the Southern rebellion. Interestingly, many mountain Confederates tended to be young, town-based merchants or professionals, located along major communication routes such as the Holston River or the East Tennessee and Virginia railroad. As Oliver Temple, a notable East Tennessee Unionist, observed, "Outside the towns and railroad lines, with the exception of two or three counties, the country became a unit, a solid compact body, in favor of the Union" (47). The remarkable William G. "Parson" Brownlow asserted, "Merchants, Railroads and others largely indebted to the North are the most clamorous for Secession. Wherever a merchant is found largely indebted to the North...they are throwing up their hats for Jeff Davis" (47). Nevertheless, despite their economic power, East Tennessee secessionists were unable to exercise decisive influence outside the cities and towns of the Great Valley. This failure, Groce points out, 72 "exposed a rift between the cosmopolitan advocates of change and the defenders of the old local order—a rift which, in many ways, portended the savagery and bitterness to come" (67). This savagery and bitterness effectively led to the forced exile of many East Tennessee Confederates from their home state in the years following the Civil War, with the result that their stories and experiences were largely lost in what Groce terms "the myths and stereotypes of mountain Unionism" (159). Mountain Rebels is an important contribution to the emerging literature on the Civil War in Appalachia. Groce's analysis is thoughtfully written and well supported, and is accessible to both scholars and general readers. When read alongside the works of Martin Crawford, Robert Tracy McKenzie, Ralph Mann, Kenneth Noe, Gordon McKinney and John Inscoe, Groce's book lends distinctive insight into the complex features of Appalachia's Civil War. —Shannon Wilson Lyon, George Ella. Borrowed Children. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999. In this young adult novel, reissued in paperback by the University Press of Kentucky, George Ella Lyon does a wonderful thing. She presents a story that is simple and timeless, but also one that can keep adult readers interested and connected. Anyone who has read Lyon's many children's books might have expected to enjoy this offering, as certainly this reviewer did. What was unexpected was the presentation . As a beautifully wrapped gift is a thing we savor, with appreciation for the beautiful ribbon, the pristine box, the colored tissue paper and finally the gift itself, so this story is a gift to the reader at each of its several levels. Twelve-year-old Amanda Perritt is the first-person narrator of Borrowed Children. Right away, in the novel's opening sentences, the reader is pulled to the interior of the situation: It's Friday. Fridays are the best because we know Daddy is coming home. He works all week cutting timber on...

Women and Work in the Third World: Indonesian Women's Oral Histories

Documents Women and Work in the Third World: Indonesian Women's Oral Histories Walter L. Williams In Indonesia, as with many young Third World nations, local and foreign economists and government planners focus on creating jobs for men as the best means to promote development. Yet what the resulting policies often ignore is that women have always been integrally involved in the nondomestic economy. Though Indonesia is largely an Islamic country, with an ideology that sees men as providers for the family, the vast majority of Indonesian women have worked outside the home. This pattern of women's work has been a reality in both rural and urban contexts, during past eras as well as today. Until fairly recently, women's voices have often been ignored in scholarship on nonwestern cultures.1 This situation has partially been the result of a lack of attention to nontraditional sources, such as oral interviews with women themselves, a valuable means of understanding female perspectives.2 Because of many women's lack of access to formal education , particularly for those of the nonelite classes, they have seldom produced written documents. Third World feminists have often criticized Euroamerican feminism for its ethnocentrism, and, thus, it is important to learn about the lives and concerns of nonwestern women. In Indonesian Studies, in particular, the voices of women have ,been silent, with few opportunities to hear thefr perceptions of thefr own lives. Oral histories are particularly useful in overcoming this deficiency since the open-ended nature of life-history interviewing allows the interviewee to structure the text according to the topics that are most important in her mind. These life histories are part of a larger study of gender role variance in the island of Java, undertaken by the author in 1987-88. Life histories of both women and men were gathered, with a focus on lifestyle changes in the older generation. Interviews were conducted in an open-ended manner so as to allow the interviewee to emphasize the things about her life that she considered most important. The fact that the researcher is male might have influenced the female interviewees to talk about less intimate topics than they would have done with a female researcher. It is equally conceivable , however, that these women chose to emphasize their work role because they considered it to be such an important aspect of their lives. These interviewees range in age from their 50s to their 70s and live near the classical Sultans' court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta (Solo) © 1990 Journal of Women-s History, Vol. ζ No. ι (Spring) 184 Journal of Women's History Spring in central Java. Yet unlike the members of Java's governmental and court elites, who highly prize a leisurely lifestyle, the lives of these Javanese women are far different from those of the status-conscious nonlaboring upper class. The individuals quoted here are "ordinary women" whose lives have been dominated by the need to earn a living through their own labor. Especially because Javanese women were seldom admitted to Dutch schools, peasant women from the villages had little opportunity to engage in other lifestyles than the agricultural market economy in which they matured. Born during the Dutch colonial era, these women remember their early lives as times of economic hardship. These memories, common to both women and men who grew up during that era, suggest the oppressiveness of the colonial system that the Dutch had established in the Netherlands East Indies three centuries before. Yet this generation lived to see the ancient regime overthrown. The past half-century has been a time of unprecedented change for Javanese people. In 1942, the Dutch abandoned the Indies as the advancing army of Japan proclaimed a new empire of the sun. For Java, however, hope turned to despair as the Asian imperialists turned out to be even more oppressive than the Europeans had been. When Japan was forced to surrender in 1945, Java still gained no relief. The Dutch returned, simply expecting to reestablish their colonial system as before. In the late 1940s, these women witnessed the bloody fighting for the independence of the new nation of Indonesia. They survived the political and economic chaos of the...

Faits contemporains dans le vitrail du XIXe siècle

During the 19th Century, the iconography of stained-glass concerns sometimes a contemporary moment. So, in St-Denis's abbey, two Windows call up some events : Louis XVIII's fanerail, and, The king Louis-Philippe visiting the works executed by J.B. Debret, restaurator's brother on 1841. In Paris, two Windows recall Mgr Affre's heroic death on "barricades", on 1848 in St Roch's church and in the sacristy of Notre-Dame's cathedral, the one was made by "Manufacture de Sèvres" and the other by Maréchal de Metz in 1851. Through generosity of donators who remembered the bloody fights of the 1870's War in this country, Ladon 's church (Loiret) owns two stained- glass Windows made by Charles Lorin in 1894.

Le Libéria, problèmes d'intégration

The one hundred and fifty years or thereabouts of the history of the decolonized Liberia are filled with events which characterize a colonial situation. The country given by American philanthropists to liberated Black people became since its beginnings the field of bloody fights between rapatriated people and the inhabitants of the area. One may show some social dating from the outsets of Liberia. That consolidation of the American-Liberians was accompanied with alliances of autochtonous tribes against them. The heroic period of Liberia, with bloody insurrections and government repressions, went to an end, at the middle of our century, with the beginning of the negotiations opened by the Liberian government in order to convert those two social groups — American-Liberians and indigenous tribes — in only one social unity. Then we see an accomplishment of the intégration by the State. The State, as initiator and author of the strategy of a social change has an available stock of sanctions and resources to realize that change. The sociological analysis of the means for a policy of integration makes possible to see the specificity and the dimensions of a social intégration organized by a political system.

Turmoil in Indochina

(1978). Turmoil in Indochina. Asian Affairs: An American Review: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 245-256.

The Boy and His Soul

It is night-time. There is a bloody fight outside. A little girl cannot sleep. 'Tell me a beautiful story mama," the little girl says. "Dear child, I know not any story ... except our story," the mother replies. 'Then tell it mama. Tell me any story," the girl pleads.

General Assembly

Korea: On June 23, 1951, the Soviet representative, Jacob A. Malik, in a broadcast over the United Nations radio, declared that it was possible to “defend the cause of peace” and that “the most acute problem of the present day — the problem of the armed conflict in Korea could also be settled. This would require the readiness of the parties to enter on the path of a peaceful settlement of the Korean question. The Soviet peoples believe that as a first step discussions should be started between the belligerents for a cease-fire and an armistice providing for the mutual withdrawal of forces from the Thirty-eighth Parallel.” Mr. Malik believed that such a step could be taken “provided there is a sincere desire to put an end to the bloody fighting on Korea.”

Light Which Two World Wars Throw Upon the Plight of the American Negro

The American nation has thrown its terrible force, its combined spiritual and material energies into an awful war. It is easily and by far the most colossal enterprise of slaughter and destruction in the long tragic history of class and national strivings and the inevitable international chaos into which they issue. Our military, our political, and even our cultural leadership have named it total warfare, and they are doing a pretty good job at giving true substance to a frightful name. In a furious bloody fight, the nation, like the individual, overcomes its usual artificial inhibitions, casting aside its ordinary superficial coverings-up, and brings into full view its innermost character. For, at its best, war is a product and instrument of the most elemental human passions, and depends upon aggravated greeds and intensified hates for anything like a successful execution. It turns out, therefore, that, in connection with and aside from immediate issues involved in the conflict, the exposed nation's character affords a remarkable opportunity for analysis-nay, for diagnosis -and thus for indispensable surgery and fundamental cure. Certainly the most unhealthy aspects of American character, and American civilization are embodied in the normal peacetime treatment accorded its large, weak, long-suffering Negro population. The indignities to which these hapless thirteen or fourteen million native-born citizens are subjected every day of their lives and in their every contact with white Americans have become so institutionalized and thus taken so universally as matter-of-course that even crusading white Americans never fully discover them. Fired with the zeal for righting human wrong, they blindly pass them by, speeding into far off unknown lands and to strange peoples. Those of my generation were young men in the first World War; we had already lived through two decades of Southern racial proscription, racial humiliation: indeed, the entire span of our childhood and youth; we suffered all the disillusionments which the war itself yielded, and the pangs of idleness and want of a long hard depression; and now just in our midor late-forties, the world has had four years of World War II. It has thus become our sad lot to discover how really badly off the American Negro is. But it is also our unique privilege, in the light of revelations yielded in our generation by the two most awful wars in human history, to work for real and lasting remedies to a deadly cancer in American life and civilization. For, as a high ranking Negro military official recently put it, the war against slavery in any form is a phase of the global war, and if America defeats the enemy on the battlefield, and yet is defeated in the high