Blood Urea Nitrogen In Group Research Articles

Effect Of Dynamine With And Without Teacrine Supplementation Over Four Weeks On Blood Biomarkers

Methylliberine (Dynamine; DYM) and theacrine (Teacrine; TCR) are purine alkaloids. Previous research on TCR reported increases in feelings of energy, focus, and concentration, and decreases in fatigue. Currently, there are no published human safety data on DYM. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of four weeks of DYM supplementation with and without TCR on blood biomarkers. METHODS: One-hundred twenty-five men (n = 60) and women (n = 65) were assigned to one of five groups: low dose DYM (100 mg), high dose DYM (150 mg), low dose DYM with TCR (100 mg + 50 mg), high dose DYM with TCR (150 mg + 25 mg) , and 125 mg maltodextrin. Participants visited the laboratory fasted on two occasions (week 0 and week 4), separated by four weeks of supplementation, for a blood draw. Blood was analyzed by an independent third-party (i.e. LabCorp). RESULTS: Three-way repeated measures analyses of variance were performed for all blood biomarkers. Group × sex × time interactions (p < 0.05) with post-hoc analyses revealed differences for mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) concentration with MCH being higher in men consuming the placebo than women consuming low dose DYM (p = 0.028) and high dose DYM with TCR (p = 0.011) at week 4. Group × time interactions (p < 0.05) revealed differences for platelets, blood urea nitrogen, total globulins, alanine transaminase, total proteins, triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins. However, post-hoc analyses showed specific increases for blood urea nitrogen in groups consuming low dose DYM with TCR compared to low dose DYM participants, and an increase in high-density lipoproteins in the group consuming high dose DYM. Significant main effects for time were observed. Specifically, increases in mean corpuscular volume, MCH, basophils, absolute eosinophils, creatinine, and high-density lipoproteins from week 0 to week 4, while decreases in glomerular filtration rate, chloride, carbon dioxide, bilirubin, and alanine transaminase were seen. CONCLUSIONS: While small changes were found in some biomarkers, in all cases values remained within normal clinical limits. This suggests that DYM alone or in combination with TCR consumed at the dosages used in this study does not appear to negatively impact blood biomarkers associated with health. Compound Solutions, Inc. grant

Henoch-schonlein Purpura Nephritis with Renal Interstitial Lesions.

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical pathology and prognosis & outcome of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) with renal interstitial lesions.MethodsAll 148 patients were analyzed for clinical, renal pathological, and prognostic features. Patients with no, mild, and moderate- severe renal tubulo-interstitial lesions were included in group A, B and C, respectively.ResultsThe estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of group B was significantly lower than that of group A. The levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in group C were significantly higher than those in groups A and B. Clinical type II was correlated with pathological types II and IIIa; pathological type IV and IIIb were correlated with clinical type VI and IV. There were significant differences in the level of red blood cells in urinary sediment, levels of urine occult blood and in the prognosis among the 3 groups.ConclusionClinically, Type II is the most common cause; pathologically, Type IIIa is more common. The severity of renal tubulo-interstitial lesions is positively correlated with a decline in renal function and GFR. There is a correlation between the severity of renal tubulo-interstitial lesions and the severity of hematuria. Most patients with HSPN have a good prognosis.

Complete blood count, cholinesterase, and renal function of organophosphate sprayers in Kulonprogo

Background: There are several risks to health associated with pesticide use. The use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) can minimize pesticide exposure to farmers. The aim of this study was to determine the basic characteristics of farmers, blood parameters (complete blood count, cholinesterase, and creatinine), patterns of pesticide use, and the use of PPE. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study, with total sampling method. The data were taken from all farmers in Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Case group was organophosphate sprayers that have sprayed organophosphate for more than 1 year. Results: In case of group, there were 36 farmers (31 male and 5 female), while in control group, there were 11 persons (4 male and 7 female). The mean blood cholinesterase level in the exposed group was 7.8 ± 2.01Ku/L and in the control group 8.7± 1.56 Ku/L. The mean of exposed group blood urea nitrogen: 12.08±3.88 mmol/L and control Group: 11.4±3.11 mmol/L. The mean of blood creatinine was within normal limits (case group: 0.9 ± 0.17mg/dl and control group: 0.7 ± 0.19 mg/dl), but there were significant differences between them (p : 0.015). Conclusions: The results of a complete blood count, cholinesterase, and renal function in the organophosphate sprayers In Kulonprogro were within normal limits. There was an increase of creatinine levels on exposed group significantly, although still within normal limit. They have sufficient rest period for farmers (1 month) in every planting season. It is necessary to educate farmers about the importance of using PPE and management of acute pesticide poisoning.

Comparative evaluation of nephroprotective potential of resveratrol and piperine on nephrotic BALB/c mice.

Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the nephroprotective potential of resveratrol and piperine at same dose on cationic bovine serum albumin (cBSA) induced immune complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) in BALB/c mice.Materials and Methods:Female BALB/c mice were divided into five groups. Group I served as normal control (complete Freund's adjuvant + Saline). Two weeks later, Groups II, III, IV, and V were administered cBSA (13 mg/kg) via the caudal vein 3 times/week every alternative day for 6 weeks to induce ICGN. Simultaneously, from the 3rd week, Groups III, IV were treated with resveratrol and piperine up to 6 weeks. Group V was treated with methylprednisolone considered as a reference standard.Results:There was a significant decrease in albuminuria, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen in Group IV animals when compared with Group III. In addition, Group III and IV have comparable results with cBSA treated animals. Concurrently, same groups showed significantly comparable variance in antioxidant enzymes, phagocytic index, and neutrophil adhesion assay. Group IV found to be more significant in IgG1 reduction than Group III.Conclusion:The findings of this study well-demonstrated that piperine has potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity than resveratrol; therefore, piperine needs special attention in autoimmunity and inflammation research.

Pathological changes in rat model of urinary calculus induced by melamine

To investigate melamine-induced pathological changes in the kidney. Wistar rats were fed with a diet containing 0, 1% and 2% melamine for 15 weeks. After melamine feeding was stopped, various outcome measures were observed for 4 weeks. Rats fed with melamine showed reduced caloric intake, slower weight gain and impaired renal function. The blood urea nitrogen of group A and B [(13.23 ± 5.10) mmol/L and (18.30 ± 5.90) mmol/L, respectively] and serum creatinine levels of group B [(19.90 ± 2.90) mmol/L] were higher than that of group C [(8.23 ± 2.30) mmol/L and (10.04 ± 1.73) mmol/L](P < 0.01, respectively). Additionally, the kidney coefficients of group A and B were higher than that of group C (P < 0.01, respectively). Crystals, tubular ectasia and interstitial inflammation and fibrosis were found in the kidneys of melamine fed rats. Four weeks after discontinuation of feeding with melamine-contained diet, the caloric intake and weight of the rats increased, the coefficients of the kidney decreased, and the blood urea nitrogen of group A and B [(17.96 ± 2.04) mmol/L and (19.20 ± 3.36) mmol/L, respectively] and serum creatinine levels of group B [(24.20 ± 5.28) mmol/L], which became worse than 4 weeks before (P < 0.01;P < 0.05, respectively), and were still higher than that of group C [(8.30 ± 1.79) mmol/L and (9.87 ± 2.71) mmol/L, P < 0.01, respectively]. Crystals remained inside the kidney, changes in the renal interstitium did not improve. (1) Melamine-induced urinary calculus rat model can be established by feeding 3-week old male Wistar rats with a diet containing 2% melamine for 15 weeks. The main constituent of the urinary calculus was melamine (> 90%), with a little uric acid and traces of cyanuric acid. (2) Melamine damaged the renal function, formed renal crystals, and led to the pathological changes of kidneys. All the influences seemed to be dose-depended and was related with the obstruction of the crystals or calculus in the kidney. (3) The renal function and the pathological changes did not improve 4 weeks after discontinuation of feeding with melamine-contained diet.

Effect of Cordyceps sinensis on Renal Function of Patients with Chronic Allograft Nephropathy

Objective: To investigate the effect of Cordyceps sinensis (Bailing Capsule, fermented agent of C. sinensis) on renal function of patients with chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Methods: A total of 231 CAN patients who underwent transplantation between 2005 and 2008 and experienced chronic graft dysfunction were randomly divided into 2 groups. Patients in group A (n = 122) were treated with immunosuppressive agents and C. sinensis (2.0 g/day, 3 times a day), while patients in group B (n = 109) were treated with traditional immunosuppressive drugs. Serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine clearance rate (C_Cr) and urinary protein in 24 h (24-hour Upro) of all patients were measured before and after treatment. Urinary concentrations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β₁, retinol-binding protein (RBP) and β₂-microglobulin (β₂-MG) were detected at the same time. Results: After 6-month treatment with C. sinensis, SCr and C_Cr in group A were significantly improved (p < 0.05), while there was no significant improvement observed for group B. There was no significant change in BUN in groups A and B (p > 0.05). 24-hour Upro, RBP and β₂-MG were lower in group A after treatment with C. sinensis (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), and urinary TGF-β₁ in group A was significantly lower than the values before C. sinensis treatment (p < 0.05), but showed no change in patients of group B. In group A, renal function had improved in 72 cases, stabilized in 38 cases, and worsened in 12 cases. In group B, renal function had improved in 14 cases, stabilized in 50 cases, and worsened in 45 cases (p < 0.05). Conclusion:C. sinensis therapy is advantageous in improving renal function of CAN patients by retarding CAN progression.

Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Rat Kidney Allograft Function After Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the early protection of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and its mechanisms in transplanted rat kidneys. Materials and Methods Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat donors and recipients were randomly divided into the following groups: sham-operated group (A; n = 6); untreated transplantation group (B; n = 6); and treatment group (C; n = 6). Group A was subjected to exploratory laparotomy. Group B received orthotopic transplantation. Group C underwent a 15-minute period of ischemia followed by a 10-minute reperfusion before orthotopic transplantation. We assessed the serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and to evaluate the degree of kidney graft ischemia/reperfusion injury: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IκB kinase-beta (IKK-β), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) P65 subunit mRNA expressions. Results The levels of SCr and BUN in groups C and B were greater than in the sham-operated group ( P < .01), but there was no significant difference between the C and B groups at 24 hours after transplantation ( P > .05). The degree of renal graft tubular injury in group C was significantly less compared with group B ( P < .01). TNF-α transcription levels at 24 hours after transplantation were significantly less compared with the non-IPC group ( P < .01). However, no significant difference was observed in IKK-β mRNA and P65 mRNA expressions between groups C and B ( P > .05). Conclusions A 1-cycle schedule of preconditioning (15 min/10 min) attenuated renal graft ischemia/reperfusion injury in the early phase. IPC can improve rat kidney allograft function after ischemia/reperfusion injury. The inhibitory effects on TNF-α and on positive feedback signaling of TNF-α/NF-κB pathways may play important roles in renal graft protection in the early stage.

Protective effects of edaravone on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

To investigate the effect of edaravone on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Fifty rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham operation group (Group A), renal ischemia-reperfusion group (Group B) and edaravone treated groups (Group C1, Group C2 and Group C3 with different drug dosages). Serum maleic dialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), renal MDA and SOD, serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured after the rat kidney was ischemia-reperfused for 24 hours. Renal ultrastructure was observed. Compared with Group A, serum and renal MDA, serum Cr, BUN of Group B were significant increased (P <0.01), serum and renal SOD of Group B were significant decreased (P <0.01). After edaravone treatment, serum MDA, Cr and renal MDA of Group C were lower than those in Group B (P<0.01); Serum and renal SOD of group C were higher than those in Group B (P <0.01); Compared with Group B, BUN level of Group C had no significant change (P >0.05). The renal ultrastructure was greatly injured in Group B, meanwhile it was obviously ameliorated in Group C. Edaravone has protective effects on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

Efficacy of antihypertensive medication in orthotopic heart transplant recipients and its effect on renal function.

The authors looked at 77 patients following orthotopic heart transplant who received a triple immunosuppressive regimen including cyclosporine to see the effect of various antihypertensive medications on mean arterial blood pressure and renal function. There were 62 men and 15 women retrospectively classified into three groups according to the antihypertensive medications they received. Group 1 included 26 patients followed up for 10.7 +/- 2.7 months who received hydralazine therapy. Group 2 included 32 patients followed up for 9.0 +/- 3.4 months who received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition therapy. Group 3 included 19 patients followed up for 10.1 +/- 3.3 months who received beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (CR) were determined for each group at the start and end of the follow-up period. The MAP at the start of the study was 107 +/- 14 in group 1, 110 +/- 13 in group 2, and 100 +/- 11 in group 3. It was not statistically significantly different in any of the groups. At the end of the follow-up period, MAP was 112 +/- 10, 111 +/- 10, and 106 +/- 12 for the three groups respectively, and it was not significantly different in any group. The serum BUN in group 3 was 25 +/- 8 mg/dL at the start of the study, and it was not significantly lower than that in group 1, 28 +/- 6, but it was significantly different from that in group 2, 34 +/- 9, P less than 0.05. At the end of the follow-up period, the difference was still maintained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)