Blood Supply Research Articles

Blood donation and post donation care: A clinical update

Donating blood is an essential component of healthcare systems, and it is imperative to administer adequate post-donation care to donors in order to safeguard their health and maintain the blood supply's safety. This brief offers a succinct outline of crucial suggestions for persons who have made a blood donation. After receiving a donation, the initial treatment usually involves taking rest, staying hydrated, and having a light meal to replenish blood volume and glucose levels. Adequate fluid intake is crucial for preventing dehydration and promoting the restoration of blood volume. In order to maintain the health and safety of blood donors and guarantee the excellence of donated blood, recommendations frequently advise following dietary limitations, which may include refraining from alcohol and restricting caffeine use. It is highly recommended to cease smoking, as it enhances general well-being and increases the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream. Donors should vigilantly observe the donation location for any unusual symptoms and promptly seek medical aid if needed. Long-term care prioritizes maintaining good physical well-being by promoting a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and adequate rest. Regular blood donors, particularly women, may require iron supplements to avoid iron deficiency anaemia. Donors must strictly adhere to the recommended time intervals between donations in order to maintain blood safety and prevent donor exhaustion. Adhering to post-donation obligations is essential for the well-being of donors, guaranteeing the security of the donated blood, and promoting ongoing blood donation. The objective of present review is to optimise the donor recovery process, mitigate any adverse consequences, and ensure the continuous availability of a safe blood supply for patients in need.

Observing Changes in Motoneuron Characteristics Following Distorted Sensorimotor Input via Blood Flow Restriction.

Disruption of the blood supply to a limb in conjunction with active movement boosts muscle growth, aids in rehabilitation, and allows controlled exploration of the sensorimotor system. Yet, the underlying neuromechanical changes have not been observed in great detail. This study aims to report the acute neuromuscular effects of temporary blood flow restriction (BFR) through behavioral changes at the level of motor units (MUs) using high-density surface electromyography on the abductor digiti minimi muscle during 20 trapezoidal and sinusoidal isometric force tracking tasks (5 pre-BFR, 5 during BFR, and 10 post-BFR). Unsurprisingly, during BFR, reported discomfort levels increased significantly (ρ < 0.001) regardless of the task (+239% trapezoidal, +228% sinusoidal). However, BFR had very little impact on task tracking performance, though the reconstructed force derived from the underlying neural drive (smoothed cumulative spike train of MUs) deviated substantially during BFR (-40% in trapezoidal, -47% in sinusoidal). Regardless of the condition, the numbers of extracted MUs were consistent (20-26 in trapezoidal, 23-29 in sinusoidal). Interestingly, the inter-spike interval (ISI) of these units increased by 28% in trapezoidal and 24% in sinusoidal tasks during BFR, with ISI steadily returning to original values post-BFR. These results indicate that acute BFR transiently alters the active MU pool, and MU firing behavior, yet only slightly affects the resulting task performance. However, pre-BFR motor function is gradually restored after BFR release. These findings provide insights into the resulting effects of acute BFR administration and the complex response it elicits from the sensorimotor system.

Trends in blood transfusion and causes of blood wastage: a retrospective analysis in a teaching hospital

BackgroundBlood is a vital medical resource that is sourced from primarily nonremunerated donations. As Taiwan faces an aging population, increasing medical demands pose new challenges to blood resource management. Trend analysis can improve blood supply chain management and allocate blood resources more efficiently and cost-effectively.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted from 2011–2023 in a teaching hospital to examine the utilization and wastage of blood products. Data were collected from hospital information system and blood wastage reports, categorized by cause, and analyzed via SAS software version 9.3.ResultsThe hospital released 424,197 units of blood products, with leukocyte-reduced red blood cells accounting for 140,971 units. The highest annual wastage rate was 0.29% in 2011, and the annual average was 0.08%. Fresh frozen plasma (36.3%), platelet concentrates (15.2%), and cryoprecipitate (14.3%) were the most frequently discarded. Major causes of wastage included excessive or inappropriate orders (22.3%), inability to reissue blood before expiration (16.7%), and incorrect orders (14.6%). Platelet wastage was caused primarily by improper storage, while thawed plasma could not be repurposed. Utilization of leukocyte-reduced blood products has increased, leading to a significant reduction in transfusion reactions from 1.8% in 2011 to 0.6% in 2023.ConclusionsThe study highlights that blood wastage often stems from human error or improper storage conditions. The leading cause of platelet product disposal is incorrect storage temperatures, along with the inability to repurpose thawed plasma for plasma products. Importantly, the increased adoption of prestorage leukocyte-reduced blood products has significantly mitigated transfusion-related reactions. We emphasize that continuous education for healthcare professionals and enhanced inventory monitoring are critical to minimize wastage and enhance transfusion quality.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF EARLY BREASTFEEDING INITIATION (IMD) TO POST PARTUM UTERINE INVOLUTION IN THE INDEPENDENT PRACTICE OF MIDWIVES (PMB) MARIYAH ULFAH EAST JAKARTA

Early breastfeeding initiation (IMD) is one of the factors that influence uterine involution. IMD can stimulate and release hormones, including the hormone oxytocin, which functions in addition to stimulating contraction of breast smooth muscles, also causes contraction and retraction of uterine muscles. This will compress the blood vessels resulting in reduced blood supply to the uterus. In women who choose to breastfeed their babies, the baby's suction will stimulate the release of oxytocin and help the uterus return to its normal shape. This study aims to determine the relationship of Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD) to uterine involution in post partum at PMB Mariyah Ulfah East Jakarta which was conducted in May-August 2024. The type of research used in this study is quantitative research. This study used a Cross Sectional approach. The sample technique used in this study was total sampling of 30 people. The research instruments used were metline and observation sheet. The results of this study identified that there was a difference in TFU reduction in mothers who did , Early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD) and those who did not do IMD, so there was a relationship between Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD) to Uterine Involution during the nifaas period at PMB Mariyah Ulfah East Jakarta, where the p-value = 0.006 (0.006 &lt;0.05)

Comprehensive analysis of the cerebellar vasculature of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)

The current study performed a comprehensive assessment of blood supply in the cerebellum of dromedary camels. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide detailed information about the origins, routes, and complicated patterns of branching in the rostral and caudal cerebellar arteries of dromedary camels. In total, 55 heads from male dromedary camels aged 2–6 years were analyzed using advanced casting techniques. Based on the specific challenges of this study, arterial structures were accurately evaluated using these strategic techniques. Rostral and caudal cerebellar arteries and branches of the basilar artery gave rise to multiple cortical branches categorized as hemispheric (lateral, middle, and medial) and vermian (paramedian and median) branches, which supply blood to the cerebellum. This novel anatomical knowledge can significantly improve our understanding about the neurovascular system of dromedary camels, thereby holding potential implications for veterinary diagnostics, treatment of neurological disorders, and comparative neuroanatomy research.

Large Scale in vivo Acquisition, Segmentation and 3D Reconstruction of Cortical Vasculature using μDoppler Ultrasound Imaging

The brain is composed of a dense and ramified vascular network of arteries, veins and capillaries of various sizes. One way to assess the risk of cerebrovascular pathologies is to use computational models to predict the physiological effects of reduced blood supply and correlate these responses with observations of brain damage. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a detailed 3D organization of the brain vasculature, which could be used to develop more accurate in silico models. To this end, we have adapted our functional ultrasound imaging platform, previously designed for recording large scale activity, to enable rapid and reproducible acquisition, segmentation and reconstruction of the cortical vasculature. For the first time, it allows us to digitize the cortical ∼100-μm3 spatial resolution. Unlike most available strategies, our approach can be performed in vivo within minutes. Moreover, it is easy to implement since it requires neither exogenous contrast agents nor long post-processing time. Therefore, we performed a cortex-wide reconstruction of the vasculature and its quantitative analysis, including i) classification of descending arteries versus ascending veins in more than 1500 vessels/animal and ii) rapid estimation of their length. Importantly, we confirmed the relevance of our approach in a model of cortical stroke, which allows rapid visualization of the ischemic lesion. This development contributes to extending the capabilities of ultrasound neuroimaging to better understand cerebrovascular pathologies such as stroke, vascular cognitive impairment and brain tumors, and is highly scalable for the clinic.

Case report: Endolymphatic sac tumor with blurred vision

IntroductionEndolymphatic sac tumor (ELST) is a rare neoplasm that exhibits aggressive growth primarily in the endolymphatic capsule and can potentially affect nearby neurovascular structures. The diagnosis of ELST poses challenges due to its low prevalence, gradual progression, and nonspecific symptomatology. It is currently believed that prompt surgical intervention is recommended for endolymphatic sac tumors upon diagnosis. In cases where the lesion is complex or in close proximity to vital blood vessels and nerves, making complete resection challenging, adjuvant therapy may be employed postoperatively. This approach aims to enhance treatment outcomes.Case presentationA case of a 53-year-old male was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery of Shenzhen People’s Hospital with the main cause of dizziness and blurred vision, and was found to have an occupation in the pontocerebellar angle for about 20 days. Preoperative cranial CT suggested that the temporal bone mastoid was widely damaged with worm-like bone, and some of them showed honeycomb changes. MRI suggested that shadow was seen in the posterior part of the left internal auditory canal, temporal bone mastoid and jugular foramen, with a size of about 28x21x27mm.The T1-weighted image showed low and equal signals, and the T2-weighted image showed equal and slightly low signals in the center with multicompartmental cystic high signals in the margin. The center of the mass strengthened significantly after enhancement. The patient had no other clinical manifestations and no family history. The clinical diagnosis was left-sided pontocerebellar angle occupation - nature to be determined. The occupation was resected microscopically using the distal lateral combined anterior approach to the sigmoid sinus. Due to the extremely rich blood supply of the tumor, the tumor was embedded in the petrous humerus, which was soft and tough, and the surrounding structures were not clearly displayed, making surgical resection extremely difficult. postoperative pathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed that this lesion was an endolymphatic cystic tumor. After surgery, most of the tumor was successfully resected while preserving neurological function well, and the residual tumor was treated with adjuvant gamma knife with good results.ConclusionELST is a rare, low-grade, locally aggressive tumor that is difficult to diagnose early. During the surgery, it was observed that the tumor had a significant blood supply, which made its removal challenging. Preoperative embolization of the tumor’s blood supply artery would facilitate surgical resection and help avoid massive intraoperative bleeding. Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice, and any remaining tumor remnants can be managed with adjuvant radiotherapy post-surgery, necessitating long-term follow-up to monitor any developments.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy as a Renewed Hope for Ischemic Craniomaxillofacial Diseases

Although the advancements in craniomaxillofacial surgery have been significant, ischemic craniomaxillofacial diseases remain challenging to treat due to insufficient blood supply. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has emerged as a promising adjunctive treatment, exhibiting the potential to promote angiogenesis, exert anti-inflammatory effects, enhance bone regeneration, and possess antibacterial properties. Numerous studies have demonstrated its efficacy in stimulating healing processes, particularly in cases such as medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, osteoradionecrosis, chronic jaw osteomyelitis, and refractory wounds. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy not only accelerates healing and shortens recovery times but also reduces postoperative complications, infection risks, and enhances patients’ overall quality of life. This review aims to synthesize the research progress on the application of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in ischemic craniomaxillofacial diseases, providing a valuable reference for clinicians.

Indocyanine green fluorescence-guided laparoscopic central pancreatectomy for complete pancreatic transection trauma: a rare case and literature review

BackgroundPancreatic trauma is a rare solid organ injury. Conservative treatment is often indicated in patients with no pancreatic duct injury, while patients with high-grade pancreatic damage most often require surgical intervention. Laparoscopic central pancreatectomy (LCP) is a parenchyma-sparing approach and can prevent endocrine and exocrine insufficiency after pancreatic resection. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluoroscopy can help the surgeon assess the blood supply of the target organ.Case presentationThe case we describe here is a 33-year-old male patient who was transferred to our hospital due to blunt abdominal trauma caused by a car accident. The patient was hemodynamically stable on admission and was diagnosed with isolated pancreatic trauma by a multidisciplinary team that included radiologists, emergency physicians, and pancreatic surgeons. The patient then underwent emergency laparoscopic central pancreatectomy, during which we used ICG fluoroscopy to assess the blood perfusion of the damaged pancreas to determine the extent of resection. The patient developed a biochemical fistula (grade A pancreatic fistula) after surgery, and no other intervention was performed except for continuous drainage. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 13. At the 3-month follow-up, the patient did not present any clinical manifestations of pancreatic endocrine and exocrine insufficiency.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of ICG-guided emergency LCP for blunt abdominal trauma. In selected patients, emergency LCP is feasible and should be supported by a multidisciplinary team and performed by an experienced pancreatic surgeon with advanced laparoscopic skills.

Advances in VEGFR Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review of Novel Anticancer Agents.

Cancer, characterized by aberrant cell growth, presents a formidable health challenge, impacting millions of individuals worldwide each year. Among the myriad mechanisms facilitating tumor progression, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptors (VEGFR) play a pivotal role in driving angiogenesis the process by which tumors develop their own blood supply. This vascularization not only supports tumor nourishment and growth but also facilitates metastasis, enabling cancer to spread to distant sites. VEGFR inhibitors offer a strategic approach to disrupt the VEGF-VEGFR binding pathway, thereby impeding angiogenesis, metastasis, and the proliferation of cancer cells. This review elucidates the latest advancements in medicinal chemistry pertaining to VEGFR inhibitors, showcasing a variety of chemical moieties and assessing their efficacy across different cancer cell lines. The novel compounds highlighted in this review exhibit significant promise for anticancer evaluation through targeted VEGFR kinase inhibition. A robust body of in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies supports these findings, demonstrating the antitumor effects of these compounds. Computational analyses further enhance our understanding by predicting compound binding affinities, pharmacokinetics, and overall drug-likeness. Despite the significant progress made in developing effective VEGFR inhibitors, challenges remain in refining these agents for optimal cancer treatment. This review not only summarizes the advancements achieved in VEGFR inhibitor development but also emphasizes the ongoing hurdles that must be addressed to enhance the efficacy of cancer therapies.

Controlled Nutrient Delivery to Pancreatic Islets Using Polydopamine-Coated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles.

In this study, we designed a nanoscale platform for sustained amino acid delivery to support transplanted pancreatic islets. The platform features mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) loaded with glutamine (G), an essential amino acid required for islet survival and function, and coated with polydopamine (PD). We investigated various PD concentrations (0.5-2 mg/mL) and incubation times (0.5-2 h) to optimize G release, identifying that a PD concentration of 0.5 mg/mL incubated for 0.5 h yielded the best results to support islet viability and functionality ex vivo, particularly under inflammatory conditions. In syngeneic islet transplantation in STZ-diabetic mice, G alone provided only temporary benefits; however, PD-G-MSNPs significantly improved islet engraftment and function, with animals maintaining glycemic control for 30 days due to controlled G release. Our findings support the use of this nanoscale platform to provide essential nutrients like G to transplanted islets until they can establish their own blood and nutrient supply.

Influence of Geometric Parameters on The Hemodynamic Characteristics of The Vertebral Artery.

The carotid and vertebral arteries are principal conduits for cerebral blood supply and are common sites for atherosclerotic plaque formation. To date, there has been extensive clinical and hemodynamic reporting on carotid arteries; however, studies focusing on the hemodynamic characteristics of the vertebral artery (VA) are notably scarce. This article presents a systematic analysis of the impact of VA diameter and the angle of divergence from the subclavian artery (SA) on hemodynamic properties, facilitated by the construction of an idealized VA geometric model. Research indicates that the increase in the diameter of the VA is associated with a corresponding increase in the complexity of the vortex structures at the bifurcation with the SA. When the VA diameter is constant, a 30° VA-SA angle yields better hemodynamic capacity than 45° and 60° angles, and the patterns of blood flow and helicity values are consistent across different angles. Elevated Oscillatory shear index (OSI) zones are mainly at the origin of the VA, with an elliptical low OSI region within. As the diameter increases, the high OSI region spreads downstream. Increasing the bifurcation angle decreases OSI values in and below the elliptical low OSI region. These findings are valuable for studying the physiological and pathological mechanisms of VA atherosclerosis.

Insular infraorbital neurovascular pedicle labial salivary gland transplantation for the treatment of severe dry eye disease: an IDEAL stage 0, 1 and 2a study

ObjectivesTo address the lack of nerve and blood supply after labial salivary gland transplantation (LSGT) resulting in glandular atrophy. We designed a modified LSGT, called insular infraorbital neurovascular pedicle LSGT,...

Phase-transformed lactoferrin/strontium-doped nanocoatings enhance antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and vascularised osteogenesis of titanium.

Failure of orthopedic implants due to localized bacterial infections, inflammation and insufficient blood supply is always problematic. In this study, strontium-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes (STN) were firstly prepared on titanium surface, and then lactoferrin (LF) was loaded into strontium-doped nanotubes (STN) by the phase transition method, eventually the LF/TCEP-STN composite coating was successfully prepared. With the innate antimicrobial properties of LF, LF/TCEP-STN was effected against E. coli and S. aureus. Cellular assays showed that RAW264.7 (immune), HUVEC (angiogenic) and MC3T3-E1 (osteogenic) exhibited good adhesion and proliferative activity on the surface of LF/TCEP-STN. At the molecular level, LF/TCEP-STN modulated RAW264.7 polarization toward M2-type while promoting MC3T3-E1 differentiation toward osteogenesis. Meanwhile LF/TCEP-STN coating effectively promoted angiogenesis. The results of the bone defect model with or without infection demonstrated that the LF/TCEP-STN material had good anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and vascularization-promoting osteogenesis. In addition, LF/TCEP-STN offered excellent blood compatibility and biosafety. As a multifunctional coating on implant surfaces, the study's results highlighted the viability of LF/TCEP-STN and offered fresh concepts for the clinical design of next-generation artificial bone implants with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic properties.

The greater palatine nerve and artery both supply the maxillary teeth: An anatomic and radiologic study.

It is generally accepted that the greater palatine nerve and artery supply the palatal mucosa, gingiva, and glands, but not the bone or tooth adjacent to those tissues. When the bony palate is observed closely, multiple small foramina are seen on the palatal surface of the alveolar process. The authors hypothesized that the greater palatine nerve and artery might supply the maxillary teeth via the foramina on the palatal surface of the alveolar process and the superior alveolar nerve and artery. The authors aimed to investigate the palatal innervation and blood supply of the maxillary teeth. Eight cadaveric maxillae containing most teeth or alveolar sockets were selected. The mean age at the time of death was 82.4 years. The samples were examined with colored water injection, latex injection, microcomputed tomography with contrast dye, gross anatomic dissection, and histologic observation. Through both injection studies and microcomputed tomographic analysis, the authors found that the small foramina on and around the greater palatine groove connected to the alveolar process and tooth sockets. The small foramina in the greater palatine and incisive canal also continued inside the alveolar process and the tooth sockets. The alveolar branches of the greater palatine nerve and artery as well as the nasopalatine nerve and sphenopalatine artery supply maxillary teeth, alveolar bone, and periodontal tissue via the palatal alveolar foramina with superior alveolar nerves and arteries. This knowledge is essential for dentists when administering local anesthetic to the maxillary teeth and performing an osteotomy. Anatomic and dental textbooks should be updated with this new knowledge for better patient care.

Imperatorin’s Effect on Myocardial Infarction Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Purpose: Myocardial infarction (MI), a severe cardiovascular disease, is the result of insufficient blood supply to the myocardium. Despite the improvements of conventional therapies, new approaches are needed to improve the outcome post‐MI. Imperatorin is a natural compound with multiple pharmacological properties and potential cardioprotective effects. Therefore, this work investigated imperatorin’s therapeutic effects and its mechanism of action in an MI mouse model.Methods: Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation were performed for exploring the pharmacokinetic properties, therapeutic effects, and molecular targets of imperatorin in MI. Permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery was performed in male C57BL/6 mice to induce MI before treatment with imperatorin once per day for 1 week. Echocardiography, heart histology, RNA sequencing, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) as well as western blotting were carried out for evaluating cardiac function and structure, as well as gene and protein expression.Results: Imperatorin significantly improved cardiac function, preserved cardiac structure, attenuated cardiac remodeling and fibrosis, and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in MI mice. Eight differentially expressed genes overlapping with key target genes were found, two upregulated and six downregulated. A key target in signaling pathways associated with imperatorin effect in MI was angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE). Imperatorin inhibited ACE–angiotensin II (Ang II)–angiotensin II Type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis in MI mice.Conclusion: Imperatorin attenuated MI by inhibiting the ACE–Ang II–AT1R axis. Thus, imperatorin might be considered a potential therapeutic agent to cure MI.

Update on the characteristics of blood donations. Availability, attitudes and influencing factors

Introduction: Blood is a fluid of living cells, the quantity of which can be affected by various causes. Blood transfusions are essential in the treatment of multiple medical situations that cannot be treated with other procedures. They can occur as a result of voluntary, replacement and paid donations. This research was carried out with the aim of characterizing the blood donation process.Methods: a bibliography review was carried out, where 30 articles in Spanish and English were selected, published in the last five years on the subject, in databases such as: Scopus, Scielo, Pubmed, Springer.Results: blood donation is a social fact. The current shortage of blood donations is due to an inefficient blood supply system, in which replacement donation predominates, although voluntary donation is the most popular form of donation. This suggests a failure in primary health care and its promotional value, due to the lack of education and culture of donation in the world population. Donations are also affected by political, social and psychological aspects.Conclusions: the low number of donations worldwide determines the presence of the unavailability of blood for transfusion as one of the current health problems. The process occurs mainly voluntarily and is affected by factors such as educational level, socioeconomic characteristics, fears, lack of education and culture on the subject.

Robotic esophagectomy with function-preserving radical mediastinal lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer.

Radical lymphadenectomy is the critical component of surgery for esophageal cancer. However, lymphadenectomy significantly contributes to postoperative morbidity, particularly in terms of pulmonary complications following esophagectomy. Function-preserving mediastinal lymphadenectomy seeks to balance the procedure's necessary radicality and optimal functional outcomes. This approach emphasizes the preservation of the thoracic duct, tracheobronchial vascularity, and the pulmonary and recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve. Preservation of the thoracic duct is facilitated by indocyanine green fluorescence. Compared to the conventional technique of thoracic duct identification using anatomical landmarks, indocyanine green fluorescence lymphangiography offers real-time feedback, making it particularly advantageous in cases with complex anatomy or when the thoracic duct is challenging to visualize using conventional methods. Preservation of pulmonary branches of the right vagus during subcarinal lymphadenectomy and left recurrent laryngeal nerve during left paratracheal node dissection are technically challenging. The description of two types of left recurrent laryngeal nerve node dissection and technical tips for nerve function preservation are outlined in this review. Intraoperative neuromonitoring is a useful adjunct for nerve-sparing mediastinal lymphadenectomy. As ischemia to the respiratory tract impairs respiratory protective mechanisms, preservation of the tracheobronchial blood supply is critical. Preoperative imaging to detect bronchial artery anatomical variations and intraoperative assessment of perfusion using laser doppler flowmetry and indocyanine green fluorescence angiography are useful strategies to minimize tracheobronchial ischemia. Function-preserving mediastinal lymphadenectomy has the potential to improve short- and long-term outcomes after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

Performance Validation and Blood Donation Analysis in Nagqu, Tibet, One of the Highest Cities in the World.

Due to the unique geographical and climatic conditions in Nagqu (Tibet), the blood station laboratory was only fully established and accredited by 2020. This study validated the performance of the laboratory's blood screening system and analyzed recent trends in blood donation and screening effectiveness. Various serum samples were used to assess the performance of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and syphilis tests, both serological and nucleic acid tests. Donation data were also collected and analyzed. Serological testing demonstrated excellent sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility (all 100%), with detection limits for HBsAg, HCV Ab, HIV-1 Ab, HIV-1 p24, and TP Ab of 0.2 IU/mL, 0.013 NCU/mL, 0.25 NCU/mL, 1.25 U/mL, and 1.5 mIU/mL, respectively. Nucleic acid testing systems also achieved 100% reproducibility with precision below 5%. PROBIT analysis revealed the 95% detection limits for HBV DNA, HCV RNA, and HIV-1 RNA as 8.29, 97.14, and 40.52 IU/mL, respectively. The study also found a high rate of unqualified donations for local markers such as ALT, HBsAg, syphilis, and HBV DNA. The validation confirmed the screening system's high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, highlighting the importance of effective predonation checks to ensure a safe blood supply in high-altitude areas.

Investigation of the Effects of Silymarin on Ovarian Ischemia Reperfusion via Nrf-2/HO-1/NQO1, Ki-67 and Wnt Signaling Pathways.

Ovarian ischemia is a pathological condition that usually occurs due to ovarian torsion, resulting in the interruption of blood supply to the ovaries and oxygen deficiency. Silymarin (SLM) is a flavonoid complex of plant origin with pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of SLM through different pathways in rats subjected to experimental ovarian ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control, SLM (50 mg/kg), I/R, I/R + SLM25 (25 mg/kg), and I/R + SLM50 (50 mg/kg). SLM was given orally for 7 days, followed by ischemia (2 h) and reperfusion (2 h) on day 8. Biochemical (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx) and histological (H&E, Ki-67 IHC) analyses were performed. Also, molecular (qRT-PCR) analyses were performed to evaluate oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and Wnt signaling. I/R increased MDA and NO levels in ovarian tissue while decreasing SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH. Antioxidant defense genes (Nrf-2, HO-1, NQO1) were suppressed, and inflammation markers (NF-ĸB, IL-1β, TNF-α) along with apoptotic markers (Bax, Caspase-3) were elevated, while Bcl-2 decreased. The Wnt signaling pathway was inhibited, particularly at Wnt-3A, LRP5, Dvl-2, and Cyclin-1, reducing Ki-67 protein levels and IHC positivity. Silymarin has shown a therapeutic effect on ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury with its antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects and cell cycle regulatory activity.