Lower Blood Sugar Research Articles

A new gas chromatographic method for quantification of Metformin hydrochloride and Vildagliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form: development and validation

BackgroundMetformin, an antidiabetic drug, assists in reducing the creation of glucose inside the liver. Vildagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, enhances insulin release from the pancreas and reduces the hormones that elevate blood sugar levels. The combined medications work synergistically to lower blood sugar levels. This study was designed to develop and validate a reliable method of simultaneous assessment of Metformin and Vildagliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. For the chromatographic separation, a Gs-Tek INNOWAX column was utilized. This column has a length of 30 m, an internal diameter of 0.25 mm, and a 1.8 µm film thickness. For the detection, a Flame Ionization Detector was utilized. The ideal conditions included an injection volume of 1 µL with a split mode of 10 to 1 ratio, a flow rate of 1 mL/minute for the nitrogen carrier gas, an injector temperature of 300 °C, a detector temperature of 250 °C, an initial oven temperature of 100 °C that was maintained for seven minutes and then programmed to climb at a rate of 10 °C per minute up to a temperature of 300 °C.ResultsA gas chromatographic method that is simple, precise, accurate, robust, and reliable has been developed and implemented for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin and Vildagliptin in the tablet dosage form. The retention time for Metformin and Vildagliptin was 10.203 and 22.021 min. respectively. Validation studies were performed on the method’s Linearity, detection limit (LOD), and quantitation limit (LOQ), as well as its accuracy, precision, system suitability, and robustness, using the norms established by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The mean recovery value for Metformin and Vildagliptin was 100.31% (% R.S.D. = 0.6743%) and 100.33% (% R.S.D. = 0.6900%). All the results are within the acceptable range.ConclusionValidation of the developed method revealed that all the results were within an acceptable range, and techniques can be employed to analyze these two medications in combined dosage forms. It is the first method used for simultaneous estimation of these two drugs.Graphical abstract

Comparative analysis of metabolites and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of Taiwanofungus camphoratus cultured using various methods

Taiwanofungus camphoratus has attracted much attention because it can abundantly produce various active substances that exhibit blood-sugar lowering, immunity improving, and antioxidant properties. Currently, T. camphoratus is cultured using four main methods: cutting wood culture, solid-state fermentation, submerged fermentation, and dish culture. T. camphoratus produces different metabolites under different culture methods. In this study, nontargeted metabolomics was used to compare the metabolites of T. camphoratus produced under these four culture methods. Principal component analysis and supervised partial least squares-discriminant analysis were used to analyze the differences in the metabolites. Moreover, in vitro hypoglycemic activity of T. camphoratus extracts produced under four culture methods was compared by assessing their ability to inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and sucrase. A total of 186 metabolites were identified. In total, 127 metabolites were common under the four culture methods. Under solid-state fermentation, submerged fermentation, and cutting wood culture, 12, 1, and 4 metabolites were unique, respectively. The differential metabolites produced by T. camphoratus under four culture methods were mainly triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, and fatty acid compounds. α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and sucrase activity inhibition was the best using T. camphoratus extract obtained under cutting wood culture; the inhibition rates were 55.97%, 51.96%, and 78.02%, respectively, which were comparable to those exhibited by 0.001, 3, and 12 mg/mL acarbose (positive control). The metabolites produced by T. camphoratus and α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and sucrase inhibitory activities were different under the four culture methods. Cutting wood culture exhibited the best enzyme inhibitory activity. This study provided a theoretical basis for further use and development of various culture methods for the rational production of active metabolites of T. camphoratus.

PENGGUNAAN DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera) UNTUK PENGOBATAN DIABETES

Diabetes is a disease that is often found in society. Various treatment methods are offered for healing, ranging from medical treatment to non-medical treatment using herbal medicines. Various complications can occur due to diabetes, including decreased kidney function, nerve damage, blindness, and even amputation. Considering the dangers of diabetes, the use of Moringa leaves has been introduced to the community in Indralaya Mulya Village to lower blood sugar levels. The step of activity include education on the use of Moringa leaves to lower blood sugar levels, introduction to various dosage forms of Moringa leaves and checking the blood sugar levels of participants. The results of this activity show that people tend to understand diabetes and the impacts it causes, so they have a great desire to avoid diabetes. People are know various traditional medicinal plants, especially Moringa oleifera leaves and various dosage forms that can be used to maintain blood sugar levels. The results of checking blood sugar levels showed that of the 20 participants examined, only one person had blood sugar levels above normal. Based on these activities, it was concluded that the people of Indralaya Mulya have a great desire to maintain health by using medicinal plants.

Medical Optimization of Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a progressive disease associated with the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular and limb events, and elevated mortality rates. Symptoms of PAD, including claudication and chronic limb threatening ischemia, impair functional capacity and lead to lower quality of life. The focus of current therapies is to minimize symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce adverse cardiovascular and limb events. Among the medical therapies are antiplatelets, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, cilostazol and pentoxifylline, and novel blood sugar-lowering therapies, plus exercise therapy and smoking cessation. In this review, we discuss these evidence-based medical therapies that are available for patients with symptomatic PAD.

Impact of cost on prescribing diabetes medications for older adults with type 2 diabetes in the outpatient setting

BackgroundNewer diabetes medications have cardiorenal benefits beyond blood sugar lowering that make them a preferred treatment option in many patients. Despite this, studies have shown that prescribing of these medications remains suboptimal with medication costs being hypothesized as a reason for underutilization. ObjectiveTo understand clinicians’ decision-making processes for prescribing diabetes medications in older adults, focusing on higher cost medications. MethodsObservations of patient encounters and semi-structured interviews were conducted with clinicians from primary care, endocrinology, and geriatrics to elucidate themes into diabetes medication prescribing. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to analyze the data from interviews using an inductive coding scheme with themes derived from the data. ResultsTwenty-one interviews were conducted. Five themes were identified: 1) out-of-pocket costs drive prescribing decisions 2) out-of-pocket costs can be variable due to changing insurance plans or changing coverage 3) clinicians have difficulty with determining patient-specific out-of-pocket costs 4) clinicians manage the tradeoffs existing between cost, efficacy, and safety and 5) clinicians can use cost-modifying strategies such as patient assistance. ConclusionAddressing the challenges that medication costs pose to prescribing evidence-based medications for type 2 diabetes is necessary to optimize diabetes care for older adults.

DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL OF <i>CAMELLIA</i> SPP. IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS, VIETNAM, FOR DEVELOPING HIGH-VALUE PRODUCTS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY

This article focuses on the potential use of yellow camellias in the food technology industry by analyzing and synthesizing information from previous publications. Many rare species of the genus Camellia have been discovered recently in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, including 10 new species discovered in Lam Dong Province between 2012 and 2016. These 10 species account for 55.55% of the 18 species growing naturally in the Central Highlands and demonstrate the diversity of Camellia in the region. The flowers range from light yellow to orange to deep yellow in color. The survival rate of cuttings is 72.24%–83.33%, and the rooting rate when seeds are sown approaches 100%. Yellow camellias do not contain caffeine. The main active ingredient is polyphenol, with a content of 5.22%–30.11% (mg GAE/100 g DW). Camellia extract does not cause acute toxicity and has a blood sugar-lowering effect. Vietnam has much experience growing green tea; the total green tea growing area is 131,200 hectares. The average annual yield is 6.90 tons of fresh leaves per hectare, and the current export market to 60 countries is the basis for expanding the yellow camellias growing area. The Central Highlands has great potential as a stable source of raw materials to create fermented beverages, tea powder, tea oil, and colorants.

Anti-Diabetic Activity of an Extract of Syzygium Jambolanum – A Review

Syzygium jambolanum is a promising natural treatment for diabetes. The potential benefits of S jambolanum for diabetes include lowering blood sugar levels, increasing insulin sensitivity, protecting pancreatic beta cells, and slowing the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream. The anti-diabetic activity of the crude extract of S jambolanum was evaluated in L6 myotubes and the lipid deposition in tissue was measured using Nile red Staining. Nile red staining confirmed that a considerable quantity of lipids had been deposited in the tissue treated with a crude extract of S jambolanum, comparable to the quantity of lipids deposited with a standard drug known as Rosiglitazone. This study analyzed the anti-diabetic activity of a crude extract of S jambolanum to understand its potential as a feedstock for extracting bioactive constituents to screen for bioactive molecules in the treatment of diabetes.

Chronomedicine Insights: Evaluating the Impact of Time-Restricted Meal Intake on Lipid Profile Parameters Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes in Northern India.

Time-restricted meal intake (TRM) has shown potential benefits such as enhanced insulin sensitivity, lowered blood sugar levels, and possible weight loss in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Our study aimed to investigate the impact of TRM on lipid profile parameters such astotal cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)in fasting conditionsin T2DM patients. In total, 400 patients from the endocrinology department at King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow were enrolled in this study, adhering to the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Male and female patients with recently diagnosed T2DM (in the past five years), aged between 25 to 60 years, on oral anti-diabetic therapy excluding insulin, expressing willingness to provide written consent and to adhere to TRM were included in theTRM group. It was a longitudinal study asdiabetic dyslipidemia is primarily caused by insulin resistance and nutritional reasons and we wanted to assess the effect of TRM on lipid profile in T2DM patients. Patients were enrolled via simple random sampling using the random number table method (computerized). The TRM grouphad an early dinner at 7 pm whereasthe control group was of non-TRM/late-night eaters. TRM group was given comprehensive guidance including strategies to manage hunger, permissible beverage options (water and prescribed medication) during the fasting period, and daily maintenance of adiary documenting their timing, type, and quantity of food intake which they were requested to bring fortnightly. Emphasis was placed on recording even minor dietary items consumed throughout the day. The TRM group consumed food ad libitum during a 12-hour eating window from breakfast at 7 am to dinner at 7 pm. Data distribution was non-parametric. Mann-Whitney U test compared TRM and control groupusing mean values at baseline and follow-ups. Analysis used GraphPad Prism 9.2.0 software (GraphPad Inc., La Jolla, CA). A p-value less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) was considered statistically significant. A total of 127 patients were lost to follow-up, resulting in 273 patients who completed the study. The mean value of TC in the TRM and non-TRM groups using the Mann-Whitney U test registered a highly significant p-value <0.0001 at 18 months, with a decrease of 14.17% from baseline in the TRM group and a decrease of 1.53% from baseline in the non-TRM group. The TRM group had a decrease of 24.75%in TG from a baseline value of 145.4±41.9, whereasthe non-TRM group showed a decrease of 2.2% from a baseline value of 154.7±37.30 (p-value <0.0001). The TRM group showed an increase of 9.25%in HDLfrom a baseline value of 50.14±8.58; the non-TRM group showed an increase of0.82% from a baseline value of 48.62±9.31(p-value <0.0001). TRM group showed a decrease of 8.62%in LDLfrom a baseline value of 68.20±16.2 while the non-TRM group showed an increase of 1.54% from a baseline value of 65.38±19.3(p-value <0.0002). The TRM group showed a decrease of13.97%in VLDLfrom a baseline value of 32.20±18.7; the non-TRM group showed an increase of4% from a baseline value of 30.16±24.2 (p-value <0.0001). Our study's promising results underscore the potential of TRM as an effective strategy for managing dyslipidemia in individuals with T2DM, even over prolonged periods.

Rapid screening of the novel bioactive peptides with notable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity by UF-LC-MS/MS combined with three-AI-tool from black beans

This work aimed to propose a rapid method to screen the bioactive peptides with anti-α-glucosidase activity instead of traditional multiple laborious purification and identification procedures. 242 peptides binding to α-glycosidase were quickly screened and identified by bio-affinity ultrafiltration combined with LC-MS/MS from the double enzymatic hydrolysate of black beans. Top three peptides with notable anti-α-glucosidase activity, NNNPFKF, RADLPGVK and FLKEAFGV were further rapidly screened and ranked by the three artificial intelligence tools (three-AI-tool) BIOPEP database, PeptideRanker and molecular docking from the 242 peptides. Their IC50 values were in order as 4.20 ± 0.11 mg/mL, 2.83 ± 0.03 mg/mL, 1.32 ± 0.09 mg/mL, which was opposite to AI ranking, for the hydrophobicity index of the peptides was not included in the screening criteria. According to the kinetics, FT-IR, CD and ITC analyses, the binding of the three peptides to α-glucosidase is a spontaneous and irreversible endothermic reaction that results from hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, which mainly changes the α-helix structure of α-glucosidase. The peptide-activity can be evaluated vividly by AFM in vitro. In vivo, the screened FLKEAFGV and RADLPGVK can lower blood sugar levels as effectively as acarbose, they are expected to be an alternative to synthetic drugs for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.

Effect of quercetin on some biochemical parameters in adult rats treated with sodium nitrite

Sodium nitrite and quercetin are frequently employed as protective agents on glucose levels, levels of thyroid hormones, and lipid profile. The present study aimed to see the quercetin effect on some biochemical parameters in adult rats treated with sodium nitrite. A total of twenty-one laboratory animals (Wistar albino rats) were used in this experiment, separated into three groups of seven animals each. During the trial, Group I was given water only to drink and Group II received sodium nitrite directly by oral feeding needle. The study used 80 mg.kg-1/body weight (BW) of sodium nitrite, while Group IIIreceived drinking water containing sodium nitrite orally in doses of up to 80 mg.kg-1 BW and quercetin with a (50 mg/kg ). After blood was drawn and serum extracted, the parameters determined were thyroid hormones, lipids, Homeostasis Model Evaluation for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and glucose level. The study observed that compared to the controls, the insulin (HOMA-IR) and sugar levels and lipid profile of the sodium-nitrite treated group were much higher. The sodium nitrite-treated group also had a substantial drop in thyroid hormone concentrations and a rise in Thyroid Stimulated Hormone (TSH), whereas the quercetin alleviated the harmful effects of sodium nitrate by lowering blood sugar, insulin, HOMA-IR,and improved the lipid profile. There was an improvement in glucose, insulin resistance, lipidemia, and TSH hormone levels, which increased as a result of exposure to nitrite. Thus, the present study demonstrated how quercetin protected against sodium nitrite-induced toxicity by improving several biochemical parameters in adult rats.

Nutritional Potency of Mangifera indica L. (Mango): Focus on Mango as Antioxidant

Background:: Mango, known as "the king of fruits," is one of the most popular fruits on the planet. Vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and bioactive substances abound. Objective:: In the present review, we aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of mango as an antioxidant. Methods:: Scopus and ScienceDirect databases were used to gather research papers over the pre-vious 12 years. Results:: Our research explores the formidable antioxidant potential of mango, driven by its ele-vated phenolic and flavonoid content. Within mango, crucial metabolites such as glutathione and euxanthone contribute significantly to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory prowess. A note-worthy bioactive compound, Mangiferin, found in mango, exhibits anti-diabetic properties by inhibiting sucrase and isomaltase, consequently reducing glucose absorption in the intestine. Conclusion:: In our study, mango has demonstrated its ability to lower blood sugar levels, en-hance insulin production, and reduce lipid levels. These beneficial effects are attributed to high soluble fiber, polyphenols, and carotenoids, including quercetin and beta-carotene. Our findings shed light on the multifaceted health-promoting attributes of mango, positioning it as a valuable natural resource for potential dietary interventions and health enhancement. In conclusion, ef-fective blood sugar management hinges on strategic dietary decisions. Steering clear of high-glycemic combinations with mangoes, choosing daytime consumption, and integrating regular physical activity for energy equilibrium is paramount.

Treatment adherence and the contemporary approach to treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The rising burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) poses a significant healthcare challenge on a global scale. The economic impact is also substantial and continually increasing. In Serbia, even though the prevalence is officially around 12 percent, nearly 40 percent of the adult population is estimated to be living with undiagnosed diabetes and more than half the population is obese or overweight. This review comprehensively addresses the present approach to treating T2D, emphasizing the critical role of treatment adherence. We review the various components of T2D treatment, underlining the significance of lifestyle modifications. The pros and cons of medications used in treatment are discussed and factors influencing adherence are analysed. A healthy lifestyle remains the foundation of the treatment, and if not sufficient, early pharmacotherapy is initiated. Medications have been developed to lower blood sugar levels with cardiorenal protection, however, due to their still high cost, metformin remains the drug of first choice for most patients. Adherence to the treatment regimen is often poor. Factors associated with this are diverse and often multiple in a particular patient. Poor adherence is associated with poor glycaemic control, increased risk of disease complications, higher cardiovascular risk, increased mortality, hospitalizations, and healthcare costs. In addition to reducing the complexity of drug therapy and better informing the patient, improved education and motivation could lead to greater adherence. Enhanced communication between the patient and the physician and reduced treatment costs could also have a positive impact. The review concludes that addressing factors affecting adherence can significantly improve T2D outcomes and reduce costs. Further research is needed to identify region-specific risk factors for poor adherence.

Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Studies of Secondary Metabolites from Momordica Charantia as Natural Antidiabetic

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a non-contagious disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus occurs when the body cannot receive or use insulin properly. If you already have diabetes, then the patient must take medication continuously because diabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease. Because medicines are quite expensive, alternative ways to cure the disease are needed by consuming traditional medicines, one of which is bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Objectives: This research aims to predict the secondary metabolite compounds in the bitter melon plant, analyze molecular interactions, and identify compounds that can lower blood sugar levels. Material and Methods: 12 compounds from the Momordica charantia plant and six proteins (1IR3, 1RHF, 1XU7, 4PNZ, 4YVP, 2NT7) that will be docked using Pyrx and Yasara Dynamics applications. Results: From the molecular docking results, three compounds with the highest binding affinity were found in Momordica charantia: momordenol, oleanolic acid, and momordicin. Based on molecular dynamics simulations, these three compounds were stable in their interactions with the six proteins tested, namely 1IR3, 1RHF, 4PNZ, 4YVP, 1XU7, and 2NT7. Momordenol and momordicin showed the most stable interaction profiles. Furthermore, ADMET tests showed that momordenol, oleanolic acid, and momordisin have drug-like characteristics. Conclusions: The Momordica charantia plant has the potential to act as an antidiabetic agent.

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Testing of Golden Rice Cookies With Piper Crocatum Active Extract for Preventing Foot Ulcers in Patients With Diabetes: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) present a formidable challenge to both patients and health care systems. DFUs significantly reduce the quality of life for patients, prolong hospital stays, and are the cause of approximately 70,000 lower limb amputations across the globe annually. Prevention of DFUs primarily involves the optimization of blood sugar levels and the effective management of complications, particularly peripheral neuropathy. Golden Rice has been proven to lower blood sugar levels due to its beta-carotene content, and Piper crocatum (P. crocatum) has been found to be effective in reducing the risk factors of DFUs through biomolecular regulation because of its polyphenol content. The principal objective of this study is to identify the efficacy of P. crocatum-enriched cookies, with Golden Rice as their primary ingredient, in preventing DFUs. The evaluation will center on their impact on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a pivotal factor in the development of DFUs. This study is an experimental clinical research that follows the randomized controlled trial method and uses a single-blind design. The participants in the study are outpatients from primary health centers in Makassar, Indonesia, who have been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The sample for the study will be randomly selected and subsequently categorized into 2 groups: the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group consumes P. crocatum-enriched Golden Rice cookies, while the control group receives cookies without these additives. The participants from both groups will consume their respective cookies (packaged identically) twice a day for 14 days. The cookies will be prepared according to a modified recipe with an emphasis on low glucose content, resulting in 51 calories per cookie, comprising 1% carbohydrates, 6% fat, 4% cholesterol, and 4% fiber, excluding gluten, sugar, and salt. They will be baked at 158°C for 20 minutes. The process involves the addition of 20% Golden Rice and 10% P. crocatum ethanol extract, both prepared via maceration with 96% ethanol. The dependent variable in this study is the expression of gelatinases matrix metalloproteinase, to be assessed at 2 distinct time points-preintervention (pretest) and postintervention (posttest)-with the evaluation conducted through the western blotting method. The recruitment and testing phase started in January 2024. The study is scheduled to be completed by the end of March 2024. Data analysis will commence in April 2024, and the publication of the results is anticipated in the same year (2024). The study will report on the changes in primary data, encompassing gelatinases matrix metalloproteinase, as well as secondary data, including the ankle-brachial index, neuropathy score, and random blood glucose level. The findings of this trial are expected to significantly impact the selection of strategies by health care practitioners to enhance diabetes self-management, particularly in the domain of therapeutic snacking, for patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Thai Clinical Trials Registry TCTR20230502001; https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20230502001. PRR1-10.2196/49940.

A Review on Beneficial Properties of Purple Okra

Okra is one of the most popular and commercially grown vegetables in different parts of the India due its nutritive, medicinal and economic value. Generally, green tender pods of okra are used as edible purpose and green varieties are commercially cultivated for most okra growing areas even export market also dominated by green varieties despite being the higher nutritive value of purple okra or red okra than green okra. Purple okra has enormous health benefits and can be used as traditional medicine in China and Indonesia. Several epidemiological studies proof superiority of purple okra over green okra due to presence of different types of antioxidants like beta-carotene, anthocyanin and phenolic compounds. Higher nutrients’ composition of purple okra can prevent some chronic diseases like goitre, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, microbial infections, ulcers, and neurodegenerative diseases, irritation of the stomach and colon, gonorrhoea, sore throat, dysentery and also lower blood sugar. The fruits of purple okra have beneficial properties like anti-gastric acid, anti-oxidative, anti-fatigue, anti-inflammatory and even have insecticidal properties.

Efficacy of empagliflozin as adjunctive therapy to citalopram in major depressive disorder: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, which is associated with a high disease burden. Current treatments using antidepressants have limitations, so using medication with neuromodulating and anti-inflammatory properties alongside them could be helpful. In a clinical trial, we studied the effectiveness of empagliflozin, a blood sugar-lowering drug, as an adjunctive therapy to reduce the severity of depression symptoms.MethodsA number of outpatients with moderate to severe depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) > = 17) who were not under related medication or had not taken medication for at least the last two months, had an age range of 18–60 years and had written informed consent to enter the study (N = 90) were randomly divided into two groups receiving placebo or empagliflozin (10 mg daily) combined with citalopram (40 mg daily) based on permuted block randomization method in an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. They were evaluated using the HDRS in weeks 0, 4, and 8.ResultsHDRS scores were equal to 28.42(± 3.83), 20.20(± 3.82), and 13.42(± 3.42) in the placebo group during weeks 0,4, and 8, respectively. These scores were 27.36(± 3.77), 13.76(± 1.40), and 7.00(± 1.13), respectively, for the group treated with empagliflozin. Compared to the control group, patients treated with empagliflozin using repeated-measures ANOVA showed greater improvement in reducing the severity of depression symptoms over time (p value = 0.0001).ConclusionsConsidering the promising findings in this clinical trial, further study of empagliflozin as adjunctive therapy in MDD with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups is recommended.

Mining and functional characterization of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases of the DNJ biosynthetic pathway in mulberry leaves

Background1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), the main active ingredient in mulberry leaves, with wide applications in the medicine and food industries due to its significant functions in lowering blood sugar, and lipids, and combating viral infections. Cytochrome P450 is a key enzyme for DNJ biosynthesis, its activity depends on the electron supply of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs). However, the gene for MaCPRs in mulberry leaves remains unknown.ResultsIn this study, we successfully cloned and functionally characterized two key genes, MaCPR1 and MaCPR2, based on the transcriptional profile of mulberry leaves. The MaCPR1 gene comprised 2064 bp, with its open reading frame (ORF) encoding 687 amino acids. The MaCPR2 gene comprised 2148 bp, and its ORF encoding 715 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree indicates that MaCPR1 and MaCPR2 belong to Class I and Class II, respectively. In vitro, we found that the recombinant enzymes MaCPR2 protein could reduce cytochrome c and ferricyanide using NADPH as an electron donor, while MaCPR1 did not. In yeast, heterologous co-expression indicates that MaCPR2 delivers electrons to MaC3'H hydroxylase, a key enzyme catalyzing the production of chlorogenic acid from 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the orchestration of hydroxylation process mediated by MaCPR2 during the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in mulberry leaves. These results provided a foundational understanding for fully elucidating the DNJ biosynthetic pathway within mulberry leaves.

Plant-Based Diet and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from a Thai Health-Promoting Hospital.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with diet. While consumption of plant-based foods may reduce blood sugar levels, the impact of consuming plant-based foods on fasting blood sugar levels has not been well defined. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Health-Promoting Hospital in Pak Phun Municipality, Thailand. It included 61 patients with T2DM and 74 controls matched for age and gender. Dietary intake levels among T2DM and controls were assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire from which plant-based-food scores were calculated. This study found significant differences between specific plant foods and fasting blood sugar levels in patients with T2DM. Adherence to a plant-based diet appeared to influence fasting blood sugar levels. Patients who consumed higher amounts of certain vegetables and fruits showed lower fasting blood sugar levels. Diabetic patients consumed more legumes than controls, but the consumption of cereals and nuts/seeds in the two groups were similar. Consumption of nuts and seeds was also associated with a 76.3% reduction in the risk of a T2DM diagnosis. These findings suggest the potential efficacy of glycemic control in T2DM patients. More work is required to explore strategies for preventing and treating metabolic disorders through dietary modification.

The Effect of Swimming Aerobic Physical Exercise On White Rats (Rattus Novergicus) Of the Wistar Strain That Are Obese

Women are more likely to be obese and at risk of hypertension and coronary heart disease than men. Genetic factors influence it. Physical exercise can reduce obesity, especially on endothelial factors such as ET-1 and NO. This research explores the effect of swimming physical training on the expression of endothelin-1 and receptor-A in obese mouse models. This type of research is a true experiment carried out on 12 adult female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) as research samples. The research procedures were carried out by caring for test animals, raising rats until they were obese, not giving treatment (control), physical training in the form of swimming exercises, and finally, examination of ET-1, ET-A, blood sugar levels, and total cholesterol levels. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS. The research results of the normality test for the treatment group were more significant than 0.05 in the ET-1 examination of 0.315 and ET-A of 0.261. ET-1 levels were 92.5 pg/ml and ET-A levels were 62.5 pg/ml. Their blood sugar level was 167 mg/dL. The research concluded that in mouse tests, physical training was better for increasing ET-1 levels and reducing ET-A levels. Swimming and aerobics are better at lowering blood sugar levels.

Development of Millet Dip Stick (Samai, Thinai, Kambu) and Analyse the Sensory Acceptability

Nutrient loss occurs in the body when there is Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM).For children in underdeveloped countries, it is the leading cause of death. Protein-calorie malnutrition, or PEM, is another term for it. It manifests in children whose dietary intake of energy and protein is inadequate to meet their needs. Millets are considered a healthy food for developing kids and an excellent weaning food for babies. It’s high in protein. Hence, it supports children’s muscular development and growth. It has little simple sugars, a lot of fiber, and few carbohydrates. As a result, it has a lower glycemic index than wheat or rice and results in lower blood sugar levels. A biscuit is a flour-based and shaped food product. The biscuits are great for quelling children’s sudden hunger sensations and can even be eaten by adults. Concerned about their child’s protein consumption, many parents search for nutritional supplements. To fulfil the nutritional requirements, millet biscuits are ideal. Iron is abundant in moringa leaves. Millet biscuits are the best option to provide the necessary nutritional intake. Moringa leaves are rich in iron. For this project, we created a dip using powdered moringa leaves and biscuits made with little, foxtail, and pearl millet. It is a healthy treat that is perfect for children.