Blood Sugar In Mice Research Articles

Sex differences in diabetes‑induced hepatic and renal damage.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide and is characterized by abnormal glucose metabolism that can induce severe damage to numerous organs throughout the body. Sex differences have been demonstrated in a number of factors associated with diabetes and its complications, such as diabetic kidney disease and diabetic liver disease. To investigate the sex differences in DM further, the changes in the weight, food and water intake, and blood sugar of mice were recorded for 8 weeks in the present study. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the pathological changes of liver and kidney tissues. There is no significant difference in the water intake and blood glucose concentration between db/db female and male mice was observed. However, sex differences in liver and kidney damage including glomerular injury and hepatic fibrosis were found. In conclusion, the present study characterized the features of liver and kidney damage in db/db mice and indicated that sex differences should be taken into account in experiments using female and male experimental animals. Furthermore, sex differences should be taken into account in the selection of drug interventions in experiments and in clinical drug therapy.

AKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETES KOMBINASI EKSTRAK LABU KUNING DAN BROTOWALI SECARA IN VIVO

Cucurbita Moschata are rich in polyphenolic antioxidants such as flavonoids which can be used to lower blood sugar levels. Cucurbita Moschata can be formulated into biscuits. The aim is to determine the activity of cucurbita moschata and tinospora crispa extracts on reducing blood sugar in mice (Mus muculus). The research aims to create a Cucurbita Moschata biscuit formula that contains high levels of resistant starch and beta carotene but has the lowest impact on increasing blood sugar levels. This research method is experimental by making an antidiabetic formulation in mice. Mice were divided into normal groups, K groups (CMC NA 1%), groups with varying doses of 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg, and positive groups (glibenclamide 0.65 mg/kg). Using the two way anova analysis method. The results showed the effect of reducing blood sugar levels in mice at doses of 100mg/kg (17.3%), 300mg/kg (29.3%), 600 mg/kg (35.2%) and the positive group (44.3%). The 600mg/kg group (35.2%) provided the highest reduction in blood sugar levels, which was close to positive (44.3%) compared to doses of 100mg/kg (17.3%), 300 mg/kg (29.3%). The conclusion of this study is that anti-diabetes biscuits, a combination cucurbita moschata and tinospora crispa , have antihyperglycemic activity in vivo.

Investigation of zinc oxide nanocomposite and ginger extract effect on glucose and hemoglobin (HbA1c) blood plasma in diabetic male rats

Background: Diabetes is a recurrent disease defined as a result of a lack of insulin or resistance to its full capacity. The present study aimed to assess the effect of ginger-zinc oxide nanocomposites on HbA1c and fasting blood sugar (FBS) indexes in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this investigation, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized based on the sol-gel method, and ginger extract was obtained using the soxhlet method. Thereafter, the nanocomposite of nanoparticles-ginger extract was synthesized, and the nanoparticles were identified by confirmatory tests. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats with a mean weight (250±20 g) by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight), and the necessary treatments were then given by gavage to the mice for 30 days. At the end of the treatment period, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured from the collected blood samples. Results: The results of this research demonstrated that among all the treatments, nanocomposite extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles in low concentration (100+10 mg/kg) have a high ability to reduce blood sugar indicators (HbA1c and FBS). This ability was statistically significant compared to other treated groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: As evidenced by the results obtained, the nanocomposite of ginger extract + zinc oxide in the concentration (100 +10 mg/kg) was a suitable option for controlling and reducing blood sugar in mice. Furthermore, considering the physiological similarity, the mentioned nanocomposite is recommended as a supplement to lower blood sugar in diabetic people. Keywords: Diabetes, Ginger, Zinc oxide nanoparticles, HbA1c, FBS.

Effect and mechanism of Puerariae Lobatae Radix in alleviating insulin resistance in T2DM db/db mice based on intestinal flora

This study aimed to examine the effect and underlying mechanism of Puerariae Lobatae Radix on insulin resistance in db/db mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) based on the analysis of intestinal flora. Fifty db/db mice were randomly divided into a model group(M group), a metformin group(YX group), a high-dose Puerariae Lobatae Radix group(YGG group), a medium-dose Puerariae Lobatae Radix group(YGZ group), and a low-dose Puerariae Lobatae Radix group(YGD group). Another 10 db/m mice were assigned to the normal group(K group). After continuous administration for eight weeks, body weight and blood sugar of mice were measured. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect glycosylated serum protein(GSP) and fasting serum insulin(FINS), and insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR) was calculated. The histopathological changes in the pancreas were observed by HE staining. Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α expression in the pancreas was detected using immunohistochemistry. The structural changes in fecal intestinal flora in the K, M, and YGZ groups were detected by 16S rRNA. Western blot was used to detect the expression of farnesoid X receptor(FXR) and takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5) in the ileum, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase(CYP7A1) and sterol 27α-hydroxylase(CYP27A1) in the liver, and G protein-coupled receptors 41(GPR41) and 43(GPR43) in the colon. Compared with the K group, the M group showed increased body weight, blood sugar, serum GSP, fasting blood glucose(FBG), and FINS, increased HOMA-IR, inflammatory infiltration of islet cells, necrosis and degeneration of massive acinar cells, unclear boundary between islet cells and acinar cells, disturbed intestinal flora, and down-regulated FXR, TGR5, CYP7A1, CYP27A1, GPR41, and GPR43. Compared with the M group, the YX, YGG, YGZ, and YGD groups showed decreased body weight, blood sugar, serum GSP, FBG, and FINS, islet cells with intact and clumpy morphology and clear boundary, necrosis of a few acinar cells, and more visible islet cells. The intestinal flora in the YGZ group changed from phylum to genus levels, and the relative abundance of intestinal flora affecting the metabolites of intestinal flora increased. The protein expression of FXR, TGR5, CYP7A1, CYP27A1, GPR41, and GPR43 increased. The results show that Puerariae Lobatae Radix can improve the inflammatory damage of pancreatic islet cells and reduce insulin resistance in db/db mice with T2DM. The mechanism of action may be related to the increase in the abundance of Actinobacteria, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides in the intestinal tract and the protein expression related to metabolites of intestinal flora.

Calebin-A prevents HFD-induced obesity in mice by promoting thermogenesis and modulating gut microbiota.

Obesity is one of the complications of sedentary lifestyle and high-calorie food intake which become a global problem. Thermogenesis is a novel way to promote anti-obesity by consuming energy as heat rather than storing it as triacylglycerols. Over the last decade, growing evidence has identified the gut microbiota as a potential factor in the pathophysiology of obesity. Calebin A is a non-curcuminoid novel compound derived from the rhizome of medicinal turmeric with putative anti-obesity effects. However, its ability on promoting thermogenesis and modulating gut microbiota remain unclear. C57BL/6J mice were fed either normal diet or high-fat diet (HFD) supplement with calebin A (0.1 and 0.5%) diet for 12 weeks. The composition of the gut microbiota was assessed by analyzing 16S rRNA gene sequences. Mice treated with calebin A shows a remarkable alteration in microbiota composition compared with that of normal diet-fed or HFD-fed mice and is characterized by an enrichment of Akkermansia, Butyricicoccus, Ruminiclostridium_9, and unidentified_Ruminococcaceae. We also explored that calebin A reduce the weight and blood sugar of mice that are induced by HFD, and show a dose-dependent reaction. Moreover, calebin A decreases the weight of white, beige, and brown adipose tissue, and also restores liver weight. In cold exposure experiments, calebin A can better maintain rectal temperature through thermogenesis. In summary, calebin A has a good thermogenesis function and is effective in anti-obesity. It can be used as a novel gut microbiota modulator to prevent HFD-induced obesity.

The Effectiveness of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Sungkai Leaves (Peronema Canescens Jack.) Against Blood Glucose Levels in Alloxan-Induced Male Mice

This research aims to test antidiabetic using alloxan induction on mice test animals. The type of research used is experimental, which includes sampling, sample determination. Extract preparation with ethyl acetate solvent, extract characteristics test and simplicia, extract and simplicia screening test. Antidiabetic testing was carried out using male mice as test animals. Screening tests for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and glycosides for the anti-diabetic test of Sungkai leaves were carried out using alloxan induction in mice. With initial KGD 90-120 mg/dl. Extract concentrations were 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg with negative control CMC Na 0.5% and metformin positive control 65 mg/kg. The most effective decrease in mice blood glucose on days 3, 7, 10 and 14 was at an extract concentration of 300 mg/kg bw with a decrease of 114 mg/dl. Based on the results of the ANOVA statistic Fcount 208.813> Ftable 2.87 so H0 is rejected, there is a significant decrease in blood sugar in mice. The results of the anti-diabetic test of the ethyl acetate extract of Sungkai leaves at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight had an anti-diabetic effect on male mice after alloxan induced on the 14th day with an average of 114 being the most effective in reducing the male mice's KGD.

Effect of cinnamon plant extract on blood sugar in mice

Cinnamon may be a small evergreen tree 10-15 meters tall, belongs to the family Lauracae. The leaves are ovate-oblong in shape, 7-18 Cm long, the flowers which are arranged in panicles, have greenish color and distinct odor. The fruit may be a purple one centiberry containing one seed. Cinnamon are widely used as spice and flavoring agent and may be clinically utilized in treatment of certain diseases like type 2 DM. Cinnamon extract has blood sugar lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study tested the effect of cinnamon extract on D- glucose induced hyperglycemias which showed significant reduction in plasma glucose level. Chronic hyperglycemia model induced by one intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, the extract showed marked decrease in blood sugar level.

Lowering blood sugar levels with kersen leaf stew (muntingia calabura l) and black onion (alium sativum) extract in mice (mus musculus)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels in patients with DM are mostly challenging to control, and this will threaten the occurrence of complications. Alternative therapies used are active flavonoids in reducing blood glucose. The purpose of this study was to analyze the decrease in blood sugar levels by administering cherry leaves stew and black onions to mice (mus musculus). The design of this study was the Quasy Experimental design (pretest-posttest with control group design). The sample in this study was 32 mice, 16 in the intervention group, and 16 comparison groups. There are independent variables (Kersen Leaf Stew and Black Onion Extract) and the dependent variable (Blood Glucose Level). The data were collected using an observation sheet, then analyzed using the independent sample T-test and Kolmogorov Smirnov test. The results of this study showed that the pre and post administration of cherry leaf decoction was 36.5 mg/dl, and the difference between pre and post administration of black onion extract was 24.3 mg/dl. While the analysis showed p = value 0.98, it showed no difference in the effectiveness of the two extracts in reducing blood sugar levels in mice. Obtained comparative test results from the two extracts were equally effective in lowering blood sugar in mice. Thus further research needs to be done with more samples. Â

Slowed gastric emptying and improved oral glucose tolerance produced by a nanomolar-potency inhibitor of calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A.

Interstitial cells of Cajal, which express the calcium-activated chloride channel transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A), are an important determinant of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. We previously identified the acylaminocycloalkylthiophene class of TMEM16A inhibitors, which, following medicinal chemistry, gave analog 2-bromodifluoroacetylamino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-3-carboxylic acid o-tolylamide (TMinh-23) with 30 nM half-maximal inhibitory concentration. Here, we tested the efficacy of TMinh-23 for inhibition of GI motility in mice. In isolated murine gastric antrum, TMinh-23 strongly inhibited spontaneous and carbachol-stimulated rhythmic contractions. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed predicted therapeutic concentrations of TMinh-23 for at least 4 h following a single oral or intraperitoneal dose at 10 mg/kg. Gastric emptying, as assessed following an oral bolus of phenol red or independently by [99mTc]-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid scintigraphy, was reduced by TMinh-23 by ∼60% at 20 min. Interestingly, there was little effect of TMinh-23 on baseline whole-gut transit time or time to diarrhea induced by castor oil. Consequent to the delay in gastric emptying, TMinh-23 administration significantly reduced the elevation in blood sugar in mice following an oral but not intraperitoneal glucose load. These results provide pharmacological evidence for involvement of TMEM16A in gastric emptying and suggest the utility of TMEM16A inhibition in disorders of accelerated gastric emptying, such as dumping syndrome, and potentially for improving glucose tolerance in diabetes mellitus/metabolic syndrome and enhancing satiety in obesity.-Cil, O., Anderson, M. O., Yen, R., Kelleher, B., Huynh, T. L., Seo, Y., Nilsen, S. P., Turner, J. R., Verkman, A. S. Slowed gastric emptying and improved oral glucose tolerance produced by a nanomolar-potency inhibitor of calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A.

Effects of pioglitazone mediated activation of PPAR-γ on CIDEC and obesity related changes in mice.

ObjectiveObesity is a metabolic disorder that can lead to high blood pressure, increased blood cholesterol and triglycerides, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. The aim was to study the effects of pioglitazone mediated sensitization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) on the relationship of Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector C (CIDEC) with obesity related changes in mice.MethodsSixty C57B/L6 mice weighing 10–12g at 3 weeks of age were randomly divided into 3 groups. Mice in Group 1 were fed on normal diet (ND) while Group 2 mice were given high fat diet (HFD), and Group 3 mice were given high fat diet and treated with Pioglitazone (HFD+P). Body weight, length and level of blood sugar were measured weekly. Quantitative real-time PCR, fluorescence microscopy, and ELISA were performed to analyze the expression of CIDEC and PPAR-γ in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT).ResultsBody weight and length of mice increased gradually with time in all groups. Blood sugar in HFD mice started to increase significantly from the mid of late phase of obesity while pioglitazone attenuated blood sugar level in HFD+P mice. The mRNA expressions and protein levels of PPAR-γ and CIDEC genes started to increase in HFD mice as compared to ND mice and decreased gradually during the late phase of obesity in VAT. Pioglitazone enhanced the expression of PPAR-γ and CIDEC genes in HFD+P mice even during the late phase of obesity.ConclusionIt is insinuated that VAT is associated with late phase obesity CIDEC decrease and insulin resistance, while pioglitazone enhances CIDEC through activation of PPAR-γ, increases its expression, and decreases lipolysis, hence preventing an increase of blood sugar in mice exposed to HFD.

EFFECTS OF GREEN TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS) ON BLOOD GLUCOSE OF MICE ON HIGH FAT DIET

ABSTRACT: Objectives : The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of green tea on blood sugar of mice on high fat diet. Study Design: Analytical experimental randomized control trial. Place & Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and National Institute of Health, Islamabad. The duration of study was twelve weeks. Material & Methods: Sixty adult mice, Balb-c strain were selected and divided into three groups. The control group was given standard laboratory diet throughout the study. In experimental group A, the study was carried outin two phases. In the first phase, hepatic steatosis was induced by high fat diet containing 4 percent cholesterol powder and 40 percent butter fat for six weeks. In the second phase, experimental group was given normal diet with 1 percent green tea over a period of next six weeks. The experimental group B was given high fat diet containing 4 percent cholesterol powder and 40 percent butter fat with 1 percent green tea over a period of twelve weeks. Ten mice in each were group sacrificed at six weeks and remaining ten were sacrificed at twelve weeks. Results: The result showed that high fat diet for six weeks produced significant hepatic steatosis, evident on histological analysis. When experimental group A (induction phase) with high fat diet was compared with the (reversal phase) on normal diet and green tea, statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was noted in terms of biochemical markers (Blood Glucose). Green tea affected all the biochemical parameters, which though reduced never reached the control value and remained somewhat elevated. Conclusion: It is therefore concluded that green tea protects against the development of hepatic steatosis, reduces hepatic injury and significantly lower the blood glucose. Key Words: Camellia Sinensis , Blood Glucose.

Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity by water extracts of Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder and their effects on blood sugar in mice

To investigate the effects of Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder water extracts (CEW) on α-glucosidase activity (AG) and blood sugar in mice. The inhibition of AG by CEW was studied with enzyme-inhibitor screening external model with acarbose as control drug. The normal mice were administrated by gavage with 40.0g*kg(-1), or 10.0 g*kg(-1) of CEW, 0.375 g*kg(-1) of acarbose, and 0.3ml of normal saline, respectively in successive 5 days; then the animals were loaded with 2.0 g*kg(-1) of glucose, 4.0 g*kg(-1) of sucrose, and 2.0 g*kg(-1) of starch and blood sugar levels were measured within 15, 30, 60, and 120min. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in mice, then 40.0 g*kg(-1), or 10.0 g*kg(-1) of CEW was given to diabetic mice in successive 2 weeks and 4 weeks, then the blood sugar levels were measured. In the enzyme inhibition test, when the concentration of CEW was between 0.3125 g*L(-1)-10.00 g*L(-1), the inhibition rate was 55.42%-92.73% when the concentration of acarbose was 1.5625 g*L(-1)-25.00 g*L(-1), the inhibition rate was 9.28%-64.87%. In the sugar tolerance test, the blood sugar value in starch-loaded mice decreased sharply (P<0.01), followed by sucrose-loaded group (P<0.05), and there was no change in glucose-loaded group (P>0.05). In diabetic mice CEW-40 and CEW-10 groups showed significant blood sugar lowering effect (P<0.01 or P<0.05). CEW has stronger effect in inhibition of AG activity than acarbose. CEW can increase the sugar tolerance in normal mice and decrease the blood sugar level in diabetic mice..

Effect of Intraperitoneal Injection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on the Carbohydrate Metabolism in Mice

The effects of intraperitoneal administration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pathogenic strain on carbohydrate metabolism in mice at varying administration doses were examined. The content of liver glycogen in mice at 5 hr after injection decreased in inverse proportion to the increase of the dose of viable pathogen. On the other hand, the level of blood sugar in mice changed effectively with an increase in the dose, and at the dose of 0.8 mg (2.72×105 cells) a distinct hypoglycemia appeared within 5 hr after injection. The activities of hepatic phosphorylase and G-6-Pase showed a tendency similar to the rise and the fall in the levels of blood sugar. The result of this experiment suggests a complexicity of metabolic response in host to the aggression of pathogen.

Changes in the pancreas and blood sugar in mice infected with coxsackievirus

White mice infected with Coxsackievirus Group Bl and Group B4 develop acute pancreatitis and glucose intolerance. The structural changes involve the acinar tissue only and last for up to 30 days. Glucose intolerance persists for 6 mth returning to normal 12 mth after virus inoculation. The observations confirm the hypothesis that diabetes mellitus can occasionally follow Coxsackievirus infection but the process may be reversible.

The blood sugar in mice during growth of Ehrlich's carcinoma

The blood sugar in mice during growth of Ehrlich's carcinoma

Mouse hepatitis virusに関する研究 (第2報)

Two hepatotropic viruses, i.e. mouse hepatitis virus isolated by Buescher' and Ectromelia virus, were inoculated into mice intraperineally and histopathological changes of mice were pursued with particular emphasis on the features of the liver.In addition to these studies, the level of liver glycogen and blood sugar of mice was estimated day by day after infection. One of the hepatotoxic substance, toyocamycin, which has been isolated in our laboratory from a streptomyces filtrate, was also tested just for comparison. The results obtained in such studies are the subject of this communication and will be summarized as follows:1). All of the mice injected with two different viruses and toyocamycin died almost within 72hrs. On the histopathological examination, conspicuous changes were chiefly limited to the liver. These changes were characteristic with each agent.2) Both the suger content of the blood and liver glycogen decreased gradually after inoculation of the above two viruses. However, with toyocamycin injection, liver glycogen decreased without any detectable changes of blood sugar content.3). When glucose tolerance test was employed, the drop down of reserve activity of liver glycogen have been recongnized with these three groups.4). In glucose tolerance test, administration of dl-methionine or glucuronic acid, particularly the latter, was favourable for improving the liver function with toyocamycin injected mice, but no effect was observed with the mice infected with viruses.From the above observation, the auther concluded that with viral hepatitis, low blood sugar content would be partly explainable with lowered activility of liver function, but the disorders in other parts of body, which would participate in controlling the blood sugar level should be also considered. On the other hand, toxicity of toyocamycin was rather limited to the liver.

ANALYSIS OF THE BLOOD SUGAR RESPONSE OF OBESE-HYPERGLYCEMIC MICE AND NORMAL MICE TO HORMONES: GROWTH HORMONE,CORTISONE, AND CORTICOTROPIN1

INFORMATION on the effects of growth hormone, corticotropin (ACTH), or cortisone on the blood sugar of mice is scanty. Young (1938) found that an anterior pituitary extract which was diabetogenic in cats and dogs was without effect on the blood sugar when injected into mice. Westermeyer and Raben (1954) found that their oxycel preparation of corticotropin (Rabin et al., 1952) produced a fall in the blood sugar of Swiss mice after administration of doses of one to 300 μg. The decrease was significant after one-half hour and maximal after 3 hours. These investigators also found that larger doses of Armour growth hormone (0.1 mg. to 5.0 mg.) produced decreases in blood sugar of similar magnitude to those produced by corticotropin. In a systematic investigation of the biochemical and endocrine factors involved in the maintenance of hyperglycemic blood sugar levels in the obese-hyperglycemic mice, it was of importance to determine the effects of the diabetogenic hormones on the blood sugar of these animals.