Blood Pump Research Articles

Numerical investigation on the effect of impeller axial position on hemodynamics of an extracorporeal centrifugal blood pump

Extracorporeal centrifugal blood pumps are used to treat cardiogenic shock. Owing to the imbalanced excitation or initial assembly configurations, the variation in the impeller axial position has the potential to affect the blood pump performance. This study compared the hydrodynamics and hemolysis outcomes at different impeller axial positions via numerical simulations. The result shows that pressure difference of the blood pump decreased with increasing impeller axial position, with decreasing by 4.5% at a flow rate of 2 L/min. Under axial impeller motion close to the top pump casing, average wall shear stress and scalar shear stress reached their maximum values (64.2 and 29.1 Pa, respectively). The residence time in the impeller center hole and bottom clearance were extended to 0.5 s by increasing impeller axial position. Compared to the baseline blood pump, hemolysis index increased by 12.3% and 24.3% when impeller axial position is 2.5 and 4.0 mm, respectively. As a novelty, the findings reveal that the impeller axial position adversely affects hemolysis performance when the impeller is close to the pump casing. Therefore, in the development process of centrifugal blood pumps, the optimal axial position of the impeller must be defined to ensure hemodynamic performance.

Next Generation Development of Hybrid Continuous Flow Pediatric Total Artificial Heart Technology: Design-Build-Test.

To address the unmet clinical need for pediatric circulatory support, we are developing an operationally versatile, hybrid, continuous-flow, total artificial heart ("Dragon Heart"). This device integrates a magnetically levitated axial and centrifugal blood pump. Here, we utilized a validated axial flow pump, and we focused on the development of the centrifugal pump. A motor was integrated to drive the centrifugal pump, achieving 50% size reduction. The motor design was simulated by finite element analysis, and pump design improvement was attained by computational fluid dynamics. A prototype centrifugal pump was constructed from biocompatible 3D printed parts for the housing and machined metal parts for the drive system. Centrifugal prototype testing was conducted using water and then bovine blood. The fully combined device ( i.e. , axial pump nested inside of the centrifugal pump) was tested to ensure proper operation. We demonstrated the hydraulic performance of the two pumps operating in tandem, and we found that the centrifugal blood pump performance was not adversely impacted by the simultaneous operation of the axial blood pump. The current iteration of this design achieved a range of operation overlapping our target range. Future design iterations will further reduce size and incorporate complete and active magnetic levitation.

Numerical study on the performance of mixed flow blood pump with superhydrophobic surface.

To meet the clinical status of the wide application of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support, this paper selects the mixed flow blood pump applied with superhydrophobic surface as the research object. The Navier slip model was used to simulate the slip characteristics of superhydrophobic surface, and the effects of the blade wrap angle and the superhydrophobic surface on the performance of the mixed flow blood pump are studied by numerical simulation. The results show that (1) considering the head, hydraulic efficiency, and hemolysis index of the blood pump, the optimal value of the blade wrap angle of the mixed flow blood pump in this paper is 60°. (2) The hydraulic efficiency of the blood pump with superhydrophobic surface is improved, and the maximum growth rate is about 13.9%; superhydrophobic surface can reduce the hemolysis index of blood pump under various working conditions, and the maximum reduction rate of hemolysis index of blood pump is 22.9%. (3) The variation trends of blood pump head, hydraulic efficiency, and hemolysis index with the increased rotating speed before and after setting superhydrophobic slip boundary conditions are the same as their original variation trends.

Development and validation of a novel risk prediction algorithm to estimate 10-year risk of oesophageal cancer in primary care: prospective cohort study and evaluation of performance against two other risk prediction models.

Methods to identify patients at increased risk of oesophageal cancer are needed to better identify those fortargeted screening. We aimed to derive and validate novel risk prediction algorithms (CanPredict) to estimate the 10-year risk of oesophageal cancer and evaluate performance against two other risk prediction models. Prospective open cohort study using routinely collected data from 1804 QResearch® general practices. We used 1354 practices (12.9M patients) to develop the algorithm. We validated the algorithm in 450 separate practices from QResearch (4.12M patients) and 355 Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) practices (2.53M patients). The primary outcome was an incident diagnosis of oesophageal cancer found in GP, mortality, hospital, or cancer registry data. Patients were aged 25-84 years and free of oesophageal cancer at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models were used with prediction selection to derive risk equations. Risk factors included age, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation score, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol, family history, relevant co-morbidities and medications. Measures of calibration, discrimination, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated in the validation cohorts. There were 16,384 incident cases of oesophageal cancer in the derivation cohort (0.13% of 12.9M). The predictors in the final algorithms were: age, BMI, Townsend deprivation score, smoking, alcohol, ethnicity, Barrett's oesophagus, hiatus hernia, H.pylori infection, use of proton pump inhibitors, anaemia, lung and blood cancer (with breast cancer in women). In the QResearch validation cohort in women the explained variation (R2) was 57.1%; Royston's D statistic 2.36 (95% CI 2.26-2.46); C statistic 0.859 (95% CI 0.849-0.868) and calibration was good. Results were similar in men. For the 20% at highest predicted risk, the sensitivity was 76%, specificity was 80.1% and the observed risk at 10 years was 0.76%. The results from the CPRD validation were similar. We have developed and validated a novel prediction algorithm to quantify the absolute risk of oesophageal cancer. The CanPredict algorithms could be used to identify high risk patients for targeted screening. Innovate UK and CRUK (grant 105857).

Abstract P368: A Case Of Cardiac Arrest In A Healthy 21-year-old Man Due To Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Background: Sudden cardiac arrest due to coronary artery disease (CAD) is an important matter of research, particularly among young adults with no overt heart disease. Despite the rare incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) in patients aged < 45 years, it is necessary to identify the etiologies and the angiographic profile of the disease at a young age. Case report: A 21-year-old male with no past medical history presented with cardiac arrest. The patient was playing basketball, and he went for a water break. Then, he was found unconscious with no pulse. At the emergency department, the patient was hypoxemic (oxygen saturation: 88% on room air) with T wave inversions on electrocardiogram. Laboratory testing showed elevations of lactate, creatine kinase, creatinine, liver function parameters, lactic acid, and white blood cells. An echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction (EF) of 25% and acute non-ST elevation MI. Coronary angiography revealed a ruptured plaque and total occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. The patient was intubated and he underwent a successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and stenting of the occluded LAD. An Impella blood pump (Impella 3.5) was implanted, which led to an improvement of the EF (42%). On the next day, the Impella device was removed; the patient passed the spontaneous breathing trial and was extubated. Patient started on carvedilol 3.125 mg twice daily, spironolactone 25 mg daily, aspirin, ticagrelor and sacubitril/ valsartan. Follow-up was advised at the outpatient clinic for the possible placement of an automated implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Conclusion and clinical implications: Among young patients with MI due to ischemic cardiomyopathy, echocardiogram and coronary angiography are diagnostic, and emergency PCI results in a significant improvement.

Development of an in-vitro model for extracorporeal blood pumps to study the effects of artificial pulsatility on human blood.

The application of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) systems is known to be associated with several implications regarding hemolysis, inflammation, and coagulation. In the last years, systems with pulsatile blood flow are increasingly used with the intention to improve hemodynamics in reperfusion. However, their implications on the aforementioned aspects remain largely unknown. To investigate the effects of pulsatility, this ex-vivo study was initiated. Test circuits (primed with human whole blood) were set up in accordance with the recommendations of international standards for in-vitro evaluation of new components and systems of ECC. Diagonal pumps were either set up with non-pulsatile (n = 5, NPG) or pulsatile (n = 5, PG) pump settings and evaluated for 6 h. All analyses were conducted with human whole blood. Blood samples were repeatedly drawn from the test circuits and analyzed regarding free hemoglobin, interleukin 8 (IL-8), platelet aggregation and acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS). After 1 h of circulation, a significant coagulation impairment (impaired platelet function and AVWS) was observed in both groups. After 6 h of circulation, increased IL-8 concentrations were measured in both groups (NPG: 0.05 ± 0.03 pg./mL, PG: 0.03 ± 0.01 pg./mL, p = 0.48). Pulsatile pump flow resulted in significantly increased hemolysis after 6 h of circulation (NPG: 37.3 ± 12.4 mg/100 L; PG: 59.6 ± 14.5 mg/100 L; p < 0.05). Our results indicate that the coagulative impairment takes place in the early phase of ECC. Pulsatility did not affect the occurrence of AVWS ex-vivo. Prolonged durations of pulsatile pump flow led to increased hemolysis and therefore, its prolonged use should be employed cautiously in clinical practice with appropriate monitoring.

Radiative heat transfer on the peristaltic flow of an electrically conducting nanofluid through wavy walls of a tapered channel

Present analysis deals with the characteristics of radiative heat on the peristaltic flow of nanofluid through wavy walls of a tapered channel. Peristaltic flows within the pumping process arise in the region having lower to higher pressure region. Assumption of velocity slip along with the convective boundary condition energizes the thermal system as well as the flow phenomena. However, the combined effect of Brownian motion and thermophorsis due to the cross-diffusion effect affects the flow properties. One of the significant applications of the flow is that the blood pumping in the human body. It acts as a vehicle through the liquid that past through the wavy channels walls contacting liquids expands in its length due to the dynamical rush. However, solution of the transformed governing flow phenomena is obtained by employing approximate analytical technique known as Variation Parameter Method (VPM). The characteristics of the parameters involved in the system are presented via graphs. Present outcome warrants that, the significance of magnetic strength and flow through the permeable medium may favours to enhance the pumping procedure as the pressure gradient lower down in the non-Darcy medium found to be one of the important observations. Further, significant enhancement in the fluid temperature and concentration profile is exhibited due to the consideration of the convective conditions i.e. the augmentation in the thermal and solutalBiot numbers respectively.

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CEREBRO-VASCULAR ACCIDENTS AMONG NURSING STUDENTS OF THE SELECTED NURSING COLLEGE AT JAIPUR.

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, known as Hypertension. High blood pressure (hypertension) can quietly damage your body for years before symptoms develop. There is a natural tendency for blood pressure to rise with age due to the reduced elasticity of the arterial system. Age is therefore one of the factors that needs to be taken into account in deciding whether a person blood pressure is too high

Impact of continuous-flow mechanical circulatory support on cerebrospinal fluid motility.

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS), including ventricular assist devices (VADs), have emerged as promising therapeutic alternatives for end-stage congestive heart failure (CHF). The latest generation of these devices are continuous flow (CF) blood pumps. While there have been demonstrated benefits to patient outcomes due to CF-MCS, there continue to be significant clinical challenges. Research to-date has concentrated on mitigating thromboembolic risk (stroke), while the downstream impact of CF-MCS on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow has not been well investigated. Disturbances in the CSF pressure and flow patterns are known to be associated with neurologic impairment and diseased states. Thus, here we seek to develop an understanding of the pathophysiologic consequences of CF-MCS on CSF dynamics. We built and validated a computational framework using lumped parameter modeling of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular physics, CSF dynamics, and autoregulation. A sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm robustness of the modeling framework. Then, we characterized the impact of CF-MCS on the CSF and investigated cardiovascular conditions of healthy and end-stage heart failure. Modeling results demonstrated appropriate hemodynamics and indicated that CSF pressure depends on blood flow pulsatility more than CSF flow. An acute equilibrium between CSF production and absorption was observed in the CF-MCS case, characterized by CSF pressure remaining elevated, and CSF flow rates remaining below healthy, but higher than CHF states. This research has advanced our understanding of the impact of CF-MCS on CSF dynamics and cerebral hemodynamics.

Use of Intracorporeal Durable LVAD Support in Children Using HVAD or HeartMate 3-A EUROMACS Analysis.

Purpose: The withdrawal of HVAD in 2021 created a concern for the pediatric population. The alternative implantable centrifugal blood pump HeartMate 3 has since been used more frequently in children. This paper analyses the outcome of children on LVAD support provided with an HVAD or HM3. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the EUROMACS database on children supported with VAD < 19 years of age from 1 January 2009 to 1 December 2021 was conducted. All patients with an LVAD and either an HVAD or HM3 were included. Patients with missing data on VAD status and/or missing baseline and/or follow up information were excluded. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to evaluate survival differences. Analyses were performed using Fisher's exact test. Results: The study included 150 implantations in 142 patients with 128 implants using an HVAD compared to 28 implants using an HM3. Nine patients (6%) needed temporary right ventricular mechanical support, which was significantly higher in the HM3 group, with 25% (p: 0.01). Patients in the HVAD group were significantly younger (12.7 vs. 14.5 years, p: 0.01), weighed less (45.7 vs. 60 kg, p: <0.000) and had lower BSA values (1.3 vs. 1.6 m2, p: <0.000). Median support time was 204 days. Overall, 98 patients (69%) were discharged and sent home, while 87% were discharged in group HM3 (p: ns). A total of 123 children (86%) survived to transplantation, recovery or are ongoing, without differences between groups. In the HVAD group, 10 patients (8%) died while on support, whereas in 12% of HM3 patients died (p: 0.7). Conclusions: Survival in children implanted with an HM3 was excellent. Almost 90% were discharged and sent home on the device.

Численное моделирование течения жидкости в насосе для перекачки крови в программном комплексе FlowVision

Численное моделирование течения жидкости в насосе для перекачки крови в программном комплексе FlowVision

Dissipated energy and efficiency as objective functions for the design of the NeoVAD rotary blood pump.

Minimising haemolytic blood damage is an important objective when designing rotary blood pumps, however, calculating haemolysis can be computationally expensive and inaccurate. Efficiency and dissipated energy are much more easily calculable hydraulic parameters in the design and analysis of rotary blood pumps and although there is work to suggest that efficiency is not a good indicator of haemocompatibility, i.e. more efficient pumps do not necessarily cause less damage, there is recent speculation that dissipated energy can act as an easily calculable haemolysis analogue.This study shows that for design purposes, optimising for maximum efficiency and minimum dissipated energy are functionally the same as they are inherently and closely linked. Moreover a demonstration of rotary blood pump design has been completed using the NeoVAD paediatric left ventricular assist device optimising for both objective functions. The resulting designs appear similar in rotor blade shape and are similar in hydraulic performance.Clinical relevance- This reinforces the direct link between efficiency and dissipated energy when analysing rotary blood pumps at a given design operating point. This raises questions either of the claim that efficiency cannot be used as an easily calculable analogue for haemolysis or the validity of dissipated energy to act in this same manner.

Circulatory Support: Artificial Muscles for the Future of Cardiovascular Assist Devices.

Artificial muscles enable the design of soft implantable devices which are poised to transform the way wemechanically support the heart today. Heart failure is a prevalent and deadly disease, which is treated with the implantation of rotary blood pumps as the only alternative to heart transplantation. The clinically used mechanical devices are associated with severe adverse events, which are reflected here in a comprehensive list of critical requirements for soft active devices of the future: low power, no blood contact, pulsatile support, physiological responsiveness, high cycle life, and less-invasive implantation. In this review, prior art in artificial muscles for their applicability in the short and long term is investigated and critically evaluated. The main challenges regarding the effectiveness, controllability, and implantability of recently proposed actuators are highlighted and the future perspectives for attachment, physiological responsiveness, durability, and biodegradability as well as equitable design considerations are explored.

Epinephrine Dosing Use During Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort.

During pediatric cardiac arrest, contemporary guidelines recommend dosing epinephrine at regular intervals, including in patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The impact of epinephrine-induced vasoconstriction on systemic afterload and venoarterial ECMO support is not well-defined. Nested retrospective observational study within a single center. The primary exposure was time from last dose of epinephrine to initiation of ECMO flow; secondary exposures included cumulative epinephrine dose and arrest time. Systemic afterload was assessed by mean arterial pressure and use of systemic vasodilator therapy; ECMO pump flow and Vasoactive-Inotrope Score (VIS) were used as measures of ECMO support. Clearance of lactate was followed post-cannulation as a marker of systemic perfusion. PICU and cardiac ICU in a quaternary-care center. Patients 0-18 years old who required ECMO cannulation during resuscitation over the 6 years, 2014-2020. Patients were excluded if ECMO was initiated before cardiac arrest or if the resuscitation record was incomplete. None. A total of 92 events in 87 patients, with 69 events having complete data for analysis. The median (interquartile range) of total epinephrine dosing was 65 mcg/kg (37-101 mcg/kg), with the last dose given 6 minutes (2-16 min) before the initiation of ECMO flows. Shorter interval between last epinephrine dose and ECMO initiation was associated with increased use of vasodilators within 6 hours of ECMO (p = 0.05), but not with mean arterial pressure after 1 hour of support (estimate, -0.34; p = 0.06). No other associations were identified between epinephrine delivery and mean arterial blood pressure, vasodilator use, pump speed, VIS, or lactate clearance. There is limited evidence to support the idea that regular dosing of epinephrine during cardiac arrest is associated with increased in afterload after ECMO cannulation. Additional studies are needed to validate findings against ECMO flows and clinically relevant outcomes.

Sodium bicarbonate as a local adjunctive agent for limiting platelet activation, aggregation, and adhesion within cardiovascular therapeutic devices

Cardiovascular therapeutic devices (CTDs) remain limited by thrombotic adverse events. Current antithrombotic agents limit thrombosis partially, often adding to bleeding. The Impella® blood pump utilizes heparin in 5% dextrose (D5W) as an internal purge to limit thrombosis. While effective, exogenous heparin often complicates overall anticoagulation management, increasing bleeding tendency. Recent clinical studies suggest sodium bicarbonate (bicarb) may be an effective alternative to heparin for local anti-thrombosis. We examined the effect of sodium bicarbonate on human platelet morphology and function to better understand its translational utility. Human platelets were incubated (60:40) with D5W + 25 mEq/L, 50 mEq/L, or 100 mEq/L sodium bicarbonate versus D5W or D5W + Heparin 50 U/mL as controls. pH of platelet-bicarbonate solutions mixtures was measured. Platelet morphology was examined via transmission electron microscopy; activation assessed via P-selectin expression, phosphatidylserine exposure and thrombin generation; and aggregation with TRAP-6, calcium ionophore, ADP and collagen quantified; adhesion to glass measured via fluorescence microscopy. Sodium bicarbonate did not alter platelet morphology but did significantly inhibit activation, aggregation, and adhesion. Phosphatidylserine exposure and thrombin generation were both reduced in a concentration-dependent manner—between 26.6 ± 8.2% (p = 0.01) and 70.7 ± 5.6% (p < 0.0001); and 14.0 ± 6.2% (p = 0.15) and 41.7 ± 6.8% (p = 0.03), respectively, compared to D5W control. Platelet aggregation via all agonists was also reduced, particularly at higher concentrations of bicarb. Platelet adhesion to glass was similarly reduced, between 0.04 ± 0.03% (p = 0.61) and 0.11 ± 0.04% (p = 0.05). Sodium bicarbonate has direct, local, dose-dependent effects limiting platelet activation and adhesion. Our results highlight the potential utility of sodium bicarbonate as a locally acting agent to limit device thrombosis.

In-Vitro Flow Validation of Third-Generation Ventricular Assist Devices: Feasibility and Challenges.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool for the in-silico evaluation of rotodynamic blood pumps (RBPs). Corresponding validation, however, is typically restricted to easily accessible, global flow quantities. This study showcased the HeartMate 3 (HM3) to identify feasibility and challenges of enhanced in-vitro validation in third-generation RBPs. To enable high-precision acquisition of impeller torques and grant access for optical flow measurements, the HM3 testbench geometry was geometrically modified. These modifications were reproduced in silico , and global flow computations validated along 15 operating conditions. The globally validated flow in the testbench geometry was compared with CFD-simulated flows in the original geometry to assess the impact of the necessary modifications on global and local hydraulic properties. Global hydraulic properties in the testbench geometry were successfully validated (pressure head: r = 0.999, root mean square error [RMSE] = 2.92 mmHg; torque: r = 0.996, RMSE = 0.134 mNm). In-silico comparison with the original geometry demonstrated good agreement ( r > 0.999, relative errors < 11.97%) of global hydraulic properties. Local hydraulic properties (errors up to 81.78%) and hemocopatibility predictions (deviations up to 21.03%), however, were substantially affected by the geometric modifications. Transferability of local flow measures derived on advanced in-vitro testbenches toward original pump designs is challenged by significant local effects associated with the necessary geometrical modifications.

Cell-scale hemolysis evaluation of intervenient ventricular assist device based on dissipative particle dynamics.

Most of the existing hemolysis mechanism studies are carried out on the macro flow scale. They assume that the erythrocyte membranes with different loads will suffer the same damage, which obviously has limitations. Thus, exploring the hemolysis mechanism through the macroscopic flow field information is a tough challenge. In order to further understand the non-physiological shear hemolysis phenomenon at the cell scale, this study used the coarse-grained erythrocytes damage model at the mesoscopic scale based on the transport dissipative particle dynamics (tDPD) method. Combined with computational fluid dynamics the hemolysis of scalarized shear stress () in the clearance of "Impella 5.0" was evaluated under the Lagrange perspective and Euler perspective. The results from the Lagrange perspective showed that the change rate of scaled shear stress () was the most critical factor in damaging RBCs in the rotor region of "Impella 5.0"and other transvalvular micro-axial blood pumps. Then, we propose a dimensionless number with time integration based on to evaluate hemolysis. The Dissipative particle dynamics simulation results are consistent with the evaluation results, so may be an important factor in the hemolysis of VADs. Finally, we tested the hemolysis of 30% hematocrit whole blood in the "Impella 5.0" shroud clearance from the Euler perspective. Relevant results indicate that because of the wall effect, the RBCs near the impeller side are more prone to damage, and most of the cytoplasm is also gathered at the rotor side.

The function of solidarity and its normative implications

ABSTRACT Many lament that solidarity is declining, implying there is something good about it; but what is solidarity and why should we want it? Here, we defend an original functionalist re-interpretation of solidarity. Political solidarity plays a key functional role in a polity’s persistence through time. Thus, we should want institutions that foster solidarity. This paper is divided into three parts. In the first, we draw on the philosophy of biology to pinpoint what counts as a proper function, in a way that is naturalistic, objective, and selective. On this aetiological account, a sharp distinction between functional needs (e.g. the pumping of blood) and functional mechanisms (e.g. the valve that pumps blood) is drawn. In the second part of the paper, we propose that solidarity should be understood as an aetiological function of society. This new conception sheds light on the widely acknowledged, yet seldom clarified connection between two common readings of solidarity: solidarity as a set of feelings of mutual kinship (its functional need), and solidarity as a set of redistributive institutions (a key functional mechanism). The third part concludes that this new functional conception of solidarity provides normative reasons to foster solidarity.

Modified Darcy’s law and couple stress effects on electro-osmotic flow of non-Newtonian nanofluid with peristalsis

In this study, we focused on the heat transfer through a uniformly inclined rectangular duct caused by the electro-osmotic peristaltic flow of an unsteady non-Newtonian nanofluid. With couple stress, the fluid obeys the Papanastasiou model. The flow is through a porous medium that follows Darcy’s law in a modified form. In addition, Dufour and Soret effects, mixed convection, the impacts of a chemical reaction, and the effects of viscous couple stress dissipation are all considered. The governing equations that explain the velocity, temperature, and concentration of nanoparticles are simplified when wave transformation is used. The homotopy perturbation method was used to solve these equations analytically. Additionally, a collection of figures is used to discuss and visually illustrate the consequences of the physical characteristics. In fact, the modified Darcy’s law makes the velocity gradient appear in the momentum equation, which increases the contribution of the velocity gradient to the velocity profile. In addition, the electro-osmotic parameter and Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity have a significant impact on the velocity gradient’s direction, as well as the velocity gradient’s ability to be either positive or negative, depending on their values. In addition, in the case of forced convection, the values of the Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are highly affected by the value of Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity. The current findings have applications in biology and medicine, particularly in cancer therapy, which involves peristaltic blood pumps(arteries) and suspended gold nanoparticles (nanofluid). According to our knowledge, no prior studies have merged the couple stress Papanastasiou model and the modified Darcy’s law.

Physical development of students depending on the predominance of autonomic nervous system type

All cells and tissues of the human body maintain a connection with each other, and their activities are clearly coordinated. It is difficult to imagine how all the systems of the human body function in an extremely harmonious manner. Even when a person is at rest, the heart pumps blood, directing it throughout the body, the kidneys remove waste products from the body, and gas exchange takes place in the lungs, muscles help maintain a certain position, hold a book, while the brain " busy" reading. And although it is considered that when reading, a person rests, our body is physiologically active. The activity of all body systems becomes much higher when it actively moves. With increasing physical activity, the physiological activity of muscles increases. Active muscles need more nutrients, more oxygen, a higher rate of metabolic processes and more efficient elimination of decay products.&#x0D; In the presented literature data on the effect of physical exertion on the cardiovascular system and physical development, there are no data on the effect of physical exercises of various directions on the physical condition and cardiohemodynamics of young people studying at universities. In order to solve the problems of the impact of physical exercises on the body of students of higher education, it is necessary to provide a comprehensive study of the morpho-functional state of the cardiovascular system, physical development and working capacity of the students' body during physical exertion of various directions.