Blood Protein Polymorphisms Research Articles

生化学的遺伝形質からみたSufflk, Finnish Landraceおよびそれら交雑種の遺伝的関係

Blood protein polymorphisms of six systems (transferrin, arylesterase, alkaline phosphatase, hemoglobin, X-protein and NADH diaphorase) for 209 sheep of two breeds and two crosses which have kept in Happy Sheep Farm were investigated by means of starch gel electrophoresis and their variations were compared among them. The degree of homogeneity and genetic similarities among them were discussed by using the gene frequencies in six blood protein systems. Results obtained are as follows : 1. The gene freguencies of ArEs+, HbA and DiaS allele in Finnish Landrace breed were higher than those of the other breeds In transferrin system, the frequencies of TfA allele in Suffolk-Three-Quarter-bred, TfC allele in Half-bred, Suffolk-Three-Quarter-bred and Finnish Landrace, and TfD allele in Finnish Landrace were the highest, respectively. In alkaline phosphatase and X-protein systems, the frequencies of those in their breeds developed a tendency to be the same. 2. The homogeneity index of Suffolk breed was the highest (0.367) in them, and Finnish Landrace breed was the lowest (0.252) of them all. 3. From the results of genetic similarities among them, it was made clear that Half-bred, Suffolk-Three-Quarter-bred and Suffolk breed constituted one group which was entirely different from Flnnish Landrace breed, 'within their breeds, the group of Half-bred and Suffolk-Three-Quarter-bred was different from Suffolk breed, but closer to Suffolk breed.

List of Contributions by the Members on Animal Blood Groups and Protein Polymorphisms

List of Contributions by the Members on Animal Blood Groups and Protein Polymorphisms

Blood group, protein, and red cell enzyme polymorphisms of the Hadza of Tanzania.

Three subpopulations of the Hadza were examined for the following antigens and proteins including enzymes A1ABH, MNS Henshaw, CcCwDDuEeVCe, Lua, KJsa, Fy1Fy2, JkaJkb, Dia, Wra, haemoglobin, haptoglobin, transferrin, acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, adenylate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase. The results are discussed in relation to other African populations including the Sandawe, Nyaturu, Pygmies, San, and Khoikhoi.

Population genetics of Japanese monkeys: II. Blood protein polymorphisms and population structure

Genetic variability in individual troops of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata fuscata) was quantified by the proportion of polymorphic loci and the average heterozygosity per individual from the results of starch-gel electrophoreses of blood proteins controlled by 32 independent genetic loci. The former averaged 9.2% and the latter 1.3%, the values being remarkably lower than those estimated for other animal populations. Geographical distribution of the genetic variations was not uniform in the whole species but the variants occurred only in limited areas. Assuming the selective neutrality of segregating alleles and the two-dimensional stepping-stone model of population structure, the genetic migration rate between the local demes per generation could be estimated to average less than inverse of average effective deme size. Here, the local deme is not a troop itself, but it consists of several troops tightly connected with each other by frequent exchanges of reproductive males. Analyses of correlation between geographic and genetic distances between troops revealed that the gene constitutions of two troops apart more than 100 km on an island could be regarded as practically independent of each other. These results suggest that the population structure of the Japanese macaque species has a tendency to split into a number of local subpopulations in which the effect of random genetic drift is prevailing.

Esterase D in Cebus apella from the Amazonian region.

Research programs involving the study of genetic variation of proteins have been carried out both in humans and catarrhine primates but rarely in New World species. Considering the great possibilities offered by protein variations as genetic markers in systematic and evolutionary studies in this group of organisms, the authors are specially interested in the investigation of genetic polymorphisms of blood proteins in Amazonian primates. In this paper we describe the electrophoretic patterns of erythrocyte esterases obtained from blood samples of 57 Cebus apella specimens. Blood hemolysates from Cebus display four main set of bands in azo-coupled stained gels. These bands are identified as esterases P, A1, A2 and B by their electrophoretic migration, substrate specificity and eserine reaction. The use of the fluorogenic reagent 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate revealed the presence of a fifth set of enzymes not detected by the azo-coupled staining method. This set of enzymes, probably a polymorphic genetic system, was named ESD as in humans.

Genetic differentiation among matrilines in social groups of rhesus monkeys

In rhesus monkey populations, animals related by descent to some female comprise a matriline or genealogy. Data on blood protein polymorphisms in the Cayo Santiago rhesus colony indicate that allele frequency variations among matrilines in social groups are large. These variations occur despite high levels of outbreeding. Computer simulation analyses indicate that pedigree or linear effect account for much of the observed genetic differentiation among genealogies. A sampling with correlation model in which genealogy sizes and average kinship levels are parameters predicts among matriline genetic differentiation. This study indicates that substantial genetic substructure is present within rhesus social groups. Our analyses also predict that large variances in allele frequencies should be common among social or trait groups based on kinship relationships.

Genetic differentiation of the indonesian crab-eating macaque (macaca fascicularis/it): I. Preliminary report on blood protein polymorphism

The blood protein polymorphism of five local populations of Indonesian crab-eating macaques (cynos) was examined by gel electrophoresis. The measured genetic variability was compared with previous research results for Asian macaques. It was found that the level of genetic variability was mostly lower than that of Asian mainland macaques but higher than that of local troops of Japanese macaques. A remarkable genetic differentiation in Bali cynos from South Sumatra/West Java cynos was demonstrated. This result was inconsistent with the subspecies classification of cynos in Indonesia.

Genetic Polymorphisms of Blood and Milk and Reproduction in Holstein Cattle1,2

Associations of blood and milk protein polymorphisms with reproductive performance were examined in more than 32,000 services in 15,000 service periods of 6,000 cows and 700 service sires in Holsteins. Seven blood groups, one serum protein, and four milk proteins were analyzed for relation to reproductive traits including conception rate and days open. Associations between polymorphic systems and reproductive traits in 15 of 112 analyses were significant. The S blood system appeared most influential, having statistical significance in five of ten traits. These were conception rates in all services for female phenotypes, male phenotypes, and male by female phenotypes combined, conception rate in first services for female phenotypes, and probability of conception for female phenotypes. The FV system influenced conception rates in all services and in first services for male by female phenotypes combined. Four of the polymorphic systems had no effect on any of the reproductive traits. Maternal-fetal incompatibility was not evident from comparing parental combinations of aborted fetuses and normal calves. Conception rates declined with age of cow. For animals that ultimately conceived, conception rates did not decline consistently from first to later services within a service period.

Blood protein polymorphism in the one‐humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the Sudan

The blood protein polymorphism of serum albumin, haptoglobin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin and haemoglobin have been studied in 135 samples from one-humped Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) of the Sudan by starch gel electrophoresis. Only the serum albumin and haptoglobin systems exhibited polymorphism with the estimated frequencies of 0.0222, 0.2227 and 0.7773 for Albv, Hp1 and Hp2 respectively. The frequency of Hp0 was 0.0325. No electrophoretic variant was observed at transferrin, ceruloplasmin and haemoglobin loci in the camel. The activity of the ceruloplasmin of the camel sera was weak.

Studies on blood protein and enzyme polymorphisms in the european moose (Alces Alces)

Studies on blood protein and enzyme polymorphisms in the european moose (Alces Alces)

Genetic polymorphisms of blood proteins in the troops of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata: V. Erythrocyte phosphohexose isomerase polymorphism

The electrophoretic variations of erythrocyte phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) were examined in 1433 blood samples from 37 troops of Japanese macaques in order to clarify the gene dynamics of this species. The genetic polymorphisms were observed in several troops. The troops showing the variation of PHI were Fukushima, Shiga A, Shiga C, Ryozenyama, Mikata I and II, Kawara, Takasakiyama A, B, and C, Itsuki, Koshima and Kushima. The variant alleles found in these troops were PHI 2 mac , PHI 7 mac , PHI 8 mac , and PHI 10 mac alleles, and the PHI 10 mac allele was newly found in the present work.

Genetic polymorphisms of blood proteins in the troops of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata: VI. Serum transferrin polymorphism

As the serum transferrin polymorphism was observed in several macaque species, we considered it as one of the best markers for the study of population genetics of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata. In this work the genetic variants of transferrin (Tf) of 1,451 blood samples from 37 troops of this species were tested. The troops showing the variation of Tf were Fukushima, Yugawara T, Ihama, Ryozenyama, Mikata I and II, Takahama, Takahama (Otomi), Arashiyama A, Minoh A and B, Kohchi, Mihara, Shimane, and Tomogashima. The wild-type allele of this species was Tf F, and the variant alleles detected in these troops were E, G−, G, and H′. The alleles E, G and H′ were probably identical with those reported in several macaque species byIshimoto (1972), but the identification of allele G− could not be done.

The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups and Other Polymorphisms

In publishing this monumental reference, Oxford Press and Professor Mourant and his associates have saved many researchers countless hours of literature search. There are 661 pages of tabulated data and 68 pages of bibliography, not including the republication of the complete monograph<i>The ABO Blood Groups</i>by the same authors, first published by Blackwell's in 1958. Most readers will head first for Mourant's pithy summaries of all these numbers. Superb on blood groups, competent on proteins and enzymes, Mourant puts isolated and featureless population studies into a working framework. There is a separate chapter for each major blood group system and protein polymorphism, followed by chapters considering the blood group distributions in different geographic and population categories. Red cell blood groups are the major focus, especially ABO and Rh; haptoglobulins, transferrins, lipoproteins, and enzyme systems occupy a decidedly secondary position. Histocompatibility antigens and hemoglobin variants have been deliberately omitted. Essential

Genetical Analyses of Population Structure of the Japanese Macaques by Blood Protein Polymorphisms

Genetical Analyses of Population Structure of the Japanese Macaques by Blood Protein Polymorphisms

Genetic polymorphisms of blood proteins in the troops of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata: III. Erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase polymorphism inMacaca fuscata

Genetic polymorphisms of blood proteins in the troops of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata: III. Erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase polymorphism inMacaca fuscata

Genetic polymorphism of blood proteins in the troops of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata: II. Erythrocyte lactate dehydrogenase polymorphism inMacaca fuscata

In investigating the genetic marker for population genetics of Japanese macaques by electrophoresis, the author found the erythrocyte lacate dehydrogenase (LDH) polymorphism existing in some troops. There were four kinds of variations which seemed to be controlled by two loci, controlling A and B subunits of this enzyme. The variant phenotypes were named LDH-Amac2-1 LDH-Bmac1-1, LDH-Amac3-1 LDH-Bmac1-1, LDH-Amac 1-1 LDH-Bmac2-1, and LDH-Amac1-1 LDH-Bmac2-2. The two former types seemed to be heterozygote of a mutation controlling subunit A; the third was heterozygote, and the last homozygote, a mutation controlling subunit B. LDH-Amac2-1 LDH-Bmac1-1 was found in Takasakiyama A, Takasakiyama B, Takasakiyama C, and Kamae troops; LDH-Amac3-1 LDH-Bmac1-1 was in an individual of the unknown group. LDH-Amac1-1 LDH-Bmac2-1 and LDH-Amac1-1 LDH-Bmac2-2 were found in the Kohchi troop. All other troops were found to be monomorphic.

Blood protein polymorphisms in jewish populations.

The author has reviewed available data for Jewish populations on gene frequencies of the polymorphic serum proteins haptoglobin (Hp), groupspecific component (Gc), and pseudocholmesterase (PCE), and the polymorphic erythrocyte enzymes phosphoglucomutase (PGM), adenosine deaminase (ADA), adenylate kinase (AK), acid phosphatase (AP), and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT). Jews were heterogeneous with respect to frequencies of Gc, PGM, ADA, and GPT, and European Jews tended to resemble European non-Jews. In contrast, frequencies of AP and Hp in European Jews resembled those of Mediterranean non-Jewish populations. Jews have undergone extensive interbreeding with indigenous non-Jewish populations, but still retain some genetic evidence of their Mediterranean origin.

Genetic relationships of Austrian cattle breeds

SummaryMethods of phylogenetic analysis were used to study the relationships of ten Central European cattle breeds using gene frequencies at eleven blood group and protein polymorphism loci. The results show remarkable agreement with historical and geographical relationships, but are different from the relationships postulated earlier in the century from studies of skull shape. Lowland cattle of Northern Germany are distinct from the West Alpine breeds, but the Pustertaler and Pinzgauer breeds from the Eastern Alps are more closely related to those lowland breeds than to the other Alpine breeds, suggesting they were brought from the North by Germanic settlers in the early Middle Ages. Thus, a sharp distinction between lowland cattle and all Alpine breeds seems unwarranted. Moreover, we find no evidence to justify a unique taxonomic position for Pustertaler, nor do we find any evidence that Spanish cattle might have influenced the Pinzgau. We find a close genetic relationship of the Murbodner breed to the Fleckvieh (Simmenthal) breeds that is not supported by any known historical relationship; it may indicate a little‐known human migration.

Blood groups and protein polymorphism in reproduction of farm animals

Blood groups and protein polymorphism in reproduction of farm animals

Blood and Milk Protein Polymorphisms in Relation to Feed Efficiency and Production Traits of Dairy Cattle

The relationship was studied between 14 biochemical polymorphisms, including 9 blood antigens, serum transferrin, and 4 milk protein systems, and 8 quantitative traits consisting of measures of milk composition, feed efficiency, and consumption of dry matter. Data from 184 Holstein cows fed experimentally during their first lactation were over 10 year-seasons from 14 sire groups on 4 different rations. In all cases, ration differences were large (P<.01). Sire differences were next most important and nearly all significant (P<.05). Season was relatively unimportant as a cause of variation in feed efficiency but showed significant differences (P<.05) in most other traits. A difference in dry matter consumption of 163kg between F antigen genotypes and 193kg between M genotypes was significant (P<.05). Differences in feed efficiency up to 3.4% for S antigen genotypes and up to 2.4% for Lg genotypes were significant (P<.05). Analysis with dry matter consumption as a covariate revealed significant genotype differences (P<.05) of up to 542kg milk, 43kg solids-not-fat, 58kg total solids, 45kg fat-corrected milk yield and 2.4% efficiency for the Lg system. Squared coefficients of correlation revealed a contribution of genotype from 0 to 4.9% of the variation in traits.