Primate Blood Research Articles

Considerations of Species-Related Hematological Differences on the Evaluation of Biomaterials

Species-related hematological differences of experimental animals are important in the proper assessment of biomaterials intended for human use. This area, which has received less than adequate attention in the past, requires the development of new test methodologies with blood of primates and humans, under conditions that better simulate the physiological environment.

Coagulation studies after transfusion of hydroxyethyl starch protected frozen blood in primates.

This-study evaluates the effects of the transfusion of frozen-thawed blood protected by hydroxyethyl starch (HES) on shocked monkeys. Particular attention is directed toward the study of coagulation in view of previous reports of coagulopathies caused by hydroxyethyl starch. In vivo studies were done in 13 shocked monkeys that received either homologous or autologous blood which had been frozen and thawed with 14 per cent HES as the cryoprotective agent. Multiple coagulation studies were obtained on the monkeys, and histopathological evaluations were performed. There was no evidence of increased bleeding or bleeding tendencies in the monkeys transfused with HES preserved blood. Serum chemistry values were not significantly altered in animals that received blood preserved by HES nor in those that received large quantities of HES alone. Histopathological examination of biopsy and autopsy material demonstrated no changes which could be related to hydroxyethyl starch.

Host preference of Mansonia (Coquillettidia) spp. in Uganda, with special reference to M. metallica (Theo.) (Dipt., Culicidae)

A comparison of the mosquito fauna in a forest near Zika forest, Uganda, in July-August 1971, showed that Mansonia (Coquillettidia) fuscopennata (Theo.), Culex (C.) annulioris Theo. and M. (Mansonioides) africana (Theo.) made up 84% of the catch taken at 24-h human baits in a horizontal transect, whereas M. (C.) metallica (Theo.) made up 90% of those taken at rest. Precipitin tests showed that 98% of M. metallica and most individuals of the other Coquillettidia spp. had taken avian blood, but that two out of seven individuals of M. fuscopennata had taken primate blood. In olfactometer studies M. metallica did not respond to the human hand or a chicken. It is concluded that none of the Coquillettidia spp. caught resting, except M. fuscopennata, has any preference for man.

Preparation and mechanical perfusion of the isolated monkey brain.

ABSTRACT An isolated monkey brain model viably sustained by a mechanical extracorporeal perfusion system employing Dextran diluted subhuman primate blood has been developed. Each isolated brain is instrumented for continuously monitoring electrical activity (depth and cortical), ventricular pressure as well as intracerebral temperature and arterial (Circle of Willis) pressure. Employing EEG criteria the isolated brain approaches during the initial 60 to 90 minutes of perfusion the neurophysiological and metabolic performance of the intact brain. After the second hour of perfusion these preparations demonstrate accelerating electrical failure with an associated rise in excess lactate and a topographical cortical appearance consistent with developing cerebral oedema. The solutions to problems of surgical isolation of the brain and design of extracorporeal perfusion support systems for this delicate organ as well as the performance of the isolated monkey brain are reviewed.

Ergasteric hepatitis: endemic hepatitis associated with Australia antigen in a research laboratory.

Endemic hepatitis occurred among the personnel of a research laboratory working with human blood and tissues in the study of Australia antigen (Au(1)). All individuals were tested for serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels and Au(1). Fifty-six were tested at monthly intervals on 5 to 32 occasions over 3½ years. Eighty-three others were tested less frequently. Twenty-seven changes were found in the serums of the 56 people tested frequently enough to have their course examined. There were four cases of typical acute hepatitis with Au(1) in the serum, fifteen staff members with rises in SGPT indicative of acute anicteric hepatitis, and eight staff members with small SGPT rises. We have termed this laboratory-acquired infection "ergasteric hepatitis" from the Greek word for laboratory. Seven patients were treated with bed rest as soon as the SGPT exceeded 50 units; in six the levels promptly returned to normal. We recommend strict infectious precautions and monthly monitoring of SGPT and Au(1) in personnel exposed to human (or nonhuman primate) blood or tissues.

Isoenzymes of carbonic anhydrase I from primate red blood cells

The electrophoretic patterns of the multiple forms of carbonic anhydrase I were examined from the red cells of two species of macaque monkeys and orangutan. In the rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta, it was possible to generate both anodal and cathodal electrophoretic components when a single component was isolated and electrophoresed again. These findings suggest that the alternate forms of carbonic anhydrase I are conformational isoenzymes rather than the result of such processes as binding, deamination, and proteolytic action.

Blood and serum groups in primates. Consideration of evolutionary genetics

Es werden genetisch determinierte Merkmale — die ABO-, MNSs- und Rh-Blutgruppen, die Leukocyten-Antigene, die Hp-, Gc-, Tf-, Lp- und Ag-Serumgruppen und die Faktoren des Gm-, ISf- und Inv-Systems — der subhumanen Primaten mit denen des Menschen verglichen. Die genannten Merkmale sind Entsprechungen, die durch gemeinsame Vorfahren bedingt sind. In der Evolution sind ursprunglich gleiche oder ahnliche Strukturen in zunehmendem Mase unahnlich geworden. Es wird versucht, im Unahnlichen das Ahnliche zu erkennen und den Ahnlichkeitsgrad der Strukturen zu bestimmen. Die Ergebnisse dieses immunbiologischen Vergleichs ermoglichen Einblicke in die Evolutionsgenetik der Primaten.

Bionomics of Psorophora varipes, a model laboratory mosquito.

Psorophora varipes (Coquillett), a species native to the Americas, is a model for colonizing in laboratories in need of a substitute for the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.). It mates readily in cages of all sizes; embryos remain viable in eggs for months both at room and refrigerator temperatures; caged adults and larvae are hardy; the adult thrives on rodent and primate blood; it is multivoltine; and it has a short life cycle. An account of bionomic details essential for securing and maintaining colonies of P. varipes is given.

Coagulation of primate blood by Russell's viper venom: Hawkey, C. and Symons, C. (Nuffield Institute Comparative Medicine, Zoological Society London). Nature, Lond., 210, 141, 1966

Coagulation of primate blood by Russell's viper venom: Hawkey, C. and Symons, C. (Nuffield Institute Comparative Medicine, Zoological Society London). Nature, Lond., 210, 141, 1966

Coagulation of primate blood by Russell's viper venom.

Coagulation of primate blood by Russell's viper venom.

SURVEILLANCE FOR SYLVAN YELLOW FEVER ACTIVITY IN PANAMA (1957-1961).

Summary A surveillance report on sylvan yellow fever in Panama from 1957 to 1961 is presented. The last known outbreak of yellow fever in this country occurred in June 1957 near the town of Buena Vista, located along the Transisthmian Highway a few miles east of the Panama Canal. During the outbreak, yellow fever virus was isolated from the blood of an acutely ill human and from forest, day-flying, arboreal mosquitoes. Failure to isolate yellow fever virus from forest mosquitoes and vertebrates captured in various areas of Panama and results of neutralization tests on the blood of numerous primates and other vertebrates lead the authors to the conclusion that yellow fever virus has not been active in Panama since 1957.

THE CONCENTRATION OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE IN THE THYROID LYMPH, THYROID VENOUS BLOOD AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF PRIMATES.

Attempts were made to find out to what extent iodinated compounds are present in lyraph draining from the thyroid gland of the primate, by using baboons, Papio papio, which were injected with 50 to 200 μC 131I 2 to 7 days before collection of lymph. Radioiodine was released from the thyroid gland of the baboon into the lymphatic vessels which drain the gland, as well as into the thyroid venous blood. A high proportion, 90% or more, of the 131I appeared in the thyroid lymph in organically combined form. The concentration of 131I in the thyroid lymph was very much higher (10 to 100-fold) than that in the thyroid venous blood or in the peripheral blood. The administration of thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) raised the concentration of radioactivity in the thyroid lymph as well as in the thyroid venous blood and these separate effects of TSH appeared to be closely related processes. lt is known that physical or radiation damage to the thyroid gland may lead to the appearance of iodoprotein in the peripheral blood; however, it was possible to exclude the factor of physical damage by collecting lynaph at a distance from the gland. To avoid radiation damage, the dosesmore » of 131I used were lower than those generally used in experiments on the release of radioiodine from the thyroid gland. It was shown that if 125I was used instead of 131I, the radiation dose rate to the thyroid gland of a small animal can be reduced by a factor of about 25, and a preliminary study, in which125I was used in the monkey, suggested that a similar release of radioiodine, in organic form, takes place into the thyroid lymph. It seems unlikely that such a very low radiation dose could damage the thyroid gland. Therefore, it was concluded that the release of iodinated compounds into the lymphatics of the thyroid is a physiological phenomenon and that it is not due to damage to the gland.« less

Blood-Group Factors in the Blood, Organs and Secretions of Primates

Summary Supplementing a previous report on the blood-group factors in infrahuman primates, a method is described for examining the blood, organs and secretions. Additional data are also presented, in particular with regard to gorillas and two species of New World monkeys. Landsteiner's rule was found to hold in infrahuman primates with the modification that the reciprocal relationship obtains between agglutinins in the serum and group-substances in the organs and secretions instead of the erythrocytes. In monkeys and apes, each species appears to be characterized in the main by a single group-factor. The implications of these results for the problem of the distribution of the blood groups in man are discussed.

Yellow fever immune bodies in the blood of African primates

Yellow fever immune bodies in the blood of African primates