Blood Of Newborn Infants Research Articles

Screening method for detection of specific aminoacidemias

Amino acids in whole blood samples dried on filter paper are examined by one-dimensional ascending paper chromatography developed in two subsequent solvents Small sheets of filter paper are used, autoclaving is not required (except in examination of blood of newborn infants) and no interference by brown streaks of blood pigments is encountered.

Gel filtration radioimmunoassay to distinguish human chorionic gonadotrophin from luteinizing hormone.

EXISTING immuno- and bio-assays are incapable of readily distinguishing human luteinizing hormone (LH) from human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). A procedure capable of making this distinction should make it possible to solve a variety of problems, including whether the high levels of luteinizing activity associated with seminoma are due to HCG or LH, whether the blood of newborn infants contains HCG or LH, and whether or not moderately high levels of “LH” found by radioimmunoassay in patients thought to be cured of choriocarcinoma represent a recurrence of the neoplasm. The present communication describes a means for making this distinction. Advantage was taken of the different gel filtration properties of these two hormones to effect their separation, and the resulting elution peaks were then located by radioimmunoassay.

Insulin and glucose in plasma from umbilical vein and heel blood of newborn infants of diabetic women.

ABSTRACT The concentrations of insulin and glucose were estimated simultaneously in plasma from umbilical vein and from heel-stab blood of newborn infants of diabetic and non-diabetic women in the fasting state and after glucose injection into the umbilical vein. In infants of diabetic mothers a rapid and high increase in insulin concentration was seen in plasma from the umbilical vein and also, although to a lesser extent, from the peripheral blood. In infants of non-diabetic mothers a slow rise was seen in umbilical vein plasma, but no rise at all in the peripheral blood. The plasma glucose concentration in umbilical vein as well as in heelstab blood rose and fell without any difference being found between the two groups of infants, in contrast to the great differences in their insulin concentrations.

Fluorescence-Inducing Corticosteroids in Peripheral Blood of Newborn Infants

STEENBURG, RICHARD W. M.D.; THOMASSON, BJORN H. M.D.; DRAPER, DAVID L. M.D.; KLEIN, S. WAYNE M.D. Author Information

Serum insulin concentration and birth weight in human infants.

SummarySerum immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) and glucose levels were measured in the blood of newborn infants and of their mothers. Infants weighing more than 4 kg at birth were found to have signifi...

A study of the oxygenation of the fetus and newborn and its relation to that of the mother

This report deals with oxygen concentrations in maternal (artery and uterine vein), fetal (umbilical vein and artery), and newborn (umbilical artery) blood samples. Studies were made in 63 pregnant women at term, not in labor, and delivered by cesarean section. The results indicate a wide range of variation in the various samples. Data are also included for calculation of respiratory quotient and coefficient of oxygen utilization across the intact uterus. No relationship was found between Apgar scoring and percentage oxygen saturation in fetal vessels and blood in newborn infants.

Blood Glucose in the Neonate and Its Clinical Significance

LEVELS of total reducing substance, true sugar and glucose have been measured in the blood of newborn infants since 1911. The early reports have been reviewed by Norval et al.1 , 2 Although an extensive literature exists, there is still disagreement over which levels of blood sugar are normal in the neonate and which are hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic. Much of this confusion results from differences in technics in collecting, precipitating and analyzing the sugar, as well as the duration of fasting before sampling. An attempt will be made to explain the differences in reported results, to present current data for normal ranges . . .

Determination of pH values in the umbilical cord blood of newborn infants delivered by women with toxemia of late pregnancy.

Determination of pH values in the umbilical cord blood of newborn infants delivered by women with toxemia of late pregnancy.

The in Vitro Detection of “Cell-Fixed” Hemagglutinating Antibodies to Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) in Humans

Summary Extracts of the washed peripheral blood leukocytes of all adult human subjects studied were found to contain hemagglutinating antibodies to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD). Subjects with positive tuberculin skin tests had significantly higher titers of these “cell-fixed” hemagglutinating antibodies to tuberculin PPD than did tuberculin skin test negative subjects. The finding of low titers of “cell-fixed” antibodies in tuberculin skin test negative subjects may reflect minor degrees of tuberculin hypersensitivity not detected by skin testing, or may be due to cross-reactivity with Mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The “cell-fixed” antibodies are probably adsorbed from the serum of the leukocyte donor. No hemagglutinating antibodies to tuberculin PPD were found in sera or leukocytes obtained from the umbilical cord blood of newborn infants. The relationship between “cell-fixed” hemagglutinating antibodies to tuberculin PPD and “transfer factor” was not established in this investigation.

The relationship between bilirubin concentration and the level of nonesterified fatty acids in the blood of newborn infants.

The relationship between bilirubin concentration and the level of nonesterified fatty acids in the blood of newborn infants.

Progestin in the blood of newborn infants.

Progestin in the blood of newborn infants.

Studies on fetal liver functions in homo- and heterospecific pregnancies with special reference to the icterus praecox of the newborn

Summary The liver functions of 120 newborn infants were determined by examination of the blood chemistry of their cord blood. The influence of the heterospecific pregnancies on the liver functions of the infants was examined by comparing the blood chemistry of the cord blood in homo- and heterospecific pregnancies. The mean values of the total protein concentrations were found to be lower in the cord bloods of the hetero- than in those of the homospecific group. It was especially low in cases of icterus praecox due to isoimmunization of the mother. A high total bilirubin concentration and a high percentage of direct bilirubin reactions (80 per cent) were found in the cord blood of newborn infants with icterus praecox, but no difference between the degree of the “physiological” hyperbilirubinemia of the cord blood of homo- and heterospecific pregnancies could be found. The cephalin flocculation test gave more frequently positive results in hetero- than in homospecific pregnancies. The thymol turbidity test showed higher values in the blood of newborn infants with icterus praecox. It is suggested that the ABO blood group incompatibility between mothers and children may be considered as being responsible for the impairment of the liver functions of the newborn in heterospecific pregnancies and especially in cases of isoimmunization of the mother. Editorial Note: Recent evidence has demonstrated that the excretion of water-insoluble indirect bilirubin involves its conversion to a direct-reacting water-soluble pigment by conjugation with glucuronic acid. The formation of bilirubin glucuronide in the liver depends upon the transfer by an enzyme glucuronyl transferase. According to this concept, the newborn with physiologic jaundice is handicapped by a delay in the formation of bilirubin glucuronyl transferase at birth. The effect of this delay is most pronounced in erythroblastosis where red-cell breakdown is excessive, as a result of which the newborn infant is exposed to high plasma concentrations of indirect bilirubin.

The significance of blood cultures in the newborn period.

Septicema during the newborn period often occurs with deceptively benign early clinical manifestations. 1 Consequently, the clinician is forced to initiate vigorous antibiotic treatment on suspicion and thus depend upon a single pretreatment culture of the blood for a positive bacteriological diagnosis. It is important, therefore, to examine the validity of information gained from single cultures of the blood in newborn infants. As septicemia during the neonatal period is still a significant pediatric problem, it seemed important to investigate the interpretation of blood cultures at this age. Clinical Material and Methods Consecutive normal infants born over a three-month period at Ancker General Hospital, St. Paul, were studied. The infants had no physical abnormalities, no evidence of skin lesions or infection, and no temperature elevation. Dry skin care was practiced during this period of time. All blood for the cultures was drawn by one of us. Skin over the neck was

A Preliminary Check on the Accuracy of ABO Typing of Newborn Infants

During the last ten years several workers ^1,3,5,6 have made use of large series of mother-child blood group combinations to infer either the presence or absence of selection in the ABO blood group system. Such studies depend for their final validity on the accuracy of the determination of the blood groups of the mothers and of their newborn children. Routine typing of adult blood involves checks to avoid clerical errors, and the use of reverse grouping to avoid misclassification due to false positive or negative cell agglutinations ^9,2. Clerical checks can remove this source of error in the routine typing of the blood of newborn infants but the absence of natural anti-A or anti-B antibodies in the serum of newborn infants, except those derived by placental transfer from the mother, precludes the use of reverse grouping. This is particularly unfortunate since it is now well established that the average strength of the A or B antigens of the erythrocytes of newly bom children is less than that of adults ^10,4,8. The weaker antigenic strength of such erythrocytes might result in a larger number of false negative reactions being scored, even by experienced serologists. In order to check the magnitude of such errors in our own routine cord-blood typing we have made use of the fact that the secretor status of newborn infants can be determined from saliva samples collected from the babies during the first few days after birth ^11,13. Not all errors can be detected by this method, but false negative results should be revealed in any secretor baby whose red cell A or B antigen has been missed.

Oxygen studies of the arterial blood in newborn infants

Oxygen studies of the arterial blood in newborn infants

DETERMINATION OF HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION IN PREMATURE INFANTS BY THE CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN METHOD

THE VALIDITY of methods for the determination of hemoglobin concentration in adults when applied to newborn infants has been questioned. This question arises because of the demonstration by many investigators of differences in chemical and physical properties between adult and fetal hemoglobin; these are, to name a few, the crystallographic characteristics,¹the resistance against denaturation in strong alkali²and the affinity with oxygen.³It has been shown by Jonxis⁴that fetal hemoglobin is replaced by adult hemoglobin in the blood of newborn infants at a relatively slow rate except in the cases of erythroblastosis; there is yet some controversy about the rate in this disease.⁵However, there is no question about the presence of a considerable proportion of fetal hemoglobin in newborn full term and in premature infants. It was the purpose of this investigation to determine whether the cyanmethemoglobin method is applicable to both

Regulation of level of vitamin A in blood of newborn infants: Lewis, J. M., Bodansky, Captain O., and Shapiro, L. M.: Am. J. Dis. Child. 66: 503, 1943

Regulation of level of vitamin A in blood of newborn infants: Lewis, J. M., Bodansky, Captain O., and Shapiro, L. M.: Am. J. Dis. Child. 66: 503, 1943

BLOOD CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN THE NEWBORN

Most investigations on the calcium and phosphorus content of the blood of newborn infants have been approached through studies of rickets and tetany. The results of such investigations revealed that the figures for total serum calcium are below the accepted normal standard in tetany but remain unchanged in rickets. These same studies have helped to establish normal values of calcium and phosphorus for the infant and to develop technics for the determination of these constituents. Many papers dealing with this subject have substantiated the findings of previous authors that the newborn child has 1 to 2 mg. more calcium per hundred cubic centimeters of serum than does the adult; this is particularly noticed in the relative values for mother and child immediately after parturition. The work presented in this paper was undertaken as part of a general study dealing with the nutritional status, particularly in relation to rickets, of preschool

The technic of intravenous transfusion of blood in newborn infants

The technic of intravenous transfusion of blood in newborn infants

AGGLUTININS IN MOTHER'S BLOOD, BABY'S BLOOD, MOTHER'S MILK AND PLACENTAL BLOOD

An increase in agglutinins against the enteric group of organisms was found in blood withdrawn during the convalescent stage when compared with that withdrawn during the acute stage of poliomyelitis.¹In order to obtain information as to the agglutination titer of normal persons, among others, I tested the placental blood of new-born infants and coincidentally the serum of the mothers. Mother's blood was usually found to have a massive content of agglutinins against enteric organisms. On the other hand, the placental blood contained a relatively small amount of agglutinins. In relative and fundamental experiments, Smith and Little²found Bacillus coli in large numbers in the spleen, liver and kidneys in calves that died of scours. They showed that calves fed colostrum were protected against this disease. It is possible that the serum of the dams contained protective antibodies. Later, the same authors³showed that the serum of