Blood Lipids In Children Research Articles

Moderating effect of a sodium-rich diet on the association between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter and blood lipids in children and adolescents

BackgroundSeveral studies reported that exposure to higher levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was associated with deteriorated lipid profiles in children and adolescents. However, whether a sodium-rich diet could modify the associations remains unknown. We aimed to examine the associations of long-term exposure to PM2.5 with blood lipids in children and adolescents, and further examine the effect modification by dietary and urinary sodium levels based on a multi-community population in China.MethodsThe 3711 study participants were from a cross-sectional study, which interviewed children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years across Sichuan Province, China between 2015 and 2017. Blood lipid outcomes including blood total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were assessed. Information on daily dietary sodium consumption was estimated with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and urinary sodium was used as an internal exposure biomarker. A linear regression model was applied to estimate the associations of prior 2-years’ average exposure to ambient PM2.5 with blood lipids. The effect modification by dietary and urinary sodium was examined by stratified analyses.ResultsThe participants from rural areas had higher levels of daily sodium consumptions. The results of multivariable regression analysis indicated that per 10 μg/m3 incremental change in PM2.5 was associated with a 1.56% (95% confidence interval 0.90%—2.23%) and a 2.26% (1.15%—3.38%) higher blood TC and LDL-C levels, respectively. Among the study participants with higher levels of dietary sodium or urinary sodium, exposure to higher levels of PM2.5 was significantly associated with deteriorated lipid profiles. For example, each 10 μg/m3 incremental change in exposure to PM2.5 was correlated with a 2.83 (-4.65 to -0.97) lower percentage decrease in blood HDL-C levels among the participants who were from the highest quartile of urinary sodium levels. While, these associations changed to be nonsignificant in the participants who were from the lowest quartile of dietary sodium levels.ConclusionExposure to higher levels of PM2.5 was associated with deteriorated blood lipid levels in children and adolescents. It is noteworthy that these associations might be ameliorated through the adoption of a low-sodium dietary regimen.

The association between alcohol consumption and blood lipids in Chinese children and adolescent: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

BackgroundAlcohol consumption by children and adolescents is receiving increasing attention. It may cause dyslipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the association between alcohol consumption and blood lipids in children and adolescents is unclear, and so we aimed to characterize this association.MethodsData from the China Health and Nutrition Survey were extracted from children and adolescents aged 7–18 years for whom information was available on alcohol consumption. The population was divided into drinking and nondrinking groups. The χ2, Student’s t, or Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare groups. Univariate and multivariate linear regression and propensity score matching (PSM) analysis were used to identify the association between alcohol consumption and blood lipids.ResultsThis study included 408 children and adolescents with 35 drinkers and 373 nondrinkers. The drinkers had significantly lower values of total cholesterol (TC) (3.8 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 3.5 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.002) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (1.3 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 1.2 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.007), but not for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (2.1 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 2.0 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.092) or triglyceride (TG) (0.9 mmol/L for nondrinkers versus 0.8 mmol/L for drinkers, p = 0.21). The univariate and multivariate analyses led to the same conclusions. After PSM there was still a significant negative association between alcohol consumption and TC or HDL-C.ConclusionAlcohol consumption in children and adolescents exhibited significant negative associated with TC and HDL-C, but not with LDL-C or TG. These findings need to be confirmed in future prospective research, and the health effects of blood lipid changes caused by drinking in children and adolescents need to be clarified.

Exposure to ambient air pollution and blood lipids in children and adolescents: A national population based study in China

Few studies have explored the links of air pollution and childhood lipid profiles and dyslipidemias. We aimed to explore this topic in Chinese children and adolescents. This study included 12,814 children aged 7–18 years who participated in a national survey in 2013. Satellite-based spatial-temporal model was used to predict 3-y (2011–2013) average particles with diameters ≤ 1.0 μm (PM1), ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), ≤10 μm (PM10), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. Generalized linear mixed models were employed to evaluate the relationships of air pollution and total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and dyslipidemias. Every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 was related to increases of 6.20% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.44, 10.10], 5.31% (95%CI: 0.41, 10.44), 3.49% (95%CI: 0.97, 6.08), and 5.25% (95%CI: 1.56, 9.07) in TC, respectively. The odds ratio of hypercholesterolemia associated with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM1, PM2.5, and NO2 was 2.15 (95%CI: 1.27, 3.65), 1.70 (95%CI: 1.12, 2.60), and 1.43 (95%CI: 1.05, 1.93), respectively. No associations were found for air pollution and other blood lipids. Long-term PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 exposures were positively associated with TC levels and risk of hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents.

Comparison of fasting and non-fasting blood lipid levels in children in Tianjin

Objective To compare the difference between fasting blood lipids and non-fasting blood lipids in children in Tianjin, and to explore the feasibility of non-fasting blood lipids detection in children. Methods A total of 223 child patients were enrolled in Department of Pediatrics, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from January 2017 to February 2018, fasting and 1-6 h post-dining blood samples were collected from each patient.Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured.Self-control methods were used.Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for statistical analysis. Results Compared with fasting lipids, non-fasting TC increased with 0.02 mmol/L, TG increased with 0.01 mmol/L, HDL-C increased with 0.03 mmol/L, while LDL-C decreased with 0.01 mmol/L, but non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not change.Among them, only the difference in HDL-C between the fasting and non-fasting was statistically significant (Z=-2.870, P<0.05). The difference in the change rate of all indicators was <3%.According to the dyslipidemia group comparison, the differences in hypercholesterolemia (0.72 mmol/L, Z=-2.551, P=0.011), hypertriglyceridemia (0.73 mmol/L, Z=-3.846, P<0.001), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia (-0.04 mmol/L, Z=-8.625, P<0.001) and normal level HDL-C (0.1 mmol/L, Z=-5.040, P<0.001)between non-fasting lipids and fasting blood lipids were statistically significant. Conclusions The change of children′s blood lipid profile in fasting and non-fasting conditions is little.Lipid testing in children does not require fasting.Blood tests can be performed at any appropriate time point in the normal diet. Key words: Non-fasting blood lipid; Blood lipid; Cardiovascular disease; Child

Residential greenness and blood lipids in children: A longitudinal analysis

Residential greenness and blood lipids in children: A longitudinal analysis

Residential greenness and blood lipids in children: A longitudinal analysis in GINIplus and LISAplus

IntroductionThere is some evidence of decreased cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity among adults residing in greener places. Among others, blood lipids are well established risk factors for CVD. In our previous study, we observed the inverse association between greenness and blood pressure in 10-year-old children. In the current study, we investigated whether there is also a link between residential greenness and blood lipids in 10- and 15-year-old children. MethodsComplete data on blood lipids (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride), residential greenness (NDVI in 100-m, 300- and 500-m buffers around residences) and confounders were available for 1,552 participants at 10 and 15 years of age, residing in two study areas of two German birth cohorts – GINIplus and LISAplus. Longitudinal associations between NDVI and blood lipids were assessed by generalized estimation equations. ResultsNo associations were observed between residential greenness in any of the chosen buffers and blood lipids in children (e.g., change in blood lipids per interquartile increase in NDVI in 100-m buffer for total cholesterol and LDL: means ratio=1.00 (95% confidence interval: 0.99–1.01), for triglyceride: 0.98 (0.96–1.00)). No area- or sex-varying effects were evident. Change of the residence between 10 and 15 years also did not yield any consistent associations. ConclusionsThere is no evidence of an association between greenness and blood lipids in 10- and 15-years old children.

Effects of protein intake on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in children: a systematic review.

High protein intake in early childhood is associated with obesity, suggesting possible adverse effects on other cardiometabolic outcomes. However, studies in adults have suggested beneficial effects of protein intake on blood pressure (BP) and lipid profile. Whether dietary protein intake is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic health in children is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the evidence on the associations of protein intake with BP, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in children. We searched the databases Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central and PubMed for interventional and observational studies in healthy children up to the age of 18 years, in which associations of total, animal and/or vegetable protein intake with one or more of the following outcomes were reported: BP; measures of insulin sensitivity; cholesterol levels; or TAG levels. In the search, we identified 6636 abstracts, of which fifty-six studies met all selection criteria. In general, the quality of the included studies was low. Most studies were cross-sectional, and many did not control for potential confounders. No overall associations were observed between protein intake and insulin sensitivity or blood lipids. A few studies suggested an inverse association between dietary protein intake and BP, but evidence was inconclusive. Only four studies examined the effects of vegetable or animal protein intake, but with inconsistent results. In conclusion, the literature, to date provides insufficient evidence for effects of protein intake on BP, insulin sensitivity or blood lipids in children. Future studies could be improved by adequately adjusting for key confounders such as energy intake and obesity.

Effects of Aquatic Exercise on EEG and Blood Lipids in Children with Severe Intellectual Disabilities

Effects of Aquatic Exercise on EEG and Blood Lipids in Children with Severe Intellectual Disabilities

Associations of BMI and its fat-free and fat components with blood lipids in children: Project HeartBeat!

AIM: This study aimed to distinguish between the roles of the two components of BMI, the fat mass (FM) index and the fat-free mass (FFM) index, in BMI's association with blood lipids in children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 678 children (49.1% female, 79.9% non-black), initially aged 8, 11 and 14 years, were followed at 4-month intervals for up to 4 years (1991-1995). Total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides were determined in fasting blood samples. FFM index and FM index were calculated as FFM (kg)/height (m)(2) and FM (kg)/height (m)(2), respectively. Using a multilevel linear model, repeated measurements of blood lipids were regressed on concurrent measures of BMI or its components, adjusting for age, sex and race and, in a subsample, also for physical activity, energy intake and sexual maturity. RESULTS: Estimated regression coefficients for the relations of TC with BMI, FFM index and FM index were 1.539, -0.606 (p > 0.05) and 3.649, respectively. When FFM index and FM index were entered into the TC model simultaneously, regression coefficients were -0.855 and 3.743, respectively. An increase in BMI was related to an increase in TC; however, an equivalent increase in FM index was related to a greater increase in TC and, when FFM index was tested alone or with FM index, an increase in FFM index was related to a decrease in TC. Similar results were observed for LDL-C. FFM index and FM index were both inversely related to HDL-C and directly to triglycerides. Compared with FFM index, the equivalent increase in FM index showed a greater decrease in HDL-C. CONCLUSION: Greater BMI was related to adverse levels of blood lipids in children and adolescents, which was mainly attributable to BMI's fat component. It is important to identify weight management strategies to halt the childhood obesity epidemic and subsequently prevent heart disease in adulthood.

Association of different obesity indices with blood pressure and blood lipids in children and adolescents

The aim of the present study was to compare individual associations of BMI, triceps skinfold (TSF), waist circumference (WC) and percentage fat mass (%FM) with blood pressure (BP) and blood lipids in children and adolescents. Cross-sectional data on BMI, TSF, WC, %FM as well as on BP, TAG and HDL were analysed in 4220 (BP) and 729 (lipids) 9-11-year-old children and 3174 (BP) and 536 (lipids) 13-16-year-old adolescents as part of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study. All obesity indices were similarly associated with BP and blood lipids. In girls, WC had closer correlations to BP than BMI (systolic BP: 0.27 and 0.24 for BMI, 0.34 and 0.28 for WC in 9-11- and 13-16-year-olds). Subjects with an obesity index > or = 90th percentile had higher prevalences of elevated BP and blood lipids than subjects with a normal index. In children with normal BMI or WC, an additionally elevated second obesity index was associated with a 2.5-7.4-fold higher prevalence of high BP when compared with children with normal indices. In adolescents, an elevated WC plus an elevated second obesity index was associated with a 2.6-8.2-fold higher prevalence of high BP when compared with adolescents with an elevated WC plus a normal second index. We conclude that (i) both BMI and WC are appropriate to estimate CVD risk, (ii) the use of a second obesity index is recommended in children with normal BMI or normal WC as well as in adolescents with elevated WC and (iii) all obesity indices seemed to be appropriate for risk assessment.

Heritability of serum lipids and lipoproteins and its related factors in twins aged 5 to 19 years of China

To study the contribution of the genes and environment to variation of serum levels of lipids and lipoprotein. One hundred and forty-three healthy monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs and 93 dizygotic (DZ) ones aged 5 to 19 [with a mean of (11.2 +/- 3.4) years]. Microsatellite polymorphism (STR) was used to diagnose zygosity of twins, and intraclass correlation coefficient method and Falconer formula were performed to investigate heritability of serum lipids and lipoproteins unadjusted or adjusted for age and sex. Logarithmic transformation was used for data with skewed distribution. Influence of relevant physical and biochemical indicators on serum lipids and other components was analyzed with partial coefficients of correlation adjusted for age and sex. In the twin samples, difference in serum level of triglycerides (TG) between MZ and DZ was not statistically significant with intraclass variation and intraclass correlation. There was significant difference in serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and lipoprotein [Lp(a)] between MZ and DZ, with their heritability estimates of 0.56, 0.55, 0.49 and 0.58 unadjusted, respectively, and 0.63, 0.63, 0.55 and 0.64 adjusted for age and sex, respectively. Serum levels of TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and Lp(a) correlated reversely with age. Serum levels of TC, HDL-C and LDL-C in girls were slightly higher than those in boys. Most indicators for serum levels of lipids and lipoprotein, except for serum level of Lp(a) correlated with body mass index (BMI), body fat ratio, Pelidisi index, and other indexes such as blood pressure, blood sugar, serum level of calcium, adjusted for age and sex. Serum levels of TC, HDL-C and Lp(a) were influenced more greatly by genetic factors, and serum level of TG was mainly influenced by environmental ones. Levels of blood lipids in children were influenced by age and sex, and correlated with indicators that reflect their body fat and nutritional status.

Birthweight and social deprivation: influences on serum lipids and fibrinogen

Epidemiological studies have shown that adults with low birthweight have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and some others have shown that they have a less favourable serum lipid and lipoprotein profile. If cholesterol metabolism were programmed in utero, we would expect to see an influence of birthweight on blood lipids in children. In 422 children aged 11‐15 y in Middlesborough, Cleveland, UK, we investigated the association between birthweight and serum lipids and plasma fibrinogen. We also investigated the influence of childhood social deprivation, measured using the Townsend deprivation index, on these measures.Conclusions: We found a significant inverse association between birthweight and serum triglyceride level, but not with other serum lipid levels. From a regression model we estimate that triglyceride rose by 1.1 mmoll−1 kg−1 fall in birthweight after adjustment for sex, current age and weight. Findings were similar in boys and girls separately. This could contribute to the observed inverse association between birthweight and cardiovascular mortality. Social deprivation was associated with higher fibrinogen, but not lipid levels. Our data highlight the importance of considering influences throughout the life course on adult disease.

Birthweight and social deprivation: influences on serum lipids and fibrinogen

Epidemiological studies have shown that adults with low birthweight have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and some others have shown that they have a less favourable serum lipid and lipoprotein profile. If cholesterol metabolism were programmed in utero, we would expect to see an influence of birthweight on blood lipids in children. In 422 children aged 11-15 y in Middlesborough, Cleveland, UK, we investigated the association between birthweight and serum lipids and plasma fibrinogen. We also investigated the influence of childhood social deprivation, measured using the Townsend deprivation index, on these measures. We found a significant inverse association between birthweight and serum triglyceride level, but not with other serum lipid levels. From a regression model we estimate that triglyceride rose by 1.1 mmol l(-1) kg(-1) fall in birthweight after adjustment for sex, current age and weight. Findings were similar in boys and girls separately. This could contribute to the observed inverse association between birthweight and cardiovascular mortality. Social deprivation was associated with higher fibrinogen, but not lipid levels. Our data highlight the importance of considering influences throughout the life course on adult disease.

Nutrient intake and blood lipids in children.

Nutrient intake and serum total cholesterol (C T), serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HLD), triglycerides (TG) and fatty acids were evaluated from 692 3-year, 8-year and 12-year-old children in different areas in Finland. Serum/plasma TC concentrations varied from 4.8 to 5.0 mmol/l, HDL from 1.3 to 1.5 mmol/l and TG from 0.70 to 0.87 mmol/l. 12-year-old boys consumed significantly more energy than girls at the same age. In the 8-year-old boys the quality of fat used on the bread and quality of milk drunk influenced on the serum fatty acid composition, the proportion of linoleic acid being greater in those children who used margarine and/or low fat milk. The 3-year-old children at the highest quartiles of TC concentration used less wheat products and their intake of riboflavin was less than children in the lowest quartile. HDL concentration was associated with the intake of thiamine. The 12-year-old children having their TC concentrations in the highest quartile used more saturated fats and got more saturated fatty acids than children in the lowest quartile. The higher the sugar consumption and sucrose intake were, the lower was the HDL concentration. The prevalence of obesity increased with the age, being 0.5%, 5.0% and 8.5% in the 3-year, 8-year and 12-year-old children respectively. Urban children were more commonly obese than rural children, the prevalence being 8.0% versus 2.2% (p less than 0.01).

Blood lipids in children with the Prader-Willi syndrome. A comparison with simple obesity.

Journal of Paediatrics and Child HealthVolume 7, Issue 1 p. 20-23 BLOOD LIPIDS IN CHILDREN WITH THE PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME: A COMPARISON WITH SIMPLE OBESITY C. G. THEODORIDIS, Corresponding Author C. G. THEODORIDIS The Institute of Child Health, University of Birmingham Senior Research FellowUniversity of Birmingham, The Nuffield Builcling, Francis Road, Birmingham 16, England.Search for more papers by this authorEILEEN C. ALBUTT, Corresponding Author EILEEN C. ALBUTT The Institute of Child Health, University of Birmingham Senior Research AssociateUniversity of Birmingham, The Nuffield Builcling, Francis Road, Birmingham 16, England.Search for more papers by this authorG. W. CHANCE, Corresponding Author G. W. CHANCE The Institute of Child Health, University of Birmingham Senior LecturerUniversity of Birmingham, The Nuffield Builcling, Francis Road, Birmingham 16, England.Search for more papers by this author C. G. THEODORIDIS, Corresponding Author C. G. THEODORIDIS The Institute of Child Health, University of Birmingham Senior Research FellowUniversity of Birmingham, The Nuffield Builcling, Francis Road, Birmingham 16, England.Search for more papers by this authorEILEEN C. ALBUTT, Corresponding Author EILEEN C. ALBUTT The Institute of Child Health, University of Birmingham Senior Research AssociateUniversity of Birmingham, The Nuffield Builcling, Francis Road, Birmingham 16, England.Search for more papers by this authorG. W. CHANCE, Corresponding Author G. W. CHANCE The Institute of Child Health, University of Birmingham Senior LecturerUniversity of Birmingham, The Nuffield Builcling, Francis Road, Birmingham 16, England.Search for more papers by this author First published: March 1971 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1971.tb02463.xCitations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume7, Issue1March 1971Pages 20-23 RelatedInformation

BLOOD LIPIDS IN CHILDREN WITH SCARLET FEVER AND RHEUMATIC DISEASE

Determinations of blood lipids in man and in animals have frequently been made, and several reports have recently been published on studies of the cholesterol content of the blood of children in health and in disease. Most of the determinations have been made on the blood of infants under 2 years of age. The determination of lipids reported in the present study were made on the blood plasma of normal children of various ages and on that of children with scarlet fever and with rheumatic disease. The investigation was undertaken to see if the values for blood lipids in children with scarlet fever and with rheumatic disease differed from those obtained in similar studies on normal children. It is a well established fact that the cholesterol content shows marked variations in certain diseases, notably, in diabetes and nephrosis. It has also been assumed that other pathologic conditions may influence the