Blood Lipid Responses Research Articles

Time-course atherogenic blood lipid response to statin discontinuation in dyslipidemic adults

Background and aimsHalf of dyslipidemic patients sometimes discontinue statin medication. It is unclear if blood atherogenic risk increases right after statin discontinuation or if there is a lingering protective effect. We sought to determine if a legacy effect prevented blood lipid increases during the first stages of statin cessation. Methods and resultsAtherogenic blood lipid profile was measured in 10 overweight (BMI 31 ± 3 kg m−2) middle-aged males (62 ± 7 years old), statin users, while fasted and postprandially. Trials were conducted before (i.e., Day 0) and after 4, 7, 15, and 30 days of statin withdrawal and 20 days after statins reloading (Day 50).Four days after statin discontinuation, blood fasting LDL-c, total cholesterol (CHOL), and triglyceride (TG) concentrations increased by 30%, 18%, and 17%, respectively (P < 0.05). The increases in LDL-c, CHOL, and TG peaked after 7–15 days at 79%, 48%, and 34% of basal levels (P < 0.001), respectively. There were no significant correlations between the increases in blood lipids and the dose or years under statin treatment (P = 0.156–0.575). Twenty days after resuming statins, blood LDL-c (2.79 ± 1.06 vs 2.20 ± 0.50 mmol L−1; P = 0.568), CHOL (4.85 ± 1.41 vs 4.25 ± 0.83 mmol L−1; P = 0.747), and TG (1.47 ± 0.60 vs 1.50 ± 0.68 mmol L−1; P = 0.782), returned to basal levels. ConclusionsOur data does not support a statin lingering/legacy effect in blood lipids since they dangerously increased after only 4 days of statin withdrawal in every patient, regardless of dose and years under treatment. Reloading statins restored blood lipids, evidencing a reproducible biological effect at the whole-body level.

Changes in the chronic and postprandial blood lipid profiles of trained competitive cyclists and triathletes following a ketogenic diet: a randomized crossover trial

BackgroundThe ketogenic diet (KD) is the most popular carbohydrate restriction strategy for endurance athletes. However, because the primary goal of employing the KD is to gain a competitive advantage in competition, endurance athletes may be less concerned with the influence of the KD on their cardiometabolic health; particularly their blood lipid profiles. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the chronic and postprandial blood lipid alterations following a two-week ad libitum KD compared to an ad libitum high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and the athletes’ habitual diet (HD) in a group of trained competitive cyclists and triathletes.MethodsSix trained competitive cyclists and triathletes (female: 4, male: 2; age: 37.2 ± 12.2) completed this randomized crossover trial, which required them to follow a two-week ad libitum KD and HCD in a randomized order after their HD. Fasting blood lipids were collected following their HD and after two-weeks of the KD and HCD conditions. Postprandial blood lipid responses to a test meal reflective of the assigned diet were collected at the end of each diet condition.ResultsFasting total cholesterol (TC) was significantly higher following the KD compared to the HD (p < 0.001) and HCD (p = 0.006). Postprandial incremental area under the curve for triglycerides (TRG), TRG:HDL ratio, and VLDL-C were significantly higher following the KD test meal compared to the HD (all p < 0.001) and HCD (all p = 0.001) test meals but LDL-C and LDL:HDL ratio were significantly lower following the KD compared to the HD and HCD test meals (all p < 0.001).ConclusionsTrained competitive cyclists and triathletes demonstrate increased TC in response to a two-week KD compared to a HCD or HD. Endurance athletes contemplating a KD should consider the potential for these blood lipid alterations, and future research should focus on postprandial blood lipid responses to determine if these changes manifest in chronic blood lipid shifts.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04097171 (11 October 2019).

Apolipoprotein E Genetic Variant and Blood Lipid Responses to Plant Sterols: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Clinical Trials.

Plant sterols/stanols are effective cholesterol-lowering agents. However, it is unclear whether the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genetic variants influence it. We investigated whether ApoE genetic variants modulate the responses of blood lipids to dietary intervention plant sterols/stanols in adults and if the intervention dose and duration, as well as the age and status of participants, influence this effect. Randomized clinical trials were identified by searching databases in the Cochrane Library. Random-effect models were used to estimate the pooled effect size of each outcome of interest total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to investigate the effects of potential modifiers on the outcomes of interest. Eleven articles were selected from 3,248 retrieved abstracts. Plant sterol/stanol intervention was associated with a more significant reduction in LDL levels in the E3 group [-0.251 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), -0.488 to -0.015] compared with both the E4 and E2 groups. In E4 carriers, the plant sterol/stanol intervention dose and duration resulted in a larger decrease in LDL levels (-0.088027 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.154690 to -0.021364). In conclusion, ApoE genetic variants affected the response of blood LDL levels to supplementation with plant sterols/stanols, as individuals with E3 variant showed significantly decreased LDL levels compared with the other genotypes. However, future studies recruiting participants according to their ApoE genetic variants are needed to confirm our conclusion.

Blood Lipid Responses to Diets Enriched with Cottonseed Oil Compared with Olive Oil in Adults with High Cholesterol in a Randomized Trial

BackgroundIncreasing unsaturated fat intake is beneficial for cardiovascular health, but the type of unsaturated fat to recommend remains equivocal. ObjectivesWe investigated the effects of an 8-week diet intervention that was rich in either cottonseed oil (CSO; PUFA rich) or olive oil (OO; MUFA rich) on blood lipids in hypercholesterolemic adults. MethodsForty-three men and women with hypercholesterolemia (53 ± 10 years; BMI, 27.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2) completed this randomized parallel clinical trial consisting of an 8-week partial outpatient feeding intervention. Participants were given meals and snacks accounting for ∼60% of their daily energy needs, with 30% of energy needs from either CSO (n = 21) or OO (n = 22). At pre- and postdiet intervention visits, participants consumed a high-SFA meal (35% of total energy needs; 70% of energy from fat). The primary outcomes of fasting cholesterol profiles and secondary outcomes of postprandial blood lipids and glycemic markers were assessed over a 5-hour period. ResultsThere were greater reductions from baseline to week 8 in fasting serum total cholesterol (TC; −17.0 ± 3.94 mg/dL compared with −2.18 ± 3.72 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.008), LDL cholesterol (−19.7 ± 3.94 mg/dL compared with −5.72 ± 4.23 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.018), non–HDL cholesterol (−20.8 mg/dL ± 4.00 compared with −6.61 ± 4.01 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.014), and apoB (−11.8 mg/dL ± 2.37 compared with −3.10 ± 2.99 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.05), in CSO compared with OO. There were also visit effects from baseline to week 8 for increases in HDL cholesterol (CSO, 56.5 ± 2.79 mg/dL to 60.2 ± 3.35 mg/dL, respectively; OO: 59.7 ± 2.63 mg/dL to 64.1 ± 2.24 mg/dL, respectively; P < 0.001), and decreases in the TC:HDL-cholesterol ratio (CSO, 4.30 ± 0.27 mg/dL to 3.78 ± 0.27 mg/dL, respectively; OO, 3.94 ± 0.16 mg/dL to 3.57 ± 0.11 mg/dL, respectively; P < 0.001), regardless of group assignment. In response to the high-SFA meal, there were differences in postprandial plasma glucose (P = 0.003) and triglyceride (P = 0.004) responses and a trend in nonesterified fatty acids (P = 0.11) between groups, showing protection in the postprandial state from an occasional high-SFA fat meal with CSO, but not OO, diet enrichment. ConclusionsCSO, but not OO, diet enrichment caused substantial improvements in fasting and postprandial blood lipids and postprandial glycemia in hypercholesterolemic adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04397055.

The Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, including miR-499a Genetic Variants, and Dyslipidemia in Subjects Treated with Pharmacological or Phytochemical Lipid-Lowering Agents.

Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism are among the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with the individual variability in blood lipid profile and response to lipid-lowering treatments. Here, we genotyped 34 selected SNPs located in coding genes related to lipid metabolism, inflammation, coagulation, and a polymorphism in the MIR499 gene—a microRNA previously linked to CVD—to evaluate the association with lipid trait in subjects with moderate dyslipidemia not on lipid-lowering treatment (Treatment-naïve (TN) cohort, n = 125) and in patients treated with statins (STAT cohort, n = 302). We also explored the association between SNPs and the effect of a novel phytochemical lipid-lowering treatment in the TN cohort. We found that 6 SNPs (in the MIR499, TNFA, CETP, SOD2, and VEGFA genes) were associated with lipid traits in the TN cohort, while no association was found with the response to twelve-week phytochemical treatment. In the STAT cohort, nine SNPs (in the MIR499, CETP, CYP2C9, IL6, ABCC2, PON1, IL10, and VEGFA genes) were associated with lipid traits, three of which were in common with the TN cohort. Interestingly, in both cohorts, the presence of the rs3746444 MIR499 SNP was associated with a more favorable blood lipid profile. Our findings could add information to better understand the individual genetic variability in maintaining a low atherogenic lipid profile and the response to different lipid-lowering therapies.

Effect of one-day intermittent fasting on 24-hour blood pressure profile in hypertensive and normotensive patients with overweight and obesity

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine Background The modification of eating behavior is an integral part of cardiovascular disease prevention. Intermittent fasting is a modern approach towards diet correction. However, insufficient data exists on its effect and safety on daily blood pressure and lipids. The aim of this paper was to assess the response of blood pressure, blood lipids and creatinine to acute intermittent fasting (IF) in hypertensive and normotensive patients with overweight and obesity. Methods A cohort of 65 hypertensive patients and 45 young normotensive patients with overweight and obesity included. All patients were monitored for 24 hours by Ambulatory Blood Pressure monitoring by ABMP50 Machine. All hypertensive patients were on stable antihypertensive therapy for at least 3 months and had met target office blood pressure levels. Fasting glucose (FG), blood lipids, creatinine, uric acid and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hCRP) were measured before and after fasting. All patients were asked to fast (F) for 16 hours for the first time in their lives. At the end of the fasting period, all participants in the study rated their subjective state from 1 to 10. Statistical analyses were conducted by IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Results The reaction of blood pressure on intermitted fasting was similar in both groups. Decrease of day systolic blood pressure (SBP) as well as increase of night diastolic blood pressure (DPB) was observed in both groups (TABLE 1). No significant changes of daily BP were observed in normotensive patients. Daily heart rate increased in 1st group by 1,5% (p=0.003) and decreased in 2nd group by 4,2% (p=0,002). At the same time daily SBP decreased in the group of hypertensive patients. The hypertension group (65 patients) rated their subjective state higher than 5 points and expressed that fasting was easy for them, age median 57 (51:61) years old. The normotensive group rated themselves below 5 points and expressed the difficulty of fasting and low quality of sleep, age median 26 (25:45) years old. The median BMI in 1st group 32,1 (30:35) in 2nd group 27,4 (25:30) kg/m2. The mean FG before fasting in the 1st group was 5,45(±0,61) mmol/l in the 2nd group was 4,75 (±0,55) mmol/l and after IF in the 1st group 5,36 (±0,73) mmol/l in the 2nd group 4,58 (±0,64) mmol/l (p&amp;gt;0.05). In hypertension group the mean of hCRP decreased from 9.95±8.02 to 4.68±2.88 (p=0.04). The level of blood creatinine and GFR had not significant changes. Conclusion One-day intermittent fasting leads to a change in blood pressure, does not cause hypotension, and is tolerated favorably in obese patients with hypertension on stable antihypertensive therapy.

Saturated Fat and Cardiovascular Health: Phenotype and Dietary Factors Influencing Interindividual Responsiveness.

Recent inconsistencies in nutrition research studies examining the influence of saturated fat (SFA) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk have led to substantial scientific debate and increased public confusion. This review will summarize metabolic characteristics and food-based factors that underlie interindividual responsiveness to SFA consumption. The magnitude of postprandial blood lipid responses to SFA intake is dependent on a number of individual factors including age, sex, and adiposity status. Further, the metabolic effects of SFA intake are influenced by the specific types of SFAs and the food matrix within which they are contained. Importantly, results from research examining the effects of SFA on CVD risk should be interpreted with consideration of the comparator nutrient (i.e., carbohydrate, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat). A more nuanced understanding of the multitude of factors mediating the influence of SFA on lipid metabolism and CVD risk might help resolve the current controversy and inform more precise personalized recommendations for future dietary guidelines.

Acute Response of Blood Lipids and Lipoproteins to Different Intensities of Exercise in Obese Males

This study aimed to examine the response of lipid and lipoprotein levels following different intensities of exercise in obese males. Fifteen obese (body mass index &gt; 30 kg/m2), sedentary (less than 2 days per week of physical activity) males, aged 18–30 years, participated in this randomized, cross-over study. The participants performed a single bout of cycling exercise (average energy expenditure: ~300 kcal) at two different intensities [lower-intensity: 50% of maximal heart rate and higher-intensity: 80% of maximal heart rate] in a random order. Overnight fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately post-exercise (IPE), 1-hr PE, and 24-hr PE for each intensity of exercise to determine the profile of blood lipids and lipoproteins [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)]. A 2(intensity) × 4(time) analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to examine the main and interaction differences in intensity and time on the profile of blood lipids and lipoproteins. The blood lipids and lipoproteins were not significantly altered following either lower or higher intensity exercise. There was no significant interaction between intensity and time. The results suggest that regardless of exercise intensity, an acute bout of aerobic exercise requiring 300 kcal energy expenditure may not be enough to significantly alter blood lipids and lipoproteins in physically healthy obese males. Therefore, it is recommended that future research determine whether different intensities of chronic exercise requiring the same or higher volume of energy expenditure can positively alter the blood lipid profiles in obese males.

A combination of single nucleotide polymorphisms is associated with the interindividual variability in the blood lipid response to dietary fatty acid consumption in a randomized clinical trial

Blood lipid concentrations display high interindividual variability in response to dietary interventions, partly due to genetic factors. Existing studies have focused on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed individually, which only explain a limited fraction of the variability of these complex phenotypes. We aimed to identify combinations of SNPs associated with the variability in LDL cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) concentration changes following 5 dietary interventions. In a multicenter randomized crossover trial, 92 participants with elevated waist circumference and low HDL cholesterol concentrations consumed 5 isoenergetic diets for 4 wk: a diet rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) from cheese, SFA from butter, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and a diet higher in carbohydrates (CHO). The association between 22 candidate SNPs in genes involved in lipid and bile acid metabolism and transport and changes in LDL cholesterol and TG concentrations was assessed with univariate statistics followed by partial least squares regression. Endpoint LDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly different (cheese: 3.18±0.04, butter: 3.31±0.04, MUFA: 3.00±0.04, PUFA: 2.81±0.04, CHO: 3.11±0.04 mmol/L; P<0.001) while endpoint TG concentrations were not (P=0.117). Both displayed consistently elevated interindividual variability following the dietary interventions (CVs of 34.5±2.2% and 55.8±1.8%, respectively). Among the 22 candidate SNPs, only ABCA1-rs2066714 and apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoforms exhibited consistent significant effects, namely on LDL cholesterol concentrations. However, several SNPs were significantly associated with changes in LDL cholesterol and TG concentrations in a diet-specific fashion. Generated multivariate models explained from 16.0 to 33.6% of the interindividual variability in LDL cholesterol concentration changes and from 17.5 to 32.0% of that in TG concentration changes. We report combinations of SNPs associated with a significant part of the variability in LDL cholesterol and TG concentrations following dietary interventions differing in their fatty acid profiles.

Intake of a Mediterranean Diet Reduces Atherogenic Lipid Profiles but the Effect Is Diminished by Daily Egg Intake

Abstract Objectives A Mediterranean diet (Med Diet) decreases atherogenic lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. It is unknown how high cholesterol intake within a Med Diet will affect these parameters. The objective of this project was to evaluate the daily inclusion of whole eggs, a high cholesterol food, in the Med Diet on lipid and lipoprotein profiles. Methods Overweight to obese men (8) and women (25) were recruited into a randomized, cross-over designed, controlled feeding study evaluating three isocaloric test diets: a) Control –average American diet from What We Eat in America, b) Med Diet, and c) Med Diet plus whole, fresh eggs (1 whole egg/1000 kcal; Med Diet + Egg). The Control and Med Diet contained egg substitute. Participants were directed to consume only those foods provided during each 4-week diet treatment period. Each treatment period was separated by &amp;gt; 4-week washout period. Fasting blood was taken pre- and post-treatment for determination of lipid concentrations, lipoprotein particle size and number. Results Intake of the Control and Med Diet, but not the Med Diet + Egg, decreased (time effect, P &amp;lt; 0.05) total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations, but an overall diet treatment effect did not occur. Med Diet, but not Control or Med Diet + Egg, reduced (time effect, P &amp;lt; 0.05) triglyceride concentrations, but an overall treatment effect did not occur. Particle numbers (P &amp;lt; 0.05) were reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for intermediate density lipoprotein (26%) and total LDL (8%) by Med Diet intake but not by the other diets, and an overall treatment effect was not observed. Very low density lipoprotein size was reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by Med Diet intake and an overall treatment effect occurred (P = 0.04). Variability in responses was assessed by hierarchical clustering heatmap analysis of blood lipid responses. Three main categories of responses types were present but not defined by dietary treatment. Conclusions Daily intake of a Mediterranean diet meal pattern or an average American diet without whole eggs reduced blood lipid and/or lipoprotein concentrations associated with CVD risk; addition of daily egg intake blunted these reductions. However, the variability in the study population responses warrants further nutrigenomic exploration. Funding Sources USDA-ARS 3062-53000-001-00D and the American Egg Board.

Sex-Specific Influence of the SCARB1 Rs5888 SNP on the Serum Lipid Response to Atorvastatin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

BackgroundEpidemiological studies have shown that there are sex differences in blood lipid levels and lipid responses to statins. Previous studies have shown that the rs5888 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1) gene is associated with serum lipid levels in a sex-specific manner. The present study was undertaken to detect the sex-specific influence of the SCARB1 rs5888 SNP on the serum lipid response to atorvastatin in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).MethodsA total of 158 unrelated ACS patients (108 males, 50 females) were enrolled, and all patients received atorvastatin 20 mg/daily after PCI. Genotyping of the rs5888 SNP was performed by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Serum lipid profiles were determined before treatment and after an average follow-up time of one year.ResultsThe baseline serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein (Apo)AI levels were higher in females than in males (P<0.05). After treatment with atorvastatin, serum TC, LDL-C, and ApoB were decreased, and ApoAI was increased (P<0.05). The effects of atorvastatin on serum lipid levels were different between males and females, and females had greater decreases in TC, LDL-C and ApoB levels than males (P<0.05). The genotypic frequencies of the rs5888 SNP were not different between males and females. The atorvastatin response was not associated with the rs5888 SNP in males (P > 0.05). Nonetheless, in female individuals carrying the rs5888 T-allele, we observed a greater reduction in TC, LDL-C, and ApoB levels after the use of 20 mg/day atorvastatin (P<0.05).ConclusionThis study indicates that the SCARB1 rs5888 T-allele was associated with a greater reduction in serum TC, LDL-C, and ApoB after atorvastatin treatment in female patients with ACS undergoing PCI.

Serum metabolomics analysis of the intervention effect of whole grain oats on insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet in rats

This study aimed to evaluate the intervention effect of whole grain oats (WGO) on a high-fat (HF) diet induced insulin resistance (IR) rat model by metabolomic approach. Sixty rats were randomly allocated into six groups, including the control group, HF group, and four oat-intervention groups. Rats in the control group and HF group were respectively given the standard diet and HF diet respectively. The four oat-intervention groups were fed with a special HF diet, in which sucrose and starch in the HF diet were replaced by whole grain oats powder in different proportions of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% respectively. After 8-week feeding, serum samples of all rats were collected for biochemical detection, and the metabolomics analysis was carried out by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). The results showed that the WGO could regulate body weight, blood glucose, blood lipid, and inflammatory response, which indicated that WGO could prevent IR induced by the HF diet, and it was effective enough by 50% WGO replacement. By serum metabolomics analysis, six differential metabolites closely related to WGO intervention on IR were found, and the related metabolic pathways involved energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism.

Effects of natural polyphenol-rich pomegranate juice supplementation on plasma ion and lipid profiles following resistance exercise: a placebo-controlled trial

BackgroundPomegranate juice (POMj) contains abundant soluble polyphenolic antioxidant compounds and is recommended for its cardioprotective/atheroprotective properties. However, very few studies have investigated the efficacy of POMj supplementation to alter physiological responses during intensive physical exercise. This placebo-controlled study aimed to examine whether supplementation with natural polyphenol-rich-POMj could influence the ionic or lipid responses to an intensive resistance training session in elite athletes.MethodsNine elite weightlifters (21 ± 1 years) performed two Olympic-weightlifting sessions after ingesting placebo and POMj supplements. Venous blood samples were collected at rest and 3 min after each session for assessment of plasma sodium ([Na+]), potassium ([K+]), chloride ([Cl−]), calcium ([Ca2+]), triglyceride ([TG]) and high-density lipoprotein ([HDL-C]), low-density lipoprotein ([HDL-C]) and total ([TC]) cholesterol concentrations.ResultsPlasma [K+] and [TG] were lowered post-exercise compared to resting values in the PLA condition (p = 0.03 for K+ and p = 0.02 for TG) with no pre-to-post exercise differences in the other plasma ion and lipid markers (p > 0.05). Compared to rest, plasma [Na+] and [Cl−] were increased (p = 0.04, %change = 4.10% for Na+ and p = 0.02, %change = 4.44% for Cl−), but there were no differences in the other plasma ion or lipid markers post-exercise after POMj supplementation (p > 0.05). Post-exercise plasma [Na+], [Cl−], and [HDL-C] were greater following POMj supplementation compared to PLA (p = 0.01 for Cl- and HDL-C, p = 0.02 for Na+, and p = 0.04 for TC), with no between-supplement post-exercise differences in the other ion and lipid markers (p > 0.05).ConclusionIn conclusion, supplementation with POMj has the potential to attenuate the acute imbalance of plasma [K+] and to improve blood lipid responses (i.e., HDL-C) following resistance exercises in elite weightlifters. However, further large research in both athletic and non-athletic populations is needed to corroborate these preliminary observations and to elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms and translational potential of our novel observations.Trial registrationName of the registry:ClinicalTrials.gov PRSThe registration number:NCT02697903.Date of Registry: 03/03/2016 ‘Retrospectively registered’.The registration title: Pomegranate Improve Biological Recovery Kinetics in Elite Weightlifter.Graphical abstract

Effects of fatty acids composition in a breakfast meal on the postprandial lipid responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Replacement of food rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) is a well-known dietary strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease while its impact on postprandial blood lipids is less examined. This study assessed the effects of fatty acids composition on the postprandial triglycerides and cholesterol responses. Seventeen randomised controlled trials were identified and pooled analysis results revealed that consumption of a UFAs-rich or an SFAs-rich breakfast meal did not acutely affect postprandial triglycerides and cholesterol responses. However, subgroup analysis observed that triglycerides incremental area under the curve was lower with an SFAs-rich meal (SMD: −0.36; 95% CI: −0.57, −0.15) over a less than 8 h duration, while was higher (SMD: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.05, 1.23) over a longer postprandial duration. It suggests that the postprandial duration is of importance when evaluating the effects of fatty acids composition on blood lipid responses.

Exercise heat acclimation causes post-exercise hypotension and favorable improvements in lipid and immune profiles: A crossover randomized controlled trial

Passive hyperthermic exposure causes an acute hypotensive response following the cessation of heat stress. Chronic heat stress is well documented in animal studies to instigate metabolic and lipid alterations. However, it is unknown if exercise-heat acclimation also causes favorable chronic blood pressure, lipid, and immune responses in humans. This project tested the hypothesis that 10-day exercise-heat acclimation (HA) would cause greater post-exercise reductions in arterial blood pressure and favorable metabolic, lipid, and immune responses compared to 10-day exercise under neutral conditions (CON). Thirteen healthy sedentary participants (8M/5F, 28 ± 6y, 78 ± 17 kg), completed a 10-day (90 min/day exercise bout) clamped hyperthermia HA (increase internal temperature 1.5 °C, in 42 °C, 28% Rh) and control (CON: 23 °C, 42% Rh) protocols in a counterbalanced design with a 2 month washout. Pre- and post-exercise HA/CON blood pressures were taken 1-h post-exercise on exercise days 1 and 10. Metabolic, lipid and immune panels were taken pre-post HA/CON. Exercise under heat stress had greater post-exercise hypotension (systolic; -6 mmHg, diastolic; -8 mmHg; and mean arterial pressure; -7 mmHg) on both days 1 and 10 compared to exercise under neutral conditions (main effect for condition, P ≤ 0.004). Only from pre-to-post HA, total cholesterol (168 ± 19 to 157 ± 15; P < 0.03) and triglycerides (137 ± 45 to 111 ± 30; P < 0.03) were reduced, while absolute lymphocytes (-26%), monocytes (-22%), and basophils (-49%) significantly decreased (each P ≤ 0.04). Relative values of neutrophils increased (18%) and lymphocytes decreased (-20%) only after HA (P ≤ 0.04). These data indicate that exercise in the heat (regardless of acclimation status) causes a profound post-exercise hypotensive response, while HA causes favorable lipid, and immune profile changes. Further examination of exercise-heat acclimation on vascular, metabolic, and immune responses will offer insight for benefits in other clinical populations with vascular, metabolic and immune dysfunction.

Heat Acclimation Causes Profound Post-Exercise Hypotension and Favorable Improvements in Lipid and Immune Profiles

PURPOSE: We have previously reported that passive hyperthermic exposure causes an acute hypotensive response. The animal literature has shown that chronic heat stress causes alterations in metabolic and lipid metabolism. However, it is unknown if heat acclimation also causes chronic blood pressure and lipid responses in humans. This project tested the hypothesis that 10-day exercise-heat acclimation (HA) would cause greater post-exercise hypotensive responses and alter metabolic, lipid, and immune profiles compared to 10-day exercise under neutral conditions (CON). METHODS: Twelve healthy sedentary subjects (7M/5F, 28±6y, 78±17kg), completed a 10-day (90min/day exercise bout) clamp controlled (internal work-rate) hyperthermia HA (42°C, 28% RH) and control (CON: 23°C, 42% RH) protocols in a counterbalanced design separated by at least 2 months. Pre- and post-exercise HA/CON blood pressure was taken post-exercise over 1 hour after day 1 and day 10 exercise. Metabolic, lipid and immune panels were taken pre-post HA/CON. RESULTS: Exercise under heat stress had greater post-exercise hypotension (systolic; -6mmHg, diastolic -8mmHg; and mean arterial pressure, -7mmHg) on day 1 and day 10 compared to exercise under neutral conditions (main effect for condition, P≤0.004). Only from pre-to-post HA, total cholesterol (170±22 to 152±15; P<0.02) and triglycerides (130±63 to 93±27; P<0.03) were reduced. A trend for changes in glycemic control (%A1c; 5.4±0.3 to 5.3±0.4; P<0.06) neutrophils (52.3±5.6% to 57.5±4.0%; P<0.09), lymphocytes (37.9±5.7% to 32.9±3.0; P<0.07), and eosinophils (2.4±1.7 to 3.1±0.1; P<0.06) were found after HA. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data indicate that HA causes a profound post-exercise hypotensive response and favorable metabolic, lipid, and immune profile changes. Further examination of heat acclimation on vascular, metabolic, and immune responses will offer insight for benefits in other clinical populations with vascular, metabolic and immune dysfunction.

EGG PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE, BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF LAYING JAPANESE QUAIL FED DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH PROPOLIS AND BEE POLLEN

Increasing productivity, improving product quality and insuring animal welfare are general demands to animal breeders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing the diet with propolis and/or bee pollen on egg productivity and immunological responses of laying Japanese quail. A total of 200 female quail, 35 days old, were randomly allocated to four equal groups. The first group served as a control group and was fed a basal diet (C). The second group was fed the basal diet supplemented with propolis at 1g/kg diet (Pro). The third group was fed the basal diet supplemented with bee pollen at 2g/kg diet (Bp). The fourth group was fed the basal diet supplemented with both propolis (1g/kg diet) and bee pollen (2g/kg diet) (Pro+Bp). Feed intake, feed conversion, egg mass, shell thickness and yolk index were significantly improved due to different dietary supplementation. Blood total protein and albumin increased, whereas cholesterol and H/L ratio significantly decreased due to diet supplementation. A synergistic effect of Pro+Bp was noticed in blood albumin, calcium and H/L ratio. In conclusion propolis and bee pollen can be supplemented to the diet of laying quail to increase egg production, improve egg quality and enhance blood protein, lipid and immunological responses.

Influence Of Short, Disrupted Sleep And High-intensity Interval Exercise On Fasting And Post-prandial Blood Lipid And Lipid-related Antioxidant Responses In Healthy Men

Exercise is known to impart transient blood lipid responses that appear consistent with reduced cardiovascular disease risk; yet, it is unclear how short, disrupted sleep (SDS) modifies post-exercise fasting and postprandial blood lipid and lipid-related antioxidant responses to a single episode of exercise. PURPOSE: To determine the influence of a single night of SDS on fasting and postprandial blood lipid and lipid-related antioxidant responses after HIIE. METHODS: Fifteen male participants (age 31.1 ± 5.3 yr; weight 83.5 ± 11.4 kg; BMI 25.8 ± 2.7 kg/m2; VO max 49.1 ± 8.5 ml/kg/min) completed a non-exercise control trial after 9 to 9.5 hrs of reference sleep (REF), HIIE by treadmill running (90% and 40% of VO2reserve in 3:2 min ratio) to expend 500 kcals after reference sleep (REF+EX) and HIIE after 3 to 3.5 hrs of short and disrupted sleep (SDS+EX) in a randomized crossover design. Blood samples were obtained by the same technician under standardized conditions just before, immediately after (IPE), 1 hr after exercise (1 HR) and just before a high-fat meal - 1240 kcals (56 g fat; 145 g carbohydrate; 38 g protein) and again 2, 4 and 6hrs after meal ingestion and at equal intervals during REF. Total, high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC and LDLC) and paraoxonase-1 concentration were measured up to 1 hr post-exercise. Post-prandial triglyceride was measured and area under the curves - total (AUCt) and incremental (AUCi) were calculated. Lipid and lipid-related antioxidant responses were analyzed using 3 (condition) by 3 (sample point) repeated measures ANOVAs. AUCt and AUCi were measured using one-way, 3 (condition) repeated measures ANOVAs. RESULTS: HDLC (+6.3%, p = 0.0023) and paraoxonase-1 (+10.8%, p <0.0001) increased and triglyceride (-18.5%, p <0.0001) decreased after REF+EX and SDS+EX; TAUCt and AUCi remained refractory to exercise and short, disrupted sleep. SUMMARY: Exercise transiently increased fasting HDL cholesterol and related antioxidant concentrations and reduced triglyceride levels, but did not modify total or incremental triglyceride AUC in response to a post-exercise high-fat meal. Short, disrupted sleep did not influence these responses.

ImpactofFlavonolsonCardiometabolicBiomarkers: AMeta-AnalysisofRandomizedControlledHuman TrialstoExploretheRoleofInter-Individual Variability.

Several epidemiological studies have linked flavonols with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, some heterogeneity in the individual physiological responses to the consumption of these compounds has been identified. This meta-analysis aimed to study the effect of flavonol supplementation on biomarkers of CVD risk such as, blood lipids, blood pressure and plasma glucose, as well as factors affecting their inter-individual variability. Data from 18 human randomized controlled trials were pooled and the effect was estimated using fixed or random effects meta-analysis model and reported as difference in means (DM). Variability in the response of blood lipids to supplementation with flavonols was assessed by stratifying various population subgroups: age, sex, country, and health status. Results showed significant reductions in total cholesterol (DM = −0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.20, −0.01), LDL cholesterol (DM = −0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.21, 0.07), and triacylglycerol (DM = −0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.18, 0.03), and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol (DM = 0.05 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.07). A significant reduction was also observed in fasting plasma glucose (DM = −0.18 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.29, −0.08), and in blood pressure (SBP: DM = −4.84 mmHg; 95% CI: −5.64, −4.04; DBP: DM = −3.32 mmHg; 95% CI: −4.09, −2.55). Subgroup analysis showed a more pronounced effect of flavonol intake in participants from Asian countries and in participants with diagnosed disease or dyslipidemia, compared to healthy and normal baseline values. In conclusion, flavonol consumption improved biomarkers of CVD risk, however, country of origin and health status may influence the effect of flavonol intake on blood lipid levels.

The effect of consuming low- versus high-glycemic index meals after exercise on postprandial blood lipid response following a next-day high-fat meal

Background/Objectives:Exercise performed shortly before (that is, within half a day of) a high-fat meal is beneficial for stimulating fat oxidation after the meal and reducing postprandial triglycerides (TG). This benefit of exercise is unfortunately negated if the after-exercise food choice to replace the calories expended during exercise is one containing high-glycemic index (HGI) carbohydrates. We determined the effect of consuming low-glycemic index (LGI) carbohydrates after an exercise session on fat oxidation and TG after a subsequent high-fat meal.Subjects/Methods:Using a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design, 23 overweight or obese individuals (body mass index ⩾25 kg m−2) performed: walking exercise (90 min) at 1800 h followed by no meal (EX); exercise followed by a meal with LGI carbohydrates (that is, lentils, EX-LGI); exercise followed by a meal with HGI carbohydrates (that is, instant potatoes, white bread, EX-HGI); and a control condition with no exercise or meal. After a 10-h overnight fast, participants were given a standardized high-fat meal. Fat oxidation was estimated before and for 6 h after this meal from respiratory gas measures and TG determined from blood samples.Results:Fat oxidation (mean±s.d.) was higher with EX (6.9±1.7 g h−1) than EX-HGI (6.3±1.6 g h−1; P=0.007) and Control (5.9±1.7 g h−1; P=0.00002), and EX-LGI (6.6±1.7 g h−1) was higher than Control (P=0.002). TG total area under the curve was 18–32% lower with EX and EX-LGI compared with control (P=0.0005 and P=0.0001, respectively) and EX-HGI (P=0.05 and P=0.021, respectively).Conclusions:A meal containing HGI carbohydrates consumed after an evening exercise session cancels the beneficial effect of exercise for stimulating fat oxidation and lowering TG after a subsequent high-fat meal, whereas consuming a post-exercise meal with LGI carbohydrates retains the positive effect of exercise.