Blood Lactate Levels Research Articles

Changes in Lactate-related Fecal Microbiome in Hyperlactatemia Diabetic Dogs.

The correlation between the intestinal microbiome and endocrine disorders has recently been drawing attention as an important key for determining their pathology and clinical assessment. In this study, we evaluated the microbiome of dogs with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) with respect to blood lactate. Fecal samples were obtained from 17 subjects and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction determinations were performed to quantify the gene expression levels of lactate-producing and dysbiosis index-related bacteria. Expression levels of the lactate-producing bacteria Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Bifidobacterium spp., were confirmed in patients with high concentrations of lactate in the blood. The abundance of Enterococcus and Bifidobacterium was higher in diabetic dogs compared to that of non-diabetic dogs. When blood lactate concentrations were high, the abundance of Bifidobacterium also increased. Blood lactate levels influence the gut microbiome in dogs with IDDM. This study will help understand the gut microbiota in the context of diabetes in human and veterinary medicine.

The Relationship Between Blood Lactate Level and Mortality in Patients Diagnosed with Acute Aortic Dissection in the Emergency Department

The Relationship Between Blood Lactate Level and Mortality in Patients Diagnosed with Acute Aortic Dissection in the Emergency Department

Primary and Secondary Physiological Stress Responses of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Due to Rearing Practices under Aquaculture Farming Conditions in M'diq Bay, Moroccan Mediterranean: The Case of Sampling Operation for Size and Weight Measurement.

Globally, aquaculture contributes to sustainable food and nutritional stability. However, stress conditions constitute a major threat affecting farmed-fish welfare and fish farms’ performances. In this regard, the present study was aimed at measuring and comparing in-situ (offshore) the physiological stress responses caused by recurrent sampling operations for length−weight measurement. Studied fish were European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax sub-adults and adults reared in intensive farming conditions in M’diq Bay, on the Moroccan Mediterranean coast. The physiological stress response was evaluated by measuring blood biomarkers, including cortisol, glucose, lactate, total cholesterol and total proteins levels, and hematocrit percentage. The hypercortisolemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlactatemia and hypoproteinemia detected in the post-sampling state in both age groups of D. labrax indicated stress tendencies and a high sensitivity to aquaculture practice-related stress factors, with major and minor responses detected in the same age and same stress conditions. It is also interesting to note that the fish age and the time-course of the sampling operation had a statistically significant effect in terms of the physiological response (with p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the present study showed that sea bass subjected to various stressful situations in intensive farming conditions displayed a physiological stress response specific to its age, to the individual status, as well as to the duration of stressor.

Intraoperative measurement of the respiratory exchange ratio predicts postoperative complications after liver transplantation

BackgroundDuring surgery, any mismatch between oxygen delivery (DO2) and consumption (VO2) can promote the development of postoperative complications. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER), defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide (CO2) production (VCO2) to VO2, may be a useful noninvasive tool for detecting inadequate DO2. The primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that RER measured during liver transplantation may predict postoperative morbidity. Secondary objectives were to assess the ability of other variables used to assess the DO2/VO2 relationship, including arterial lactate, mixed venous oxygen saturation, and veno-arterial difference in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (VAPCO2gap), to predict postoperative complications.MethodsThis retrospective study included consecutive adult patients who underwent liver transplantation for end stage liver disease from June 27th, 2020, to September 5th, 2021. Patients with acute liver failure were excluded. All patients were routinely equipped with a pulmonary artery catheter. The primary analysis was a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve constructed to investigate the discriminative ability of the mean RER measured during surgery to predict postoperative complications. RER was calculated at five standardized time points during the surgery, at the same time as measurement of blood lactate levels and arterial and mixed venous blood gases, which were compared as a secondary analysis.ResultsOf the 115 patients included, 57 developed at least one postoperative complication. The mean RER (median [25–75] percentiles) during surgery was significantly higher in patients with complications than in those without (1.04[0.96–1.12] vs 0.88[0.84–0.94]; p < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve was 0.87 (95%CI: 0.80–0.93; p < 0.001) with a RER value (Youden index) of 0.92 giving a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 74% for predicting the occurrence of postoperative complications. The RER outperformed all other measured variables assessing the DO2/VO2 relationship (arterial lactate, SvO2, and VAPCO2gap) in predicting postoperative complications.ConclusionDuring liver transplantation, the RER can reliably predict postoperative complications. Implementing this measure intraoperatively may provide a warning for physicians of impending complications and justify more aggressive optimization of oxygen delivery. Further studies are required to determine whether correcting the RER is feasible and could reduce the incidence of complications.

Vitality as a measure of animal welfare during purse seine pumping related crowding of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scrombrus)

The impacts of wild capture fishing on animal welfare are poorly understood. During purse seine fishing for Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scrombrus), catches are crowded to high densities to facilitate pumping onboard. This study aimed to monitor fish welfare during crowding events in the Norwegian purse seine fishery, and to identify relevant drivers. We first correlated a suite of neuro-endocrine, physiological and physical stress responses (integrated into a single measure of welfare using multivariate analysis) to the behavioural vitality of individual mackerel in controlled crowding trials in aquaculture cages. Vitality was found to be a useful measure of welfare. We then assessed individual fish vitality onboard a commercial purse seiner. Catch welfare, measured using vitality, was observed to be negatively impacted during pumping related crowding. Larger catches and longer crowding exposure times resulted in greater negative impacts. Vitality was not significantly impacted by crowding density or dissolved oxygen concentrations inside the net, although methodological limitations limited accurate measurement of these parameters. Blood lactate levels correlated negatively with vitality, suggesting that high-intensity anaerobic locomotory activity was associated with the reduction in welfare. Based on these findings, catch welfare could be improved by targeting smaller schools to minimise crowding exposure times.

The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Blood Lactate Levels and Rate of Perceived Exertion in Sedentary Healthy Adults

The high-intensity interval training has been seen to be beneficial for various populations. This study aimed to determine the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on blood lactate levels and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in sedentary healthy adults. A pre-post study was conducted on adults that were stated healthy and sedentary on physical activity. All participants were given HIIT with a total duration of 20 minutes for 12 sessions using a treadmill. Blood lactate level and RPE was recorded on the 1st and 12th session. A significant decrease in blood lactate level and RPE after giving HIIT was found with a reduction of 1,1 mmol/ L and 2 on the Borg Scale respectively (p&lt;0.0001). Further research is needed using field-based exercise testing to determine exercise prescription and to obtain the benefit of HIIT in populations with cardiovascular risk factors before utilizing it in patients.

Investigating the impact of pre-slaughter management factors on indicators of fed beef cattle welfare – a scoping review

IntroductionThe impact of pre-slaughter management practices on fed beef cattle welfare is a multifaceted and well researched subject matter. Factors such as transportation, handling, lairage time and several animal characteristics can directly impact the cattle’s behavior, mobility, blood lactate and cortisol levels, likelihood of injury and ultimately overall cattle welfare. Animal welfare continues to grow as a critical component of slaughter in the fed beef industry, yet a formal review of related research does not exist.MethodsA scoping review was performed in order to (1) catalog pre-slaughter management factors that impact fed beef cattle welfare at the time of slaughter, (2) identify indicators used to evaluate the impact of pre-slaughter management on fed beef cattle welfare at slaughter, and (3) gain further understanding of the relationship between pre-slaughter management factors and fed beef cattle welfare outcome indicators at slaughter. Three data bases were ultimately searched: PubMed, CAB Abstracts, and Web of Science. The concepts used in the database searches were the population of interest (i.e., fed beef cattle), the location in the supply chain, preslaughter management factors, and welfare outcomes.ResultsA total of 69 studies were included in final analysis for this review, including studies from six geographic regions around the globe. Studies involving alternative slaughter methods (e.g., religious stunning or mobile slaughter) were not included in the formal analysis of this review, but still merited an in-depth discussion within this paper. After reviewing the studies, a total of 37 pre-slaughter factors and 69 indicators of welfare were measured throughout. Pre-slaughter management factors were then categorized by: animal characteristics; environmental characteristics; handling; lairage; transportation; and water/feed. Outcomeindicators of welfare were categorized into: behaviors; health, injury and disease; physiological; and stunning and insensibility.DiscussionPre-slaughter factors relating to transportation and handling, and welfare outcomes measured by behaviors and physiology were of the most researched throughout the studies.The results of this review offer a catalogue of commonly researched factors and indicators of welfare measured during the pre-slaughter phase, as well ast he relationships between them. This review also offers further substantial evidence that a multitude of events in the pre-slaughter phase affect fed beef cattle welfare and a collection of highly applicable welfare indicators to expedite further research on the effects of pre-slaughter factors and the application of improved practices.

The Effects of a Single Session of High Intensity Functional Training on Energy Expenditure, VO2, and Blood Lactate.

High intensity functional training (HIFT) provides a potential option to meet public exercise recommendations for both cardiorespiratory and strength outcomes in a time efficient manner. To better understand the potential for HIFT as an exercise approach, energy expenditure (EE) and relative intensity need quantifying. In thirteen sedentary men and women with metabolic syndrome (MetS), we used both indirect calorimetry and blood lactate levels to calculate EE of a single session of HIFT. The HIFT session included four, 6-minute sets of consecutive functional exercises. Examples of the exercises involved were squats, deadlifts, suspension rows, suspension chest press, and planks. Intensity is described relative to individual ventilatory thresholds. The total group EE was 270.3 ± 77.3 kcal with approximately 5% attributed anaerobic energy production. VO2 ranged between 88.8 ± 12.3% and 99 ± 12% of the second ventilatory threshold (VT2), indicating a vigorous effort. After each work interval, peak blood lactate ranged between 7.9 ± 1.9 and 9.3 ± 2.9 mmol, and rate of perceived exertion between 6.9 ± 1.0 and 8.7 ± 0.8 arbitrary units from 1-10. These were achieved in approximately 46 minutes of exercise per participant. In conclusion, HIFT elicits the energy expenditure and effort requisite to result in the adaptive responses to produce the known suite of benefits of exercise for individuals with MetS.

A Better Way for Ductal Stenting in Patients with Duct-Dependent Pulmonary Flow and Vertical and Tortuous Patent Ductus Arteriosus.

In this study, we aimed to compare the femoral route and the carotid artery route in terms of procedural success of ductal stent implantation in patients with ductdependent pulmonary blood flow. The study included 51 patients with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation who underwent ductal stent implantation upon their admission to our clinic between July 2017 and March 2021. In total, 23 patients (group I) underwent ductal stent implantation via the femoral route, while the remaining 28 (group II) underwent the procedure via the carotid artery. The groups were compared in terms of procedural success, time, post-procedural blood pH, lactate levels, and complications. Duct morphology was observed in group 1 as follows: type 1 in 12 patients, type 3 in 8, type 2 in 2, and type 6 in 1 patient. In group 2, 26 patients had type 3, 1 had type 2, and 1 had type 6. The tortuosity index of the patients in group 1 was 1 in 8 patients, 2 in 8 patients, and 3 in 7 patients, while in group 2, it was 1 in 5 patients, 2 in 15 patients, and 3 in 8 patients. The success rate was 69.6% (16/26) in group I and 93.5% (29/31) in group II (P=.030). The cumulative success rate was 88.2% (45/51). The procedural durations were 78.2 ± 34.1 and 52.1 ± 22.0 minutes in group I and group II, respectively (P=.002). The mean blood pH values upon the completion of the procedure were 7.26 ± 0.1 and 7.33 ± 0.0 in group I and group II, respectively (P=.038). The mean post-procedural lactate levels were 2.8 mmol/L and 2.3 mmol/L in group I and group II, respectively (P=.038). The 2 groups did not show any differences in terms of procedural complications. The carotid artery route can be preferred, especially in vertical and tortuous ductus arteriosus, as it is associated with a high success rate and a short procedural time, as well as a better metabolic condition after the procedure.

Impact on outcomes of measuring lactates prior to ICU in unselected heterogeneous critically ill patients: A propensity score analysis.

Elevated blood lactate levels were reported as effective predictors of clinical outcome and mortality in ICU. However, there have been no studies simply comparing the timing of measuring lactates before vs. after ICU admission. A total of 19,226 patients with transfer time ≤ 24 hr were extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV database (MIMIC-IV). After 1:1 propensity score matching, the patients were divided into two groups: measuring lactates within 3 hr before (BICU group, n = 4,755) and measuring lactate within 3 hr after ICU admission(AICU group, n = 4,755). The primary and secondary outcomes were hospital mortality, hospital 28-day mortality, ICU mortality, ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and restricted mean survival time (RMST). Hospital, hospital 28-day, and ICU mortality were significantly higher in AICU group (7.0% vs.9.8%, 6.7% vs. 9.4%, and 4.6% vs.6.7%, respectively, p<0.001 for all) Hospital LOS and ICU LOS were significantly longer in AICU group (8.4 days vs. 9.0 days and 3.0 days vs. 3.5 days, respectively, p<0.001 for both). After adjustment for predefined covariates, a significant association between the timing of measuring lactate and hospital mortality was observed in inverse probability treatment weight (IPTW) multivariate regression, doubly robust multivariate regression, and multivariate regression models (OR, 0.96 [95%CI, 0.95-0.97], OR 0.52 [95%CI, 0.46-0.60], OR 0.66 [95%CI, 0.56-0.78], respectively, p<0.001 for all), indicating the timing as a significant risk-adjusted factor for lower hospital mortality. The difference (BICU-AICU) of RMST at 28- days after ICU admission was 0.531 days (95%CI, 0.002-1.059, p<0.05). Placement of A-line and PA-catheter, administration of intravenous antibiotics, and bolus fluid infusion during the first 24-hr in ICU were significantly more frequent and faster in the BICU vs AICU group (67.6% vs. 51.3% and 126min vs.197min for A-line, 19.6% vs.13.2% and 182min vs. 274min for PA-catheter, 77.5% vs.67.6% and 109min vs.168min for antibiotics, and 57.6% vs.51.6% and 224min vs.278min for bolus fluid infusion, respectively, p<0.001 for all). Additionally, a significant indirect effect was observed in frequency (0.19879 [95% CI, 0.14061-0.25697] p<0.001) and time (0.07714 [95% CI, 0.22600-0.13168], p<0.01) of A-line replacement, frequency of placement of PA-catheter (0.05614 [95% CI, 0.04088-0.07140], p<0.001) and frequency of bolus fluid infusion (0.02193 [95%CI, 0.00303-0.04083], p<0.05). Measuring lactates within 3 hr prior to ICU might be associated with lower hospital mortality in unselected heterogeneous critically ill patients with transfer time to ICU ≤ 24hr, presumably due to more frequent and faster therapeutic interventions.

Daytime fluctuations of endurance performance in young soccer players: a randomized cross-over trial

ObjectivesFluctuations of physical performance and biological responses during a repetitive daily 24-h cycle are known as circadian rhythms. These circadian rhythms can influence the optimal time of day for endurance performance and related parameters which can be crucial in a variety of sports disciplines. The current study aimed to evaluate the daytime variations in endurance running performance in a 3.000-m field run and endurance running performance, blood lactate levels, and heart rate in an incremental treadmill test in adolescent soccer players.ResultsIn this study, 15 adolescent male soccer players (age: 18.0 ± 0.6 years) performed a 3.000-m run and an incremental treadmill test at 7:00–8:00 a.m. and 7:00–8:00 p.m. in a randomized cross-over manner. No significant variations after a Bonferroni correction were evident in endurance running performance, perceived exertion, blood lactate levels, and heart rates between the morning and the evening. Here, the largest effect size was observed for maximal blood lactate concentration (9.15 ± 2.18 mmol/l vs. 10.64 ± 2.30 mmol/l, p = .110, ES = 0.67). Therefore, endurance running performance and physiological responses during a field-based 3.000-m run and a laboratory-based test in young male soccer players indicated no evidence for daytime variations.

Effects of Low/Medium-Intensity Exercise on Fat Metabolism after a 6-h Fast

The effects of fasting and different exercise intensities on lipid metabolism were investigated in 12 male students aged 19.9 ± 1.4 years, with maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of 50.33 ± 4.0 mL/kg/min, using a counterbalanced design. Each participant ran on a treadmill at 45% and 65% VO2max continuously for 20 min, followed by running at 85% VO2max for 20 min (or until exhaustion) under a fed or fasted state (6 h). The respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood glucose (BGLU), blood lactate (BLA), and blood triglyceride (TG) were analyzed during exercise. The results showed that the intensity of exercise did not significantly affect the BGLU and TG in the fed state. The levels of both RER and BLA increased as the intensity of exercise increased from low to high (45, 65, and 85% VO2max), and more energy was converted from fat into glucose at a high intensity of exercise. In the fasted state of 6 h, the BGLU level increased parallel to the intensity of exercise. The RER was close to 1.0 at a high intensity of exercise, indicating that more energy was converted from glycogen. At the intensities of 45 and 65% VO2max, the RER and concentration of TG were both lower in the fasted than in the fed state, showing that a higher percentage of energy comes from fat than in the fed state at 45 and 65% VO2max. When running at 85% VO2max, the BGLU concentration was higher in the fasted than in the fed state, indicating that the liver tissues release more BGLU for energy in the fasted state. Therefore, in the fasted state, running at 45% and 65% of VO2max significantly affects lipid metabolism. On the contrary, the higher RER and BGLU concentrations when running at 85% VO2max revealed no significant difference between the two probes. This study suggests that medium- and low-intensity exercise (45 and 65% VO2max) in the fasted state enhances lipid metabolism.

Sex-related differences in perceptual indices, serum cortisol and blood lactate responses to endurance exertion in competitive male and female athletes in a field setting

Background: Boxing requires very high aerobic fitness from male and female practitioners, therefore, endurance exercises play an important role in the preparation to competition. One of the way for rating of the state of demanded physical adaptation is monitoring of biological responses to endurance training units. The aim of the study was to examine psycho-hormonal responses to a 10km cross-country run in male and female boxers. Material and methods: Twenty-four amateur adult boxers, 12 women and 12 men, of various weight categories, excluding heavyweight athletes, performed field a 10km run. Capillary blood was sampled in the morning at 8:00, 5 minutes prior to the run (11:00 am), and within 5 minutes after exercise. Plasma cortisol concentration (C) was determined using a commercial ELISA kit (IBL, GERMANY). Post-exercise blood lactate was determined with a Lactate Scout analyzer. Pre-run anticipatory stress (AS) was estimated on a numerical scale of 1 to 10 points, with the same tool used to measure the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Results: Morning plasma cortisol levels in females (54082 nM) and males (52073 nM) did not differ significantly but the pre-and post-run levels were higher in females. Furthermore, males rather than females showed lower pre-exercise compared to post-exercise C levels, meaning that blood lactate level was significantly higher in males (6.31.1 mM) compared to that in females (5.40.7 mM). There were no significant differences between the sexes for AS and RPE. However, both perceptual parameters were slightly higher in females. Conclusion: Based on blood cortisol measurements and perceptual parameters it can be concluded that the psychophysiological cost of exercise is higher in female athletes, even in the case of non-competitive exercise.

Outcome after veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in elderly patients: A 14-year single-center experience.

Use of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) in elderly patients is controversial because of presumed poor outcome. Our primary aim was to determine the influence of advanced age on short- and long-term outcome; the secondary aim was to analyze risk factors for impaired outcome. Between January 2006 and June 2020, 645 patients underwent VA-ECMO implantation in our department. The patients were categorized into four groups:<50, 50-59.9, 60-69.9 and ≥70 years old. Data were retrospectively analyzed for short- and long-term outcome. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality and mortality during follow-up were assessed using multivariate regression analysis. VA-ECMO support duration was comparable in all age groups (median 3 days). Weaning rates were 60.8%/n=104 (<50 years), 51.4%/n=90 (50-59.9 years), 58.8%/n=107 (60-69.9), and 67.5%/n=79 (≥70, p=0.048). Hospital mortality was highest in the patients aged 50-59.9 years (68%/n=119), but not in the elderly patients (60-69.9, ≥70:62.1%/n=113, 58,1%/n=68). At discharge, the cerebral performance category scores were superior in the patients <50 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed chronic kidney failure requiring hemodialysis, duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and elevated blood lactate levels before VA-ECMO, but not age as predictors of in-hospital mortality. Cox's regression disclosed age as relevant risk factor for death during follow-up. The patients' physical ability was comparable in all age groups. VA-ECMO support should not be declined in patients only because of advanced age. Mortality and neurological status at hospital discharge and during follow-up were comparable in all age groups.

Significance of oxidative endotoxemia and hypoxia in the pathogenesis of testicular insufficiency in patients with inguinal hernia

Aim. To determine the level of “oxidative stress” and hypoxia markers in the blood and venous blood flowing from the testicle in inguinal hernias and the postoperative period after inguinal hernioplasty.Materials and Methods. 34 patients with inguinal hernias were under the observation in Istiqlol health complex of Dushanbe. The age of patients ranged from 18 to 30 years old. The patients were divided into 3 groups: 14 patients with long (5 or more years) inguinal hernia combined with varicocele, 12 patients with infertility, and 8 patients with inguinal herniotomy. The content of LPO products and hypoxia markers in the blood flowing from the testicle was studied in 34 patients with various groups of inguinal hernias.Results and discussion. An analysis of the level of “oxidative” toxemia and hypoxia indices in the studied groups of patients showed their increased levels in the peripheral blood. The levels of DA and MDA in peripheral blood in Group I patients reached 1.3±0.02 units pg/ml and 2.4±0.09 nmol/ml, which was caused by prolonged compression of the spermatic cord elements by the hernial sac; the presence of ischemia was confirmed by increased blood lactate level. Marked pathophysiological changes result in the disturbance of hormonal background and spermatogenesis disorder.Conclusion. Increased content of LPO products in the testicular parenchyma further results in the branching of chain reactions and final LPO products with high damaging activity followed by the development of systemic damage to cellular structures of the contralateral testis with subsequent progression and development of testicular insufficiency.

Similar Slow Component of Oxygen Uptake and Ventilatory Efficiency between an Aerobic Dance Session on an Air Dissipation Platform and a Constant-Load Treadmill Test in Healthy Women.

There is a lack of evidence about the slow component of oxygen consumption (V.O2sc) and ventilatory efficiency (slope VE·VCO2−1) during an aerobic dance (AD) session on an air dissipation platform (ADP) despite the key role played in endurance exercises. This research was designed to assess V.O2sc, ventilatory efficiency, and blood lactate concentration by comparing two exercise modes: AD session on an ADP versus treadmill test at a constant-load intensity of the first ventilatory threshold (VT1). In the first session, an incremental treadmill test was completed. In sessions 2 and 3, the participants were randomly assigned to the AD session on an ADP or to a treadmill constant-load test at VT1 intensity to determine their cardioventilatory responses. In addition, their blood lactate levels and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE, CR-10) were evaluated. No significant differences were found between the constant-load treadmill test and AD session on an ADP with respect to V.O2sc, VE VCO2−1 slope, and RPE (p > 0.05). Higher blood lactate concentrations were observed in an AD session on an ADP than in a constant-load treadmill test at 10 min (p = 0.003) and 20 min (p < 0.001). The two different exercise modalities showed similar V.O2sc and VE·VCO2−1 slope, even though the blood lactate concentrations were different.

Gastric dilatation volvulus in dogs: utility of lactate as a predictor of survival

PICO question&#x0D; In dogs presenting with gastric dilatation volvulus, is an admission or pre-operative lactate level a reliable predictor of survival to discharge?&#x0D; &#x0D; Clinical bottom line&#x0D; Category of research question&#x0D; Prognosis&#x0D; The number and type of study designs reviewed&#x0D; 15 studies (12 retrospective and 3 prospective) were critically appraised&#x0D; Strength of evidence&#x0D; Moderate&#x0D; Outcomes reported&#x0D; At a population level, lower blood lactate concentration, or lactate concentration that decreases following fluid resuscitation, are associated with a better prognosis.&#x0D; At a population level, higher blood lactate concentration, or lactate concentration that fails to decrease following fluid resuscitation, is associated with a worse prognosis. However, the lower sensitivity across studies means that a high lactate, or one that does not decrease following fluid therapy, should be interpreted more cautiously than a low lactate; i.e., low lactate predicts survival better than high lactate predicts non-survival.&#x0D; In all studies, there was a significant overlap in individual blood lactate concentration between survivors and non-survivors&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Blood lactate level should only be used to help guide broad, cautiously worded conversations with owners as described above. It should not be used to give a prognosis for individual patients. The overlap between survivors and non-survivors, and the high overall survival rate, means that exploratory laparotomy should be advised irrespective of the blood lactate level&#x0D; &#x0D; How to apply this evidence in practice&#x0D; The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources.&#x0D; Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.

Leigh Syndrome in a Filipino Child: A Case Report

Introduction: Leigh disease and Leigh-like syndrome are a heterogenous group of neurodegenerative disorders involving any level of the neuraxis and may present with a variety of clinical presentations, prominent among them is psychomotor regression. Despite the remarkable number of established disease genes and novel mutations being discovered, many cases of Leigh syndrome remain without a genetic diagnosis, indicating that there are still more disease genes to be identified. Case: Here we present a case of a two and a half-year-old girl who presented with delayed acquisition of developmental milestones with subsequent regression, ataxia, and dyskinesia. Her work-up showed raised blood lactate levels and lactate peak in MR spectroscopy. Mitochondria genome showed absence of mitochondrial DNA mutation, while whole exome sequence analysis revealed a novel dynein gene variant, p.A1577S. Her parents underwent genetic testing as well, and her father also had the same dynein mutation, however, is non-symptomatic. She had an older brother who initially presented with ophthalmoplegia and eventually developed psychomotor regression. He subsequently expired from respiratory failure after almost 2 years from initial presentation. Both siblings were diagnosed with Leigh syndrome. Conclusion: The diagnosis of Leigh syndrome remains based on characteristic clinical and radiologic findings. However, a specific defect must be identified if reliable genetic counseling is to be provided.

Relationship between swimming speed and physiological and perceptual responses in skins race

Purpose: This study investigated the relationships between swimming speed and physiological and perceptual responses in a skins race, in which a maximum of three races are repeated with a rest in between each round. Methods: The study measured the physiological responses in terms of the heart rate, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and oxygen debt (O2 debt) and examined the perceived exertion to determine the perceptual response. Specifically, it measured the swimming speed and blood lactate (Bla) levels of seven male collegiate swimmers in three rounds of 50 m freestyle, which simulated skins race. It also conducted a bicycle ergometer test to measure their VO2max and O2 debt. Results: The results showed a significant association between swimming speed and Bla. In other words, the study found a significant association between swimming speed and glycolysis during the skins race. However, it did not find a significant association between swimming speed and VO2max or/and O2 debt. Conclusion: Hence, it concluded that a swimmer’s skill level is related to the swimmer’s speed in the skins race. These findings provide an understanding of the physiological parameters that effect performance in high-intensity sports.

Athletes with mild post-COVID-19 symptoms experience increased respiratory and metabolic demands: Α cross-sectional study.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly affected different physiological systems, with a potentially profound effect on athletic performance. However, to date, such effect has not been neither addressed, nor investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate fitness indicators, along with the respiratory and metabolic profile, in post-COVID-19 athletes. Forty male soccer players, were divided into two groups: non-hospitalized COVID-19 (n = 20, Age: 25.2 ± 4.1 years, Body Surface Area (BSA): 1.9 ± 0.2 m2, body fat: 11.8 ± 3.4%) versus (vs) healthy (n = 20, Age: 25.1 ± 4.4 years, BSA: 2.0 ± 0.3 m2, body fat: 10.8 ± 4.5%). For each athlete, prior to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), body composition, spirometry and lactate blood levels, were recorded. Differences between groups were assessed with the independent samples t-test (<0.05). Several differences were detected between the two groups: ventilation (VE: Resting: 14.7 ± 3.1 vs. 11.5 ± 2.6, p = 0.001; Maximal Effort: 137.1 ± 15.5 vs. 109.1 ± 18.4 L/min, p < 0.001), ratio VE/maximal voluntary ventilation (Resting: 7.9 ± 1.8 vs. 5.7 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001; Maximal Effort: 73.7 ± 10.8 vs. 63.1 ± 9.0, p = 0.002), ratio VE/BSA (Resting: 7.9 ± 2.0 vs. 5.9 ± 1.4%, p = 0.001; Maximal Effort: 73.7 ± 11.1 vs. 66.2 ± 9.2%, p = 0.026), heart rate (Maximal Effort: 191.6 ± 7.8 vs. 196.6 ± 8.6 bpm, p = 0.041), and lactate acid (Resting: 1.8 ± 0.8 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1 mmol/L, p < 0.001; Maximal Effort: 11.0 ± 1.6 vs. 9.8 ± 1.2 mmol/L, p = 0.009), during CPET. No significant differences were identified regarding maximal oxygen uptake (55.7 ± 4.4 vs. 55.4 ± 4.6 ml/min/kg, p = 0.831). Our findings demonstrate a pattern of compromised respiratory function in post-COVID-19 athletes characterized by increased respiratory work at both rest and maximum effort as well as hyperventilation during exercise, which may explain the reported increased metabolic needs.