Blood Leptin Levels Research Articles

Evaluating the Health Effects of RS2 Supplemented Diet in Healthy Rats

Resistant Starch (RS2) gets more attention nowadays because of its physiological characteristic like dietary fiber. Recent research was conducted to check the hyperglycemic, hyperlipidemic, satiety hormone, and oxidative biomarkers in healthy male rats. All rats were divided into four groups (9 rats per group) and named according to diets and treatments. The healthy rats in the negative control (NC) received a basal diet, the rats in the other three groups were receiving RS2 with different levels in their diets, 0.20g/kg body weight, 0.30g/kg body weight, 0.40g/kg body weight were named HM0.20, HM0.30, HM0.40 respectively. In the case of lipid profile, significant (P<0.05) reductionin cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, and increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with HM0.40 level of RS2 were found. Blood glucose, insulin, and leptin level indicate a similar reduction trend with the last level of diet. In the hormonal profile, insulin and leptinshowed a significant (P<0.05) reduction; improvement in total antioxidants and reduction in total oxidants were observed with the highest level of RS2 supplemented diet.

RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals the Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Puerarin on Intramuscular Fat Deposition in Heat-Stressed Beef Cattle.

To investigate the effect of Puerarin on intramuscular fat deposition in heat-stressed beef cattle and its underlying mechanism. Thirty-two healthy Jinjiang bulls were randomly divided into four groups and dietary with 0 (Control), 200 (Pue200), 400 (Pue400), and 800 (Pue800) mg/kg Puerarin in the feed concentrate. The results showed that Puerarin treatment enhanced the concentration of crude fat, fatty acid (C14:1 and C17:1), and the activity of fatty acid synthase in Longissimus thoracis (LT), but decreased the levels of blood leptin (P < 0.05). High-throughput sequencing of mRNA technology (RNA-Seq) was used and the analysis showed that 492 genes were down-regulated and 341 genes were up-regulated in LT, and these genes were significantly enriched to the pathways related to lipid metabolism. These results indicated that dietary supplemental with Puerarin enhanced intramuscular fat deposition by regulating lipid metabolism of heat-stressed beef cattle.

Association of fasting Orexin-A levels with energy intake at breakfast and subsequent snack in Chilean adolescents

Orexin-A, a hormone secreted by orexin neurons, is involved in caloric-intake regulation. Current understanding is based primarily on animal studies. Studies of orexin in humans are scarce, and to our knowledge there are no prior studies in adolescents. We studied fasting Orexin-A levels related to energy intake at breakfast and a subsequent snack in adolescents (n = 668) from a longitudinal study in Chile. Body-Mass Index (BMI), components of the metabolic syndrome and fasting blood levels of leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and orexin-A were measured. Energy intake was calculated based on food weights before and after the standardized breakfast and subsequent snack. High energy intake was defined as ≥ 75th percentile. We assessed the relationship between orexin-A and high energy intake, adjusting for confounders. Higher orexin levels were associated with high breakfast energy intake (OR: 1.21; 95%CI: 0.98–1.49). Conversely, those with higher orexin levels showed a non-significant trend for lower odds of high energy intake for the snack (OR: 0.87; 95%CI: 0.70–1.07). There was a significant interaction between high breakfast energy intake and orexin levels. Those who ate more calories at breakfast displayed a lower inhibitory effect of orexin on eating at the snack (p < 0.05). There was no significant interaction between weight status and orexin. In conclusion, orexin-A levels were associated with breakfast energy intake and inversely related with subsequent snack energy intake in participants whose caloric intake at breakfast was within the normal range. Based on these findings, it appears that the association of orexin-A with energy intake depends on eating behavior.

Leptin Protects Against the Development and Expression of Cocaine Addiction-Like Behavior in Heterogeneous Stock Rats.

Cocaine affects food intake, metabolism and bodyweight. It has been hypothesized that feeding hormones like leptin play a role in this process. Preclinical studies have shown a mutually inhibitory relationship between leptin and cocaine, with leptin also decreasing the rewarding effects of cocaine intake. But prior studies have used relatively small sample sizes and did not investigate individual differences in genetically heterogeneous populations. Here, we examined whether the role of individual differences in bodyweight and blood leptin level are associated with high or low vulnerability to addiction-like behaviors using data from 306 heterogeneous stock rats given extended access to intravenous self-administration of cocaine and 120 blood samples from 60 of these animals, that were stored in the Cocaine Biobank. Finally, we tested a separate cohort to evaluate the causal effect of exogenous leptin administration on cocaine seeking. Bodyweight was reduced due to cocaine self-administration in males during withdrawal and abstinence, but was increased in females during abstinence. However, bodyweight was not correlated with addiction-like behavior vulnerability. Blood leptin levels after ∼6 weeks of cocaine self-administration did not correlate with addiction-like behaviors, however, baseline blood leptin levels before any access to cocaine negatively predicted addiction-like behaviors 6 weeks later. Finally, leptin administration in a separate cohort of 59 animals reduced cocaine seeking in acute withdrawal and after 7 weeks of protracted abstinence. These results demonstrate that high blood leptin level before access to cocaine may be a protective factor against the development of cocaine addiction-like behavior and that exogenous leptin reduces the motivation to take and seek cocaine. On the other hand, these results also show that blood leptin level and bodyweight changes in current users are not relevant biomarkers for addiction-like behaviors.

Association of fasting orexin-A levels with energy intake at breakfast and subsequent snack in Chilean adolescents

Orexin-A, a hormone secreted by orexin neurons, is involved in caloric-intake regulation. Current understanding is based primarily on animal studies. Studies of orexin in humans are scarce, and to our knowledge there are no prior studies in adolescents. We studied fasting Orexin-A levels related to energy intake at breakfast and a subsequent snack in adolescents (n = 668) from a longitudinal study in Chile. Body-Mass Index (BMI), components of the metabolic syndrome and fasting blood levels of leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and orexin-A were measured. Energy intake was calculated based on food weights before and after the standardized breakfast and subsequent snack. High energy intake was defined as ≥ 75th percentile. We assessed the relationship between orexin-A and high energy intake, adjusting for confounders. Higher orexin levels were associated with high breakfast energy intake (OR: 1.21; 95%CI: 0.98–1.49). Conversely, those with higher orexin levels showed a non-significant trend for lower odds of high energy intake for the snack (OR: 0.87; 95%CI: 0.70–1.07). There was a significant interaction between high breakfast energy intake and orexin levels. Those who ate more calories at breakfast displayed a lower inhibitory effect of orexin on eating at the snack (p < 0.05). There was no significant interaction between weight status and orexin. In conclusion, orexin-A levels were associated with breakfast energy intake and inversely related with subsequent snack energy intake in participants whose caloric intake at breakfast was within the normal range. Based on these findings, it appears that the association of orexin-A with energy intake depends on eating behavior.

Fasting levels of appetite regulating hormones predict caloric intake at breakfast in a group of Chilean adolescents.

Appetite regulation is integral to food intake and is modulated by complex interactions between internal and external stimuli. Hormonal mechanisms which stimulate or inhibit intake have been characterized, but the physiologic effects of serum levels of such hormones in short-term appetite regulation have received little attention. To evaluate whether fasting levels of orexigenic/anorexigenic hormones were associated with energy intake at breakfast, served soon after drawing a fasting blood sample, in a group of adolescents. Anthropometry, body composition and fasting blood levels of leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and orexin-A were measured in 655 Chilean adolescents aged 16.8 ± 0.3 years (52% males). Energy intake was measured at a semi-standardized breakfast. Associations between hormone levels and energy intake were studied using multivariate linear models. Thirty nine percent of participants were overweight/ obese. After an overnight fast, median values for leptin, insulin, ghrelin and orexin-A were 7.3 ng/mL, 6.7 IU/dL, 200.8 pg/mL, and 16.1 pg/mL, respectively. Participants ate on average 637 ± 239 calories at breakfast. In multivariable models, insulin levels were inversely and independently associated with caloric intake at breakfast (β = -18.65; p < 0.05), whereas leptin, ghrelin and orexin-A levels were positively and independently associated with intake: β= 5.56, β = 0.34 and β = 8.40, respectively, p < 0.05. Fasting leptin, ghrelin and orexin-A were positively associated with energy intake during breakfast provided soon after the blood draw. Insulin was negatively associated with energy intake. Modifiable factors influencing levels of appetite regulating hormones could be a potential target for influencing food intake.

Different Changes in Adipokines, Lipid Profile, and TNF-Alpha Levels between 10 and 20 Whole Body Cryostimulation Sessions in Individuals with I and II Degrees of Obesity.

Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. While cold therapy influences the pro/antioxidative status of an individual, by affecting adipokine levels and the lipid profile, the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the response to cold exposure is unclear. We analyzed the link between BMI and the differences in effects of whole-body stimulation, depending on the number of treatments, on specific physiological parameters in men. Twenty-seven non-active men were divided into three groups: N (n = 9, BMI < 24.9), IOb (n = 9, BMI 30.0–34.9), and IIOb (BMI ≥ 35.0). The subjects participated in 20 3-min cryochamber sessions (−120 °C), 1/day, 5 days/week. Body composition was analyzed before and after treatment. Blood adiponectin (ADP), leptin (LEP), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels, and the lipid profile were analyzed three times: at baseline and up to 2 h after 10 and 20 sessions. The 20 treatments caused significant changes in body composition. Between 10 and 20 whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) sessions, a significant decreased was observed in the LEP and TNF-alpha levels. No significant changes in the lipid profile were noted. However, a positive tendency to regain the metabolic balance in adipose tissue was apparent in the IOb group in the tested period (decreased TG levels, increased HDL levels or the HDL/LDL ratio, and significantly decreased visceral adiposity index levels). Collectively, for people with obesity increasing the number of treatments above the standard 10 should be recommended.

Прогностические модели для определения вероятности ранней неонатальной гипогликемии у детей, рожденных матерями с сахарным диабетом 1 типа

The purpose — to identify the key predictors of neonatal hypoglycemia in children born to mothers with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and to develop predictive models to determine the likelihood of early hypoglycemia. Material and methods. We examined 130 children of mothers with DM1, who were born and treated in the «Mother and Child” Republican Scientific and Practical Center in Minsk. The main group consisted of 101 infants born to mothers with pregravid DM1. The patients were divided into group 1 (Gr1, n = 56) with diagnosed early hypoglycemia and group 2 (Gr2, n = 45) without hypoglycemia. Results. The most significant clinical and biochemical predictors associated with the risk of hypoglycemia in the first hours of life of infants are insufficient compensation for DM in women (the average level of HbA1c in the 2–3rd trimesters is more than 6.5%), levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol in the mother’s serum on the eve of childbirth, the value of the z-score of the child’s body weight at birth, the level of cord blood leptin, the presence of signs of a perinatal infectious disease in the child. Mathematical models of the probability of early hypoglycemia in newborns of mothers with DM1 were developed. The control of the models’ correct operation was carried out on a sample of 29 children of women with DM. The high reproducibility of the developed prognostic models was established. Conclusion. The predictive accuracy of models for determining the likelihood of early hypoglycemia in newborns of mothers with DM1 was 83.1% (95% CI 74.1–92.0) and 83.2% (95% CI 74.1–92.3), which justifies the expediency of their use in healthcare organizations offering perinatal care of various levels.

Blood serum myokine irisin and adipocytokine levels in newborns small for gestational age at birth

In recent years, a number of the studies of myokine irisin in adults and isolated in newborns have been carried out. The role of adipocytokines in the growth and development of the fetus and children has been shown.The aim of the study was to assess the levels of myokine irisin and adipocytokines in newborns small for gestational age at birth and to analyze the relationship between the parameters of the hormonal status of children and their mothers.49 newborns and their mothers were examined. Two groups were identified: group 1 (Gr1) – newborns small for gestational age (n = 24), group 2 (Gr2) – newborns appropriate for gestational age (n = 25). The levels of irisin and adipocytokines in the blood serum were determined by the enzyme immunoassay.Newborns small for gestational age had significantly lower levels of leptin and IGF-1 in the umbilical cord blood compared to children with physical development corresponding to the gestational age. There were no significant differences in the irisin content of cord blood serum in newborn Gr1 compared with Gr2. The presence of significant positive correlations between the level of irisin in the umbilical cord blood of newborns small for gestational age and the body weight at birth was established. In Gr1, a positive relationship was found between the irisin levels of mothers and newborns (r = 0.518, p = 0.028). The differences in the irisin content between the groups were established, taking into account the delivery mode (p = 0.0104).The revealed statistically significant differences in the concentrations of the analyzed metabolic markers in mother–child pairs, their relationship with clinical and anthropometric parameters substantiate the possibility of using irisin and adipocytokines as predictors in predicting the formation of metabolic disorders of infants small for gestational age.

Effect of Acupoint Embedding on Serum Leptin and Hypothalamus Leptin Receptor Expression in Rats with Simple Obesity.

Background Acupoint embedding treatment on obesity has been applied in clinical practice for many years and has achieved obvious efficacy. However, animal experimental studies on acupoint embedding are relatively few, and its mechanism remains unclear. Methods We established a simple obese rat model using a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Acupoint embedding therapy was performed once a week for 4 weeks. After the treatment, serum leptin, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were detected by radioimmunoassay, HE staining was used for fat morphology analysis, and immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of leptin receptor in hypothalamus. Results Compared with model group, acupoint embedding treatment can reduce body weight and Lee's index, reduce serum leptin, TG, TC, and LDL level, increase HDL level, change the morphology and number of adipocytes, and increase the expression of leptin receptor in hypothalamus. Conclusion Acupoint embedding therapy can reduce the level of leptin in blood, increase the number of leptin receptors in hypothalamus, enhance the biological effect of leptin, alleviate the leptin resistance in obese body, change the shape of fat, and regulate the level of blood lipid, so as to achieve the goal of weight loss.

DYNAMICS OF MATERNAL SERUM BLOOD LEPTIN LEVEL DURING PREGNANCY COMPLICATED WITH HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM

Hyperemesis gravidarum, a pregnancy-related condition characterized by severe nausea and vomiting, occurs in 0.5 % to 2 % of all pregnancies. Hyperemesis gravidarum causes dehydration, electrolyte and metabolic disorders, nutritional deficiency, leading to ketonuria and/or ketonemia. Progressive deterioration requires hospitalization and drug therapy, associated with decreased patient quality of life and depression, increased risk of preterm delivery and the birth of small for gestational age children. There are studies that indicate the effect of hyperemesis gravidarum on insufficient gestational weight gain (GWG), but the metabolic support of this relationship requires further study.&#x0D; Aim. To determine the dynamics of serum blood leptin level in women during pregnancy, complicated by hyperemesis gravidarum, in relation to gestational weight gain.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A prospective study was carried out at the Ivano-Frankivsk City Clinical Perinatal Center, Ukraine. 109 pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum were included and 54 pregnant without hyperemesis gravidarum as a control group. Prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) was 20.2±1.8 kg/m2, which corresponded to the normal weight due to recommendations of the Institute of medicine in the USA (2009) and the Order of the ministry of health of Ukraine № 417 (2011). Exclusion criteria: age up to 18 years, multiple pregnancy, pregnant women with delivery before 37 weeks, vomiting after 22 weeks of pregnancy, the presence of severe chronic somatic diseases. Examination of women was performed in each trimester of pregnancy (9-12, 22-24, 37-40 weeks). BMI was calculated by the Kettle formula (1865): the ratio of body weight (kg) to the square of height (m2). Quantitative determination of leptin in serum was performed by ELISA Kit (CAN-L-4260, Canada). Statistical analyses were carried out using "Statistica 6.0" (StatSoft Inc., USA) and a Microsoft Excel-based statistical analysis package. The differences between the selections were considered statistically reliable at p&lt;0.05 (Tukey’s test).&#x0D; Results. Serum blood leptin level of the patients with hyperemesis gravidarum was found to be significantly higher in 1.3 times in the second trimester (p&lt;0.01) and in 1.5 times in the third trimester (p&lt;0.05) compared to early terms, but in mid-pregnancy the concentration of leptin was 1.2 times significantly lower those in the control group (p&lt;0.05). In the second trimester in the group with hyperemesis gravidarum the chances of insufficient GWG in 3 times (OR=3,01; 95% CI: 1,34-6,80; p&lt;0,05) were diagnosed higher (in 41 (37.6%) pregnant women against 9 (16.7%) in the control group). A positive correlation was found between the concentration of leptin in the second trimester and GWG in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum (r=0.83, p&lt;0.001).&#x0D; Conclusions. Decreased maternal leptin levels in the second trimester with hyperemesis gravidarum may be a predictor of insufficient gestational weight gain.

Influence of leptin administration to pregnant female mice on obesity development, taste preferences, and gene expression in the liver and muscles of their male and female offspring.

. The consumption of food rich in sugar and fat provokes obesity. Prenatal conditions have an impact on taste preferences and metabolism in the adult offspring, and this impact may manifest differently in different sexes. An increase in blood leptin level in pregnant females reduces the risk of obesity and insulin resistance in the offspring, although the mechanisms mediating this effect are unknown. Neither is it known whether maternal leptin affects taste preferences. In this study, we investigated the effect of leptin administration to pregnant mice on the development of diet-induced obesity, food choice, and gene expression in the liver and muscles of the offspring with regard to sex. Leptin was administered to female mice on days 11, 12, and 13 of pregnancy. In male and female offspring, growth rate and intake of standard chow after weaning, obesity development, gene expression in the liver and muscles, and food choice when kept on a high-calorie diet (standard chow, lard, sweet cookies) were recorded. Leptin administration to pregnant females reduced body weight in the female offspring fed on the standard diet. When the offspring were given a high-calorie diet, leptin administration inhibited obesity development and reduced the consumption of cookies only in males. It also increased the consumption of standard chow and the mRNA levels of genes for the insulin receptor and glucose transporter type 4 in the muscles of both male and female offspring. The results demonstrate that an increase in blood leptin levels in pregnant females has a sex-specif ic effect on the metabolism of the offspring increasing resistance to obesity only in male offspring. The mechanism underlying this effect includes a shift in food preference in favor of a balanced diet and maintenance of insulin sensitivity in muscle tissues.

Betaine supplementation to rats alleviates disturbances induced by high-fat diet: pleiotropic effects in model of type 2 diabetes.

Betaine is a biologically active compound exerting beneficial effects in the organism, however, the exact mechanisms underlying its action are not fully elucidated. The present study aimed to explore, whether betaine alleviates disorders induced by feeding rats a high-fat diet (HFD). Rats were divided into 3 groups: control, fed an HFD and fed an HFD and receiving betaine (2% water solution for 8 weeks). Betaine improved glucose tolerance, decreased blood levels of non-esterified fatty acids and prevented lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle of rats on an HFD. Betaine reduced activities of blood alanine aminotransferase, blood levels of bilirubin and hepatic lipid content. Expression of fatty acid synthase in the liver and the skeletal muscle was decreased in response to feeding an HFD, and this effect was deepened by betaine in the muscle tissue. Hepatic and muscular expression of genes related to insulin signaling were unchanged in HFD-fed rats. Lipolysis stimulated by epinephrine (an adrenergic receptor agonist), forskolin (an activator of adenylate cyclase), dibutyryl-cAMP (an activator of protein kinase A) and DPCPX (an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist) was diminished in the adipocytes of rats fed an HFD, however, this effect was alleviated by betaine. Moreover, blood leptin levels in HFD-fed rats were elevated, whereas leptinemia have normalized by betaine supplementation. Betaine prevented the increase in expression of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors in the hippocampus and in the cerebral cortex. These results indicate that betaine positively affects the insulin-sensitive tissues: liver (hepatoprotective effects), skeletal muscle (reduced lipid accumulation) and adipose tissue (a rise in lipolysis), which is associated with improved insulin sensitivity. Betaine-induced prevention of hyperleptinemia indicates restoration of leptin action, and changes in the brain reveal neuroprotective properties. Our results show that betaine induces positive changes in HFD-fed rats, its action is pleiotropic and involves different tissues.

Umbilical Cord Blood Adiponectin, Leptin, Insulin, and Ghrelin in Premature Infants and Their Association With Birth Outcomes.

BackgroundPremature/low-birth-weight infants are at significant risk of metabolic diseases in adulthood, which may be related to the levels of fetal adipokine. Here, we investigated the differences in the levels of umbilical cord blood adiponectin, leptin, insulin, and ghrelin in preterm and term infants and sought to elucidate the link between these hormones and fetal growth. We also evaluated the interrelationship among these metabolic hormones in both groups of newborns.MethodsA total of 149 mother–infant pairs (100 in the preterm group and 49 in the term group) were enrolled in the study. The preterm group was further subdivided according to birth weight (≤1,500, 1,501–2,000, 2,001–2,500, and >2,500 g), gestational age (<34 vs. ≥34 weeks), and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) vs. small for gestational age (SGA). The general condition of the mothers and the growth parameters of the newborns at birth were recorded.ResultsThe levels of adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin were lower in the preterm group than those in the term group (p < 0.05). In the preterm group, the leptin levels of infants with gestational age ≥34 weeks were significantly higher than those of infants with gestational age <34 weeks (mean ln leptin = 0.63 vs. 0.36 ng/ml, p = 0.009). The levels of adiponectin were lower in the SGA group than those in the AGA group (mean ln adiponectin = 2.26 vs. 2.84 µg/ml, p = 0.001), whereas those of ghrelin displayed the opposite trend (mean ln ghrelin = 6.29 vs. 5.71 pg/ml, p < 0.001). Leptin was significantly correlated with insulin both in preterm infants with birth weight (BW) >2,000 g and in term infants. Umbilical cord blood leptin was positively correlated with the BW, birth length, and head circumference of newborns (r = 0.460, 0.311, and 0.310, respectively, all p < 0.05), whereas ghrelin was negatively correlated with the same parameters (r = −0.372, −0.415, and −0.373, respectively, all p > 0.05).ConclusionsThe lack of maturation of adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract by the fetus due to prematurity is associated with changes in the levels of cord blood adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin. The dysregulation of these hormones in preterm infants may be a risk factor for fetal growth and future metabolic diseases.

The role of leptin in monitoring training loads during rowing: a systematic review

Objective: In competitive sports, too small or too large loads lead to poor sports results. Situation of overload are particularly dangerous to the body, which may lead to overtraining. In this work, the literature on the possibility of assessing training loads with the use of leptin concentration measurement in men and women practicing rowing was analysed. Materials and methods: A systematic review was performed using the Scopus, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases between 1995-2020. After an initial analysis of 56 articles and taking the analysed topics into account, 25 articles were included in this review. As part of the review, data for 75 rowers were analysed. The usefulness of leptin - a hormone produced by adipose tissue - as a marker of training loads in several sports disciplines, with particular emphasis on rowing, was evaluated. Within this context, the role of leptin may be to control these loads due to its relatively high sensitivity in response to increases in training intensity or volume. The presented general characteristics of rowing and the physiological basis of exercise are the background for considerations on the possibility of using leptin as a burden marker in this discipline. Results: Due to the fact that the concentration of leptin correlates with the content of adipose tissue and BMI (Body Mass Index), its changes may inform about training loads directly related to the amount of energy expenditure. A review of the literature from the last 25 years, i.e. from the moment when this hormone was discovered, allowed to formulate the thesis that leptin may be a marker of training loads, however, determining its concentration makes sense when the same factors that may affect its secretion are taken into account each time. Conclusions: Training in rowing, that involves high training loads, causes significant changes in blood leptin levels. Training periods with high exercise load, associated with a significant increase in energy expenditure, lead to a decrease in resting leptin concentration, while periods with less load increase it. The main factor determining changes in leptin concentration during training is the amount of energy expenditure, which in the case of rowing involving very large muscle groups, is very high. Although the amount of energy expenditure in training, leading to a decrease in leptin concentration is difficult to determine, the energy expenditure cannot be less than 800 kcal in a single training unit.

Influence of Dietary Behaviors on Dyslipidemia in Pregnant Women and Its Effects on Physical Development of Fetuses and Infants: A Bidirectional Cohort Study.

Background: Gestational diabetes can alter the trajectory of fetal development, but there are few studies on the effects of abnormal lipid metabolism on physical development of infants. We aimed to explore the prevalence of maternal dyslipidemia, its influencing factors and effects on the physical development of fetuses and infants, as well as the role of leptin in this process. Methods: Questionnaire surveys and main outcome measures were administered among 338 pairs of pregnant women and newborns. Results: The detection rate of maternal dyslipidemia was 31.5%. The median levels of TG (triglyceride) and TG/HDL (high-density lipoprotein) ratio were higher in large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns. Birth weight was positively related to infants’ height and weight at six months and one year old (p < 0.05). Leptin was positively related to TG levels of pregnant women and newborns’ birth weight (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that having greater than or equal to four meals a day (OR = 6.552, 95%CI = 1.014–42.338) and liking to eat lightly flavored food during pregnancy (OR = 1.887, 95%CI = 1.048–3.395) were independent risk factors of maternal dyslipidemia. Conclusions: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was relatively high in pregnant women and was affected by dietary behaviors. Abnormal lipid levels during pregnancy could affect weight and length at birth, which might be associated with increasing leptin levels in cord blood, and then the weight of infants would be influenced by birth weight.

The Association Between Serum/Plasma Leptin Levels and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression.

BackgroundObstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with various adipokines. Leptin, a common adipokine, has attracted considerable attention of many researchers in recent years. So far, there has been little agreement on whether blood leptin levels differ in patients with OSAS. Thus, this meta-analysis examined the relationship between serum/plasma leptin levels and the occurrence of OSAS.MethodWanFang, Embase, CNKI, Medline, SinoMed, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched for articles before March 30, 2021, with no language limitations. STATA version 11.0 and R software version 3.6.1 were used to analyze the obtained data. The weighted mean difference and correlation coefficients were used as the main effect sizes with a random-effects model and a fixed-effects model, respectively. Trial sequential analysis was conducted using dedicated software.ResultScreening of 34 publications identified 45 studies that met the inclusion criteria of this meta-analysis and meta-regression. Our results suggested that plasma/serum leptin levels were remarkably higher in individuals with OSAS than in healthy individuals. Subgroup analyses were performed based on OSAS severity, ethnicity, age, body mass index, assay type, and sample source. The serum and plasma leptin levels were increased in nearly all OSAS subgroups compared to those in the corresponding control groups. Meta-regression analysis indicated that age, BMI, severity, assay approaches, study design, PSG type and ethnicity did not have independent effect on leptin levels. Furthermore, a positive relationship between the serum/plasma leptin level and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was found in the meta-analysis. The results of the trial sequential analysis suggested that the enrolled studies surpassed the required information size, confirming that our study findings were reliable.ConclusionOur study results demonstrate that OSAS patients have higher leptin levels in serum/plasma compared to controls, and the serum/plasma leptin level is positively correlated with AHI, especially in adults.

Investigation of blood leptin and adropin levels in patients with multiple sclerosis: A CONSORT-clinical study.

Background:The effects of adipokines have been investigated in multiple sclerosis (MS) in the literature. Results are uncertain, and subgroups like adropin have not been previously studied. We primarily aimed to determine leptin and adropin levels in MS and their potential use as a biomarker.Methods:This study was an experimental research. While 44 MS patients diagnosed according to McDonald criteria were included in the patient group, 40 people without MS diagnosis and risk factors took part in the control group. Demographic data, height, weight, body mass index, blood glucose, thyroid-stimulating hormone, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein, leptin, adropin levels, presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease were recorded. Expanded disability status scale and disease duration were also evaluated in the patient group. Our data were presented as mean ± standard deviations.Results:The mean blood leptin value of the patient group (6.12 ± 5.34 ng/mL) was significantly lower than the value of the control group (13.02 ± 8.25 ng/mL) (P < .001). The patient group had a mean adropin level of 504.12 ± 311.17 ng/mL, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (747.0 ± 309.42 ng/mL) (P < .001). Statistically insignificant differences were found between their body mass index, glucose, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, thyroid-stimulating hormone, low-density lipoprotein levels (P > .001).Conclusion:This is the first study that has evaluated adropin levels in patients with MS. The relationship between MS and leptin levels is still unclear. Therefore, our study might be helpful to elucidate MS pathogenesis and provide supportive criteria for diagnosis.

The Correlations between Cord Blood Leptin and Leptin Level at Six Months with Infant Growth

Background: Leptin plays an important role in regulating body weight, metabolism, and reproductive functions. Leptin affects metabolism by reducing nutrient intake and increasing energy expenditure which eventually also plays a role in infant growth.Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between leptin levels and infant growth age 0-6 months.Methods: A prospective cohort study was done for six months on 38 infants, age 0-6 months, from breastfeeding mothers with normal pregnancies. The samples were taken twice, firstly when the infant was born using an umbilical cord blood sample, and secondly at the age of six months, using a vein blood sample. Serum leptin levels were measured using the ELISA method. Infant growth was assessed using WHO 2005’s z-scores.Results: A total of 50 babies were included in the study, 38 of them had been studied completely. Significant correlations were found between the mean of the umbilical cord and six months of age leptin levels (p &lt;0.001), between delta leptin with WHZ and delta leptin with WAZ at six months of age (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively), and between leptin levels with WHZ (p&lt;0.001) and leptin levels with WAZ (p = 0.004) at six months of age. Leptin levels at the age of six months are lower than umbilical cord blood leptin. Conclusion: The greater decrease of leptin level in the first six months is associated with better infant growth.

Prenatal maternal mental health symptoms predict infant leptin at birth

Childhood obesity can be predicted by metabolic signaling at birth. Understanding what exposure factors, such as prenatal mental health, predict metabolic signaling at birth are important for understanding the etiology of childhood metabolic dysregulation. Drawing on data from the Born in Bradford (BiB) multi-ethnic birth cohort in the United Kingdom (N ​= ​2962 dyads), this study examined associations between maternal prenatal mental health symptoms and infant leptin and adiponectin. We tested whether total maternal prenatal symptoms as well as specific symptom subscales forecasted infant cord blood levels of leptin and adiponectin. We found that higher total maternal mental health symptoms and somatic symptoms, specifically, predicted lower infant cord blood leptin. We did not find evidence that maternal prenatal mental health symptoms predicted adiponectin. Together, our findings suggest that maternal mental health symptoms may become biologically embedded through infant metabolic changes via leptin.