Blood Hormone Research Articles

Effect of Bay Leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) Powder and Oil Additives on Reproductive Performance and Some Hormones Indicators of Quails

The present trial was conducted to investigate the effect of using bay leaf powder and its oil on male semen characteristics, female reproductive traits, plasma hormonal alteration and hatchability of local quails. The results were summarized the uses of different levels of bay leaf (Laurel nobilis L.) and its oil as feed additives in quail diets were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in body weight, testis relative weight, gonadosomatic index, size area of cloaca gland, ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, mass motility, individual motility, live & normal morphology sperm, semen quality factor, seminal plasma testosterone and LH hormones in quail males. Also in females: egg production (H.D %), egg weight, egg mass, eggshell strength, normal eggs for hatching, fertility, hatching of fertile and total eggs, weight of hatched chicks, blood plasma of estrogen, LH and FSH hormones concentrations, also improved in FCR and H/L ratio. While, the results seemed significantly (P≤0.05) lower in dead sperm. Females in: cracked eggs, total dead embryos. Whereas there were non-significant differences among all treatment in males: mortality, left-right testicular weight ratio, testicular shape index, FSH hormone, also females in: feed Intake. From the results of bay leaf oil additives had positively effect on body performance, males and females' reproductive parameters, improved blood hormones and hatchability more effective than bay leaf powder.
 
 

Effect of Bay Leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) Powder and Oil Additives on Reproductive Performance and Some Hormones Indicators of Quails

The present trial was conducted to investigate the effect of using bay leaf powder and its oil on male semen characteristics, female reproductive traits, plasma hormonal alteration and hatchability of local quails. The results were summarized the uses of different levels of bay leaf (Laurel nobilis L.) and its oil as feed additives in quail diets were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in body weight, testis relative weight, gonadosomatic index, size area of cloaca gland, ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, mass motility, individual motility, live & normal morphology sperm, semen quality factor, seminal plasma testosterone and LH hormones in quail males. Also in females: egg production (H.D %), egg weight, egg mass, eggshell strength, normal eggs for hatching, fertility, hatching of fertile and total eggs, weight of hatched chicks, blood plasma of estrogen, LH and FSH hormones concentrations, also improved in FCR and H/L ratio. While, the results seemed significantly (P≤0.05) lower in dead sperm. Females in: cracked eggs, total dead embryos. Whereas there were non-significant differences among all treatment in males: mortality, left-right testicular weight ratio, testicular shape index, FSH hormone, also females in: feed Intake. From the results of bay leaf oil additives had positively effect on body performance, males and females' reproductive parameters, improved blood hormones and hatchability more effective than bay leaf powder

Predicting serum hormone concentration by estimation of urinary hormones through a home-use device.

Can a home-use device be used to predict serum hormone levels? A home-use device can predict urinary hormone values which are well-correlated to serum concentrations of respective hormones and hence can be used as a proxy for serum measurements. Home-use devices that predict ovulation are calibrated against the actual day of ovulation. However, the correlation of any quantitative system to serum hormone concentrations has not been established. A total of 73 data points obtained from 20 participants across different phases of the menstrual cycle, i.e. bleeding days, follicular phase and luteal phase were used to establish the correlation between serum hormones and urinary metabolite values. Single data points from 20 random users were used to assess the correlation established. Participants were women in the fertile age groups and only current users of the home-use device. Selection was done based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Blood hormones were tested using chemiluminescent immunoassays and urinary measurements were taken on the home-use device at home. Serum estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and LH were correlated with urinary estrone-3-glucuronide (E3G), pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) and LH with an R 2 of 0.96, 0.95 and 0.98, respectively. Repredicted serum concentration obtained by using the correlation equation had a correlation of 0.92, 0.94 and 0.93 in unknown samples. The study was designed to include women who have normal cycle lengths regularly; therefore, the values obtained were in the normal range. Certain infertility conditions may cause the values to be higher and correlation in such cases needs to be established. The results of this study imply a new tool that can be used by fertility specialists as a proxy for blood tests whenever required. Extended study on this system can enable its use in assisted reproductive techniques as well. No funding was received for this study. S.P. and D.D. are employees of the research and development division of Samplytics Technologies Pvt. Ltd. which is a forwarder for Inito Inc., USA. A.R. and V.A.V. are co-founders of Inito Inc., USA. The trial was registered at the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) registry (Identifier: ISRCTN15534557).

Hexapeptides from mammalian inhibitory hormone hunt activate and inactivate nematode reproduction.

Biopurification has been used to disclose an evolutionarily conserved inhibitory reproductive hormone involved in tissue mass determination. A (rat) bioassay-guided physicochemical fractionation using ovine materials yielded via Edman degradation a 14-residue amino acid (aa) sequence. As a 14mer synthetic peptide (EPL001) this displayed antiproliferative and reproduction-modulating activity, while representing only a part of the native polypeptide. Even more unexpectedly, a scrambled-sequence control peptide (EPL030) did likewise. Reproduction has been investigated in the nematode Steinernema siamkayai, using a fermentation system supplemented with different concentrations of exogenous hexapeptides. Peptide structure-activity relationships have also been studied using prostate cancer and other mammalian cells in vitro, with peptides in solution or immobilized, and via the use of mammalian assays in vivo and through molecular modelling. Reproduction increased (x3) in the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema siamkayai after exposure to one synthetic peptide (IEPVFT), while fecundity was reduced (x0.5) after exposure to another (KLKMNG), both effects being dose-dependent. These hexamers are opposite ends of the synthetic peptide KLKMNGKNIEPVFT (EPL030). Bioactivity is unexpected as EPL030 is a control compound, based on a scrambled sequence of the test peptide MKPLTGKVKEFNNI (EPL001). EPL030 and EPL001 are both bioinformatically obscure, having no convincing matches to aa sequences in the protein databases. EPL001 has antiproliferative effects on human prostate cancer cells and rat bone marrow cells in vitro. Intracerebroventricular infusion of EPL001 in sheep was associated with elevated growth hormone in peripheral blood and reduced prolactin. The highly dissimilar EPL001 and EPL030 nonetheless have the foregoing biological effects in common in mammalian systems, while being divergently pro- and anti-fecundity respectively in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Peptides up to a 20mer have also been shown to inhibit the proliferation of human cancer and other mammalian cells in vitro, with reproductive upregulation demonstrated previously in fish and frogs, as well as nematodes. EPL001 encodes the sheep neuroendocrine prohormone secretogranin II (sSgII), as deduced on the basis of immunoprecipitation using an anti-EPL001 antibody, with bespoke bioinformatics. Six sSgII residues are key to EPL001's bioactivity: MKPLTGKVKEFNNI. A stereospecific bimodular tri-residue signature is described involving simultaneous accessibility for binding of the side chains of two specific trios of amino acids, MKP & VFN. An evolutionarily conserved receptor is conceptualised having dimeric binding sites, each with ligand-matching bimodular stereocentres. The bioactivity of the 14mer control peptide EPL030 and its hexapeptide progeny is due to the fortuitous assembly of subsets of the novel hormonal motif, MKPVFN, a default reproductive and tissue-building OFF signal.

EFFECTS OF SHACKLING AND CONE RESTRAINING ON RESIDUAL BLOOD IN CARCASS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSES OF BROILER CHICKENS

The effects of restraint methods on stress hormones (corticosterone, adrenaline, and noradrenaline), blood biochemistry (glucose and lactate), and bleeding efficiency were examined in broiler chickens. Thirty 30 male Ross broiler birds were randomly allocated to either shackling or cone restraint prior to the neck cut. As measures of well-being, physiological data such as alterations in blood metabolites and hormone levels were assessed. Each bird's blood was calculated by comparing its initial body before and after the neck cut for 90 s. The amount of leftover blood was determined using the haemoglobin content of the Pectoralis major muscle. Compared to their shackled counterparts, the plasma levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, glucose, and lactate were lower in the coned broiler chickens (p<0.05). Those shackled lost significantly less blood than those restrained in a cone. Coned broilers showed significantly less residual haemoglobin in their breast muscles than shackled broilers. It can be concluded that pre-slaughter cone restraint is preferable to shackle restraint. However, a feasible restraint device has not yet been developed.

Adropin and risk factors of arterial hypertension in patients with excess body weight and obesity

Introduction. Adropin is a hormone that is involved in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension (AH) and diseases of the cardiovascular system and energy homeostasis, in particular, it reduces insulin resistance by controlling glucose synthesis in the liver. Aim. To investigate the level of adropin and its interaction with risk factors for AH in overweight and obese patients. Materials and methods. 70 patients with AH and overweight or obesity aged 62.4 ± 10.4 years were examined. 10 practically healthy people were selected for the control group. The level of adropin was determined by enzyme immunoassay (Finetest Elisa Kit) in blood serum. The inclusion criteria for participation in the study were: age of patients 40–75 years; arterial hypertension; BMI &gt; 25 kg/m2. Results. It was established that the average level of adropin in patients with AH and comorbid obesity or excess body weight (n = 70) was 775.5 ± 311.7 pg/ml, which is significantly lower than the content of this peptide in practically healthy individuals (n = 10), which was 1084.6 ± 110.2 pg/ml (p &lt; 0.01). A tendency towards a decrease in the level of the hormone in men was noted. It is probably associated with a much higher prevalence of smoking among this category of people, since when assessing the factors contributing to the development of AH and worsening its prognosis, a significant decrease in adropin was found in persons with a history of smoking (p &lt; 0.01). In obese patients (BMI &gt; 30 kg/m2), the level of adropin was significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05), as well as in individuals with blood pressure &gt; 150/90 mm Hg (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions. The level of serum adropin is significantly reduced in persons with AH and overweight and obesity compared to practically healthy persons. Factors contributing to a decrease in peptide concentration include smoking, obesity, and elevated blood glucose levels. Blood pressure indicators are not critical for changes in blood hormone concentration, which is probably due to medications used to treat AH.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Accelerates Atherosclerosis by Activating PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Pathway in Mice with Androgen Deprivation

Objective: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level changes may be another reason for increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of FSH in atherosclerosis and its underlying mechanism. Methods: ApoE^−/− mice were divided into 4 groups, namely, the sham group, bilaterally orchidectomized group, FSH group, and testosterone-only group. Blood lipid and hormone levels were tested, aorta Oil Red O staining; the levels of NF-κB, Akt, eNOS, and FSH receptors in the aorta were measured by Western blotting. Expression of VCAM-1 was detected via Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to induce endothelial injury model by adding FSH, and the levels of NF-κB, Akt, eNOS, and FSHR were tested in HUVECs. Results: FSH treatment exacerbated atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE^−/− mice. Moreover, FSH could promote the expression of VCAM-1 protein in HUVECs, and this effect was possibly mediated by the activation of NF-κB, while NF-κB activation was further enhanced by the activation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. FSH failed to activate Akt and NF-κB in the presence of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 in HUVECs. Conclusion: FSH promoted the development of atherosclerosis by increasing VCAM-1 protein expression via activating PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway.

Gonadal Y-chromosome mosaicism with 45, X Turner syndrome complicated with bilateral HCG-secreting gonadoblastoma.

We report a rare case of bilateral HCG-secreting gonadoblastomas (Gb) in a 5.25-year-old girl of 45, X Turner syndrome (TS) with gonadal Y chromosome mosaicism. The clinical data were summarized, and the literatures were reviewed. The patient had enlarged breasts for 2 years and 3 months, with elevated β-HCG of blood found for 8 months. The level of β-HCG of cerebrospinal fluid, cranial MRI, chest and abdominal CT, and pelvic MRI were normal. After surgical gonad exploration, biopsy and excision, gonad venous blood hormone examination and SRY gene detection of gonad tissue, the diagnosis was confirmed as HCG-secreting Gb (bilateral) and TS (45, X) with gonad Y chromosome mosaicism. The patient received 4 courses of chemotherapy, and regular outpatient follow-up. At 9 months after gonadectomy, there was no clinical, laboratory, or radiological evidence of recurrence. We reported a nonclassical case of 45, X Turner syndrome (TS) with gonadal Y chromosome mosaicism, who presented with breast development as the first manifestation and then virilization due to bilateral HCG-secreting gonadoblastomas. Detection of serum β-HCG and AFP is requisite for the diagnosis of precocious puberty, karyotyping is important for virilizing phenotypic female, and virilization in Turner syndrome implies the existence of Y chromosome(substance) (peripheral blood or tissue mosaicism) and the occurrence of gonadal tumors.

Effects of empagliflozin on the expression of kisspeptin gene and reproductive system function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats.

One of the main health concerns of diabetes is testicular dysfunction and impairment of reproductive function and sperm quality which can cause male infertility. kisspeptin is a hypothalamic neuropeptide hormone that is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and reproductive function. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of empagliflozin (sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors) on kisspeptin expression along with reproductive function were investigated in diabetic male Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by a single dose injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. Empagliflozin in doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg body weight was used for 8 weeks. Serum samples, testis, epididymis, and pancreas tissues were collected at the end of the experiments. Lipid profiles, oxidative stress markers, blood hormones, expression of kisspeptin along with pathological alterations of the testis were assayed using real-time PCR, biochemical, and histological technics. Data have shown that empagliflozin improved hyperglycemia, reproductive impairment, oxidative stress condition, and histopathological alterations of pancreatic and testis tissues in diabetic animals. It improved the serum levels of sex hormones, insulin, leptin, and the expression of kisspeptin in the testes tissues. Spermatogenesis is also improved in treated animals. Data indicated that the administration of empagliflozin can ameliorate symptoms of diabetes. It probably has promising antidiabetic potential and may improve the male infertility of diabetic subjects. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence for the potential impact of empagliflozin on kisspeptin expression in diabetic male rats.

Overview Of Clean And Healthy Living Behavior In Household Order In Health Center Area 2 Regency Tanjung Jabung Barat

Breast milk is a liquid that contains white blood cells, immune substances, enzymes, hormones, and proteins that are suitable for babies. Breast milk is an ideal source of nutrition, rich in food essences that can accelerate the growth of brain cells and the development of the nervous system. In breastfeeding, mothers often experience anxiety caused by milk production. Breast milk production can be influenced by several factors, namely infant birth weight, gestational age, maternal age and parity, maternal stress/illness, smoking, alcohol consumption, consumption of contraceptive pills, maternal diet, husband and family support, breast care, type of delivery and hospitalization. when giving birth. Mothers who experience anxiety will cause the let-down reflex to occur, resulting in disruption of breast milk production due to inhibition of the production of the hormones prolactin and oxytocin. This study aims to The relationship between the anxiety level of breastfeeding mothers and the amount of milk production in Mothers who have babies aged 1-12 months in Sigumpar Dangsina Village, Sigumpar Health Center Working Area. This research is a quantitative research with cross sectional data collection approach. The population of this study were all breastfeeding mothers who had babies 1-12 months. The sampling technique used is a total sampling of 17 respondents. The data was processed by Spearman correlation test. The results showed p value = 0.003 so p &lt; 0.05 which means that there is a relationship between the level of anxiety of mothers who breastfeed their babies to the amount of milk production in mothers who have babies aged 1-12 months in Sigumpar Dangsina Village, Sigumpar Health Center Work Area. Mothers/Communities and their families support each other in breastfeeding so as not to cause anxiety in breastfeeding mothers

The relationship between the anxiety level of breastfeeding mothers and the amount of milk production in Mothers who have babies aged 1-12 Months in Sigumpar Dangsina Village, Sigumpar Health Center Working Area

Breast milk is a liquid that contains white blood cells, immune substances, enzymes, hormones, and proteins that are suitable for babies. Breast milk is an ideal source of nutrition, rich in food essences that can accelerate the growth of brain cells and the development of the nervous system. In breastfeeding, mothers often experience anxiety caused by milk production. Breast milk production can be influenced by several factors, namely infant birth weight, gestational age, maternal age and parity, maternal stress/illness, smoking, alcohol consumption, consumption of contraceptive pills, maternal diet, husband and family support, breast care, type of delivery and hospitalization. when giving birth. Mothers who experience anxiety will cause the let-down reflex to occur, resulting in disruption of breast milk production due to inhibition of the production of the hormones prolactin and oxytocin. This study aims to The relationship between the anxiety level of breastfeeding mothers and the amount of milk production in Mothers who have babies aged 1-12 months in Sigumpar Dangsina Village, Sigumpar Health Center Working Area. This research is a quantitative research with cross sectional data collection approach. The population of this study were all breastfeeding mothers who had babies 1-12 months. The sampling technique used is a total sampling of 17 respondents. The data was processed by Spearman correlation test. The results showed p value = 0.003 so p &lt; 0.05 which means that there is a relationship between the level of anxiety of mothers who breastfeed their babies to the amount of milk production in mothers who have babies aged 1-12 months in Sigumpar Dangsina Village, Sigumpar Health Center Work Area. Mothers/Communities and their families support each other in breastfeeding so as not to cause anxiety in breastfeeding mothers

Halloween genes help kissing bugs lay better eggs

Getting a ‘kiss’ on the face from an insect isn't something most people would enjoy; but you'd enjoy it even less if that insect is a kissing bug (Rhodnius prolixus), because they are transmitters of Chagas disease. While not always life-threatening, Chagas disease can lead to life-long health conditions, making it important to understand everything we can about kissing bugs. With this in mind, Samiha Benrabaa, Ian Orchard and Angela B. Lange, all from the University of Toronto, Canada, decided to investigate which genes are involved in making fully developed eggs in this species. As the team already knew that the moulting hormone, called ecdysone, is responsible for these processes in other insects such as silkworms and fruit flies, they decided to start there. First, the trio needed to identify the genes in kissing bugs responsible for producing the hormone – which is achieved by a group of genes called ‘Halloween’ genes in other species – as well as the genes responsible for the hormone receptor. Benrabaa and colleagues found five Halloween genes and two receptor genes in the insects, but then needed to see if the kissing bugs’ ovaries actually expressed these genes. They took samples from the ovaries and found that the mRNA levels for the Halloween genes and the moulting hormone receptor were highest in the part of the ovary that contains immature or developing eggs.Kissing bugs, like mosquitos, require a blood meal for the eggs to fully develop; so, the team fed the bugs before sampling mRNA from the ovaries for 6 days afterwards. Unsurprisingly, the mRNA levels of most of the Halloween genes and hormone receptors were higher after the kissing bugs ate. But just because the mRNA levels were high, didn't mean that the hormone was being produced. The team therefore next measured the amount of hormone in the bug's blood after it ate and compared this with the levels of hormone before its meal. The amount of hormone increased dramatically after a meal, suggesting that the high levels of Halloween gene mRNA were producing more moulting hormone. This raised a new question for Benrabaa: what happens to the eggs if you block some of this mRNA?To answer this, the team interfered with hormone levels by injecting the kissing bugs with a double-stranded form of RNA to knock out one of the hormone receptors or a Halloween gene called shade, and then fed the bugs. Three days later (when the yolk would normally start to develop) and 6 days later (when the eggs would usually be laid), the trio looked at the number of developing and ready-to-lay eggs in the ovaries. The injected kissing bugs produced far fewer eggs, most of which had deformities in the shape or in the outer shell. The bugs went on to lay very few of these eggs, and even fewer of these hatched, which suggested to Benrabaa that the hormone receptors and shade might interact with other genes involved in producing the egg yolk or shell. The team then tested the mRNA levels of four genes (two involved in yolk production and two involved in making the shell) in these same bugs and found that blocking mRNA for the hormone receptors or shade also caused a drop in the mRNA levels of the genes involved in egg yolk and shell production.Benrabaa explains, ‘It may be possible to use RNA-interference-based pest management using these findings’. Whether or not we could use this technology to help rid the world of Chagas disease remains to be seen, but this is certainly one step forward in the process.

PMON121 GALACTORRHEA, MACROPROLACTINOMA IN A 53-YEAR-OLD MALE

Abstract Background Prolactinomas are the most frequent functional pituitary tumors, accounting for at least 45% of all adenomas. These tumors are more frequently diagnosed in women during their reproductive life of 20-40 years of age, probably due to an early effect of the elevation of PRL causing menstrual irregularities. Hyperprolactinemia is responsible for one third of all cases of female infertility. Macroprolactinomas are less frequent. It presents in males much less frequently. Galactorrhea is seen more in females, very rarely in males. Clinical Case 53-year-old male with severe occipital cephalic pain and hyperprolactinemia, referred to us by the Department of Neurology for endocrinological research due to the finding of a 1.5 cm×1.1 cm Pituitary Macroadenoma (producer of PRL hormone). Treated with Cabergoline 0.5 mg weekly several months ago. Clinical Exam: Male with a height of 70". Weight 210 lbs. Very marked Gynecomastia to the extent that under digital pressure there is important milk secretion (Photo 1). Neck 42 cm. Thorax 42". Abdomen 40". TA120 / 80. RR16 p.m. HR72 p.m. BLOOD HORMONE TEST: IGF-1 230 ng / mL (NV: 64.0-218 ng / mL). Free Testosterone 9.38 pg / mL (NV: 4.25-30.37 pg / mL). ACTH a.m. 30.7 pg / mL (NV: 7.2-63.3 pg / mL). Cortisol a.m. 8.23 ​​ug /dL (NV: 6.0-18.4 ug / dL). Total Estrogens 235 pg / mL (NV: 40-115 pg / mL). FSH 5.4 mIU / mL (NV: 1.5-12.4 mIU / mL). Baseline HGH: 0.2 ng/mL (NV: 0.0-1.2 ng / mL). LH 6.9 mIU/mL (NV: 1.7-8.6 mIU/mL). PRL 0.40 ng/mL (NV: 4.04-15.20 ng/mL) (taking Cabergoline 0.5 mg weekly). Total Testosterone 8.27 ng/mL (NV: 1.93-7.40 ng/mL). TSH 1.64 μIU/mL (0.27-4.20 μIU/mL). FT4 1.33 ng/dL (NV: 0.93-1.71 ng/dL). IMAGES: Campimetry: alterations in both eyeballs (Photo 2-3). Cephalic MRI: Pituitary mass 1.5 cm.×1.1 cm. that contacts the right internal carotid artery as a Macroadenoma (Photo: 3-4-5). Conclusions 1.-Pituitary macroprolactinoma of 1.5 cm.×1.1 cm that contacts the right internal carotid artery accompanied by bilateral breast milk discharge in a male (extremely rare) whose PRL hormone is greatly decreased after prolonged therapy with Cabergoline 0.5 mg weekly. 2.-It will be evaluated by Neurosurgery to weight the possible transsphenoidal / transcranial surgery given the contact of the tumor with the right internal carotid artery. References Prolactinoma | The Pituitary Foundation. (n.d.). Pituitary.org.uk. Retrieved January 4, 2022, from https://pituitary.org.uk/information/pituitary-conditions/prolactinoma/ Prolactinoma - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. (2018). Mayoclinic.org. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376962 Ma, Q., Su, J., Li, Y., Wang, J., Long, W., Luo, M., &amp; Liu, Q. (2018). The Chance of Permanent Cure for Micro- and Macroprolactinomas, Medication or Surgery? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00636 Presentation: Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

Microplastic Ingestion Induces Size-Specific Effects in Japanese Quail.

Plastic pollution can pose a threat to birds. Yet, little is known about the sublethal effects of ingested microplastics (MP), and the effects of MP < 1 mm in birds remain unknown. This study therefore aimed at evaluating the toxicity of environmentally relevant polypropylene and polyethylene particles collected in the Norwegian coast in growing Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Birds were orally exposed to 600 mg MP over 5 weeks, covering small (<125 μm) and large (3 mm) MP, both separately and in a mixture. We evaluated multiple sublethal endpoints in quail, including oxidative stress, cytokine levels, blood-biochemical parameters, and reproductive hormones in blood, as well as body mass. Exposure to small MP significantly induced the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase. Exposure to large MP increased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (liver parameter) and decreased 17β-estradiol levels in females. Body mass was not directly affected by MP ingestion; however, quail exposed to small MP and a mixture of large and small MP had a different growth rate compared to control quail. Our study used similar levels of MP as ingested by wild birds and demonstrated size-dependent effects of MP that can result in sublethal effects in avifauna.

The dynamics of molecular, immune and physiological features of the host and the gut microbiome, and their interactions before and after onset of laying in two hen strains

Aggregation of data, including deep sequencing of mRNA and miRNA data in jejunum mucosa, abundance of immune cells, metabolites, or hormones in blood, composition of microbiota in digesta and duodenal mucosa, and production traits collected along the lifespan, provides a comprehensive picture of lifelong adaptation processes. Here, respective data from two laying hen strains (Lohmann Brown-Classic (LB) and Lohmann LSL-Classic (LSL) collected at 10, 16, 24, 30, and 60 wk of age were analyzed. Data integration revealed strain- and stage-specific biosignatures, including elements indicative of molecular pathways discriminating the strains. Although the strains performed the same, they differed in the activity of immunological and metabolic functions and pathways and showed specific gut-microbiota-interactions in different production periods. The study shows that both strains employ different strategies to acquire and maintain their capabilities under high performance conditions, especially during the transition phase. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the capacity of such integrative analyses to elucidate molecular pathways that reflect functional biodiversity. The bioinformatic reduction of the multidimensional data provides good guidance for further manual review of the data.

Virus is Living and Its Treatment

Aim: To prove virus living. Aim: DNA combination of cell. Material re quired: Blood samples of two different animals. Theory: Two blood signatures of two animal combine when large amount of iron is added with two animal DNA signature and hormones are mixed with each other. By this way new type of hormones and blood signature is created. Procedure: 1 Take blood samples of two animals. 2. Mix their hormones with animals. 3. Mix iron with in blood solution. 4. Inject in frog. Result: 1. Frog shows some changes in it. 2. Blood hormones get mixed with it. 3. DNA signature combined.

Blood Profile, Hormones, and Telomere Responses: Potential Biomarkers in Horses Exhibiting Abnormal Oral Behavior

The high prevalence of abnormal oral behavior (AOB) in working horses has been linked to management issues and the pathophysiology of this behavior remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the blood profile, hormones, and telomere length responses between low and high levels of AOB among different horse working groups. A total of 207 healthy horses from various breeds were initially selected from four working groups (leisure riding, equestrian, endurance, and patrolling) and observed for the time spent on AOB. Then, six horses each with higher and lower AOB than the population means were randomly selected from each of the working groups and categorized as high and low AOB horses, respectively. Blood samples were collected for hematology, biochemistry, cortisol, ghrelin, leptin, and relative telomere length analyzes. High AOB horses notably had higher values of glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatine kinase (CK) compared to low AOB horses. High AOB horses also recorded higher plasma cortisol and ghrelin, but lower leptin concentrations. Among working groups, both endurance and patrolling horses presented the highest values in sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, ALT, and CK. While patrolling horses had the lowest levels of urea, ALP, and albumin levels, equestrian and leisure horses recorded the highest and lowest plasma cortisol and leptin concentrations, respectively. Finally, the telomere length of endurance and patrolling horses were significantly greater than leisure and equestrian horses. The present findings suggest that AOB horses had distinctive physiological characteristics that could be linked to improper diet and a demanding workload, while ghrelin and leptin hormones could be potential biomarkers for this behavior.

Allostasis revisited: A perception, variation, and risk framework

The framework of allostasis, allostatic load and overload (i.e., stability through change) attempts to combine homeostasis processes in day-to-day responses of physiology and behavior. These include predictive changes in environment such as seasons, and facultative responses to perturbations. The latter can be severe, occur at any time, and may present considerable additional challenges to homeostasis. Hormonal cascades, such as the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA) axis, play a key role in responses to perturbations across vertebrate taxa. Glucocorticoids have been implicated in these processes in relation to energy balance that plays a role in determining responses to energetic demand (allostatic load) and influencing subsequent physiology and behavior associated with coping. Circulating glucocorticoid levels are likely regulated in part based on an individual’s proximity to energetic crisis, identified as the perturbation resistance potential (PRP). In the model of allostatic load, PRP is quantified as the difference between available resources and all energetic costs of allostatic load such as daily routines, life history stages (breeding, migration, molt and so on), and the impact of environmental perturbations. PRP can change gradually or abruptly and may be reflected by spikes in blood hormone levels. The pattern of individual responsiveness to PRP may vary and has specific implications for the activation of mineralocorticoid vs glucocorticoid-type receptors, hormone metabolizing enzymes and other downstream factors in target tissues. However, PRP is a difficult metric to measure. Here, we examine the variety of cues that animals may use to inform them about the status of their PRP and probability of energetic crisis. We consider (1) elevation in glucocorticoids as an endocrine “decision,” and (2) error management strategies in evaluating responsiveness to cues that may reflect or predict an impending energetic crisis. The potential for differential receptor activation as well as further integrative “decisions” to determine the diverse and sometimes contradictory effects of receptor activation and its downstream actions are important to the consideration of error management. This perspective offers insight into the basis of intra- and inter-individual variability in responsiveness and opens an avenue toward improving compatibility of the allostasis model with more classical views on “stress”.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for psychiatric symptoms in long-term hospitalized veterans with schizophrenia: A randomized double-blind controlled trial.

Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that high-frequency (HF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may improve clinical outcomes in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the efficacy of HF-rTMS on psychiatric symptoms remains unknown in veterans with SCZ. This study aimed to investigate whether HF-rTMS was beneficial in alleviating the clinical symptoms in veterans with SCZ. Forty-seven long-term hospitalized veterans with SCZ were randomly allocated to receive neuronavigated 10 Hz rTMS or sham stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex once daily for four consecutive weeks. Symptoms were assessed by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale at baseline and at the end of week 4. We also collected easily available routine biochemical markers including blood sugar, lipid profiles, hormone, and blood cell counts, considering that these markers may potentially be used to predict the outcomes of rTMS treatment. We found that there was a significant interaction effect of time and group on the positive symptoms. Compared with the sham group, the positive factor score of veterans with SCZ was significantly decreased after treatment in the real rTMS group. Interestingly, the improvement of positive symptoms from baseline to 4-week follow-up was significantly associated with the whole white blood cells (WBC) counts at baseline in the real rTMS group, and baseline WBC counts were predictive of the symptom improvement after rTMS treatment. Our findings indicate that add-on 10 Hz rTMS is beneficial for clinical symptoms in veterans with SCZ. In addition, the baseline WBC counts were predictive of the outcomes after treatment.Clinical trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT03774927.

Multiple mediation effects on association between prenatal triclosan exposure and birth outcomes

BackgroundTriclosan is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, and was thought to affect intrauterine development, but the mechanism remains unclear. ObjectiveTo explore the association between prenatal triclosan exposure and birth outcomes. MethodsBased on 726 mother-child pairs from the Sheyang Mini Birth Cohort Study (SMBCS), we used the available (published) data of triclosan in maternal urines, the hormones including thyroid-related hormones, gonadal hormones in cord blood, and adipokines, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and its precursors in cord blood to explore possible health effects of triclosan on birth outcomes through assessing different hormones and parameters, using Bayesian mediation analysis. ResultsMaternal triclosan exposure was associated with ponderal index (β = 0.317) and head circumference (β = −0.172) in generalized linear models. In Bayesian mediation analysis of PI model, estradiol (β = 0.806) and trimethylamine (TMA, β = 0.164) showed positive mediation effects, while total thyroxine (TT4, β = −0.302), leptin (β = −2.023) and TMAO (β = −0.110) showed negative mediation effects. As for model of head circumference, positive mediation effects were observed in free thyroxine (FT4, β = 0.493), TMA (β = 0.178), and TMAO (β = 0.683), negative mediation effects were observed in TT4 (β = −0.231), testosterone (β = −0.331), estradiol (β = −1.153), leptin (β = −2.361), choline (β = −0.169), betaine (β = −0.104), acetyl-L-carnitine (β = −0.773). ConclusionThe results indicated triclosan can affect intrauterine growth by interfering thyroid-related hormones, gonadal hormones, adipokines, TMAO and its precursors.