Rise In Blood Glucose Research Articles

Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) berry reduces fasting and postprandial glucose levels in mice.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESFasting and postprandial hyperglycemia should be controlled to avoid complications of diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the effects of autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) berry (AOB) on fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in mice.MATERIALS/METHODSIn vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of AOB was determined. Maltose solution (2 g/kg) with and without AOB extract at 500 mg/kg or acarbose at 50 mg/kg was orally administered to normal mice after overnight fasting and glucose levels were measured. To study the effects of chronic consumption of AOB, db/db mice received the basal diet or a diet containing AOB extract at 0.4% or 0.8%, or acarbose at 0.04% for 7 weeks. Blood glycated hemoglobin and serum glucose and insulin levels were measured. Expression of adiponectin protein in epididymal white adipose tissue was determined by Western blotting.RESULTSIn vitro inhibitory effect of AOB extract on α-glucosidase was 92% as strong as that of acarbose. The AOB extract (500 mg/kg) or acarbose (50 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the postprandial rise of blood glucose after maltose challenge and the area under the glycemic response curve in normal mice. The AOB extract at 0.4% or 0.8% of diet or acarbose at 0.04% of diet significantly lowered levels of serum glucose and blood glycated hemoglobin and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance values in db/db mice. The expression of adiponectin protein in adipose tissue was significantly elevated by the consumption of AOB at 0.8% of diet.CONCLUSIONSAutumn olive (E. umbellata Thunb.) berry may reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting α-glucosidase in normal mice. Chronic consumption of AOB may alleviate fasting hyperglycemia in db/db mice partly by inhibiting α-glucosidase and upregulating adiponectin expression.

Maternal serum lipid levels, oxidative stress and antioxidant activity in pre-eclampsia patients from Southwest India.

A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of metabolic syndrome components and oxidative stress factors among preeclamptic women from South West India. A case-control study was carried out by enrolling fifty pre-eclampsia cases and hundred low-risk pregnant women within the age group of 18-40 years, at 28-34 weeks of pregnancy. The fasting glucose level, fasting insulin level, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), malondialdehyde, the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP assay), cardiac output and aortic wall distensibility were measured. There was a significant rise in the fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and antioxidant levels in pre-eclamptic women (p < 0.001). The cardiac output and aortic wall distensibility were observed to be low in the cases. We conclude that abnormal lipid metabolism and high lipid peroxide concentrations observed in pre-eclampsia may result in oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction.

Associations of vitamin D binding protein variants with the vitamin D-induced increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency is a global problem that may be improved by vitamin D supplementation; however, the individual's response to the intervention varies. We aimed to investigate possible genetic factors that may modify the impact of environmental exposure on vitamin D status. The candidate gene variant we investigated was the Gc gene-rs4588 polymorphism at the vitamin D receptor (DBP) locus. A total of 619 healthy adolescent Iranian girls received 50000 IU of vitamin D3 weekly for 9 weeks. Serum 25(OH) D concentrations, metabolic profiles and dietary intake were measured at baseline and after 9 weeks of supplementation. The genotypes of the DBP variant (rs4588) were analyzed using the TaqMan genotyping assay. Our results revealed that the rs4588 polymorphism might be associated with serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D both at baseline (p value=0.03) and after intervention (p value=0.008). It seemed that the outcome of the intervention was gene-related so that the subjects with common AA genotype were a better responder to vitamin D supplementation (Changes (%) 469.5 (427.1) in AA carriers vs. 335.8 (530) in GG holders), and carriers of the less common GG genotype experienced a rise in fasting blood glucose after 9 weeks (Changes (%) 0 (1.5)). Our findings also showed that the statistical interaction between this variant and supplementation was statistically significant (intervention effect p-value<0.001 and p-value SNP effect=0.03). The regression model also revealed that after adjusted for potential confounders, likelihood of affecting serum 25(OH)D in individuals who were homozygous for the uncommon allele G was less than those homozygous for the more common AA genotype (OR=4.407 (1.82-8.89); p=0.001). Serum vitamin 25(OH) D following vitamin 25(OH) D3 supplementation appears to be modified by genetic background. The Gc genetic variant, rs4588 encoding the vitamin D receptor seems to influence the response to vitamin D supplementation.

Effect of nicorandil, on blood glucose level in alloxan induced diabetic rats and its pharmacodynamic interaction with glibenclamide

Background: Diabetes increases the risk of macrovascular complications and is often associated with angina in patient. Currently nicorandil, a potassium channel opener is being frequently used for the prevention and long-term treatment of angina pectoris. Glibenclamide exerts its antidiabetic action by closing the ATP sensitive potassium channels. Simultaneous use of nicorandil may antagonizes this action and may worsens the existing diabetes. To evaluate the pharmacodynamic interaction present study has been taken to study the effect of Nicorandil, a potassium channel opener on blood glucose level of alloxan induced diabetic rats and its pharmacodynamics interaction with Glibenclamide.Methods: Albino rats, weighing 150-200gm of male sex were used for the study. Diabetes was induced by injecting alloxan monohydrate 2% solution intra peritoneally in a dose of 150mg/kg body weight. Animal with Fasting Blood Sugar level between 250-300g/dl was selected for study and they were divided into 4 groups of 5 animals each. Group I- serving as control received 0.5ml normal saline orally for 28 days. Group II was given glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg body wt) for 28 days. Group III was treated orally with nicorandil (0.3mg/kg body wt) for 28 days. Group IV was given glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg) and nicorandil (0.3mg/kg) for 28 days. Fasting Blood Sugar level was recorded in all rats on 1st,3rd,7th,14th,21st and 28th day of the treatments.Results: results showed that glibenclamide significantly reduce blood sugar level (p &lt;0.05) Wherase nicorandil showed rise in blood glucose level (p &lt;0.05) While the combination (glibenclamide + nicorandil) showed rise in blood glucose (p &lt;0.05) overall.Conclusions: Nicorandil worsen the existing diabetes and to be avoided or replaced with alternative drug in case of diabetes being treated with sulfonyl urease group of drugs.

Hypoglycemic potential of Elaeagnus angustifolia fruit polysaccharide on streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;In this study, the hyperglycemic potential of Elaeagnus angustifolia fruit polysaccharide in both normal healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice was investigated. Results showed no significant effect of E. angustifolia fruit polysaccharide on blood glucose level in normal control group, while E. angustifolia significantly suppressed the rise in blood glucose of diabetic mice. In addition, in the first two weeks of administration, the body weight was decreased both in negative control group and E. angustifolia groups, however, E. angustifolia (800 mg/kg) was recovered to the began weight in the fourth week. E. angustifolia (800 mg/kg) could markedly reduce the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and improve the level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. The results suggest that E. angustifolia could be considered as an ingredient of functional foods for diabetes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Video Clip of Methodology:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;10 min 19 sec &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/a3ikXeeByP8"&gt;Full Screen&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3ikXeeByP8"&gt;Alternate&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

The analysis of fagopyritols from tartary buckwheat and their anti-diabetic effects in KK-Ay type 2 diabetic mice and HepG2 cells

The studies of fagopyritols in tartary buckwheat and their anti-diabetic effects are limited. The fagopyritol B1 was the major fagopyritol in tartary buckwheat. The content of fagopyritols was 11-fold of free D-chiro-inositol (DCI) in tartary buckwheat. In KK-Ay mice, administration of fagopyritol B1 for 6-week was more effective in suppressing progressive rise of blood glucose, improving impaired glucose tolerance, and increasing insulin sensitivity than DCI and fagopyritol A1. Besides, both of fagopyritols and DCI improved the lipid homeostasis. Fagopyritols increased the expression of insulin receptor and PI3K in liver and skeletal muscle, as the same as DCI. According to the in vitro study, fagopyritols and DCI increased glucose consumption in both normal and insulin resistant HepG2 cells. In addition, fagopyritols and DCI upregulated phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. In summary, these findings suggested that fagopyritols and DCI have potential anti-diabetic effects via activation of the insulin dependent pathway of PI3K/AKT.

Fiber and Nutritional Health

Populations that consume more dietary fiber have less chronic disease. According to the 2002 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), dietary fiber includes carbohydrates and lignin that are intrinsic and intact in plants that are not digested and absorbed in the small intestine. Functional fiber consists of isolated or purified carbohydrates that are not digested and absorbed in the small intestine that confer beneficial physiologic effects in humans. Total fiber is the sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber. Fibers alter laxation, attenuate the rise in blood glucose, and normalize blood cholesterol. The solubility of fibers was originally thought to determine physiologic properties, with soluble fiber linked to cholesterol-lowering properties and insoluble fiber linked to laxation effects. The DRI Committee recommended that other descriptors for fiber be developed, suggesting viscosity and fermentability. Manufacturers are allowed to list total dietary fiber, soluble fiber, and insoluble fiber on the Nutrition Facts panel. DRIs recommend consumption of 14 g of dietary fiber per 1,000 kcal based on epidemiologic studies showing protection against cardiovascular disease. Usual intake of dietary fiber is only 15 g/day. Even with a fiber-rich diet, a supplement may be needed to bring fiber intakes into the recommended range. Dietary messages to increase consumption of high-fiber foods such as whole grains, pulses, fruits, and vegetables should be broadly supported by the medical profession. This review contains 3 Tables and 38 references Key words: constipation, diarrhea, dietary fiber, health claims, laxatives, plant foods, stool weight, transit time

Wholegrains in the Management of Diabetes

Dietary fibre is responsible for the decrease in the rate of glucose absorption along with aiding decrease in postprandial rise in blood glucose. Substantial research establishes the connection between consumption of wholegrains and type 2 diabetes management. Wholegrains are widely recognized for contributing significantly to our health and well-being as they contain essential nutrients and bioactive compounds, along with being rich in dietary fibre. This review article attempts to discuss the effect of the fibre in wholegrains on blood glucose, type 2 diabetes and HbA1c.

Repeated High-Intensity Cycling Performance Is Unaffected by Timing of Carbohydrate Ingestion.

Shei, R-J, Paris, HL, Beck, CP, Chapman, RF, and Mickleborough, TD. Repeated high-intensity cycling performance is unaffected by timing of carbohydrate ingestion. J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2243-2249, 2018-To determine whether carbohydrate (CHO) feeding taken immediately before, early, or late in a series of high-intensity cycling exercises affected cycling performance. A total of 16 trained, male cyclists (>6 hours postprandial) performed 3-, 4-km cycling time trials (TT1, TT2, and TT3) separated by 15 minutes of active recovery on 4 separate occasions. Carbohydrate feeding (80 g) was given either before TT1 (PRE1), before TT2 (PRE2), before TT3 (PRE3), or not at all (control, CTL). Treatment order was randomized. Sweet placebo was given before the other TTs. Blood glucose (BG) concentration was measured before each trial. Mean power output (Pmean) and time to completion (TTC) were recorded. Pmean was higher in TT1 compared with TT2 (p = 0.001) and TT3 (p = 0.004) in all conditions, but no differences were observed between treatments. Time to completion was lower in TT1 compared with TT2 (p = 0.01), but no other differences in TTC (within or between treatments) were observed. Within CTL and PRE1, BG did not differ between TT1, TT2, and TT3. In PRE2, BG was significantly higher in TT2 compared with TT1 (p = 0.006), in TT3 compared with TT1 (p = 0.001), and in TT3 compared with TT2 (p = 0.01). In PRE3, BG was significantly higher in TT3 compared with TT1 and TT2 (p = 0.001 for both). Given that performance was not influenced by the timing of CHO ingestion, athletes engaging in repeated, high-intensity cycling exercise do not need to ingest CHO before- or between-exercise bouts; furthermore, athletes should refrain from ingesting CHO between bouts if they wish to avoid a rise in BG.

Effects of Glutamine on Gastric Emptying of Low- and High-Nutrient Drinks in Healthy Young Subjects—Impact on Glycaemia

Glutamine is a potent stimulus for the release of glucagon-like peptide-1, which increases postprandial insulin and slows gastric emptying (GE). We determined the effects of glutamine on GE of, and glycaemic responses to, low- and high-nutrient drinks in eight healthy males (mean age 21.6 ± 0.7 years and BMI 22.9 ± 0.7 kg/m2). Participants were studied on four occasions on which they consumed either a low-nutrient (beef soup; 18 kcal) or high-nutrient (75 g dextrose; 255 kcal) drink, each with or without 30 g of glutamine (120 kcal), in a randomised, crossover design. GE (2D ultrasound), blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured concurrently. Glutamine slowed GE (half emptying time (T50)) of both low- (45 ± 3 min vs. 26 ± 2 min, p < 0.001), and high-nutrient, (100 ± 5 min vs. 77 ± 5 min, p = 0.03) drinks, however, there was no effect on GE of the high nutrient drinks when expressed as kcal/min (3.39 ± 0.21 kcal/min vs. 3.81 ± 0.20 kcal/min, p = 0.25). There was no change in blood glucose after the low-nutrient drinks with or without glutamine, despite a slight increase in plasma insulin with glutamine (p = 0.007). The rise in blood glucose following the high-nutrient drink (p = 0.0001) was attenuated during the first 60 min by glutamine (p = 0.007). We conclude that in healthy subjects, glutamine slows GE of both low- and high-nutrient drinks comparably and attenuates the rise in blood glucose after the high-nutrient glucose drink.

Responses to short‐term acid loading in proximal‐tubule‐select insulin/insulin‐like growth factor receptor dual knockout mice

Acidosis has been associated with increased renal gluconeogenesis, which in the absence of liver compensation, can lead to hyperglycemia. Acidosis leads to glutamine uptake in the proximal tubule (PT) to liberate bicarbonate and neutralize acids. The remaining carbon skeleton can be used for glucose production at this site. Whether insulin or the related hormone, insulin‐like‐growth‐factor, type 1 (IGF1), modulate these responses to acidosis is unclear. To address this, we bred mice with dual knockout (KO) of the insulin (Insr) and the Igf1r receptors from PT by Cre‐lox recombination using a γ‐glutamyl transferase promoter. KO mice had on average 40% lower expression of both Igf1r and Insr in cortex homogenates. To address the effects of acidosis, male (M) and female (F) wild‐type (WT, Cre negative) and KO (Cre positive) mice were provided ad libitum access to normal drinking water or a water‐based solution containing 1.5% NH4Cl for 7 days (n = 6/treatment/genotype/sex). Fasting (18‐hr) blood glucose was determined in a subset of mice after one week of control then acid treatment. MKO mice showed the greatest mean rise in fasting blood glucose with acid (mg/dl, delta acid‐control): −1.67 (MWT); +15.75 (MKO); −6.40 (FWT); +4.08 (FKO). Urine (24 hr) was collected in metabolic cages on days 5–6. Acid water led to a 30–64% reduction in urine volume in all groups except MWT (ml, delta acid‐control): +0.49 (MWT); −0.54 (MKO); −0.90 (FWT); −1.50 (FKO). Blood chemistry revealed greater sensitivity to acid loading in the male KO. Mean deltas (acid‐control) for blood bicarbonate, base excess, and anion gap, respectively were (mM): −5.73, −7.8, +1.24 (MWT); −8.86, −11.30, +4.67 (MKO); −7.35, −10.36, +4.74 (FWT); −1.67, −1.92, −0.6 (FKO). Western blotting for 3 rate‐limiting enzymes in gluconeogenesis conducted on the cortex from male mice revealed a significant rise in glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6P), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and fructose bisphosphatase (FBP1) in the acid drinking WT males (16–34%). In contrast, MKO mice had a significant reduction in G6P (22%) with acid water; however, FBP1 was increased by acid drinking to a greater extent (60%) in the KO, (as compared to WT, significant interaction). Overall our studies reveal a role for PT‐associated Insr and/or Igf1r signaling in regulating PT responses to an acid load and glucose homeostasis.Support or Funding InformationGeorgetown University Medical CenterGeorgetown/Howard CTSA awardThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Exercise Protects Against Olanzapine-Induced Hyperglycemia in Male C57BL/6J Mice

Olanzapine is a widely prescribed antipsychotic drug. While effective in reducing psychoses, treatment with olanzapine causes rapid increases in blood glucose. We wanted to determine if a single bout of exercise, immediately prior to treatment, would attenuate the olanzapine-induced rise in blood glucose and if this occurred in an IL-6 dependent manner. We found that exhaustive, but not moderate exercise, immediately prior to treatment, prevented olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia and this occurred in parallel with increases in serum IL-6. To determine if IL-6 was involved in the mechanisms through which exhaustive exercise protected against olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia several additional experiments were completed. Treatment with IL-6 (3 ng/g bw, IP) alone did not protect against olanzapine-induced increases in blood glucose. The protective effects of exhaustive exercise against olanzapine-induced increases in blood glucose were intact in whole body IL-6 knockout mice. Similarly, treating mice with an IL-6 neutralizing antibody prior to exhaustive exercise did not negate the protective effect of exercise against olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia. Our findings provide evidence that a single bout of exhaustive exercise protects against acute olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia and that IL-6 is neither sufficient, nor required for exercise to protect against increases in blood glucose with olanzapine treatment.

A prospective randomized study on the impact of low-dose dexamethasone on perioperative blood glucose concentrations in diabetics and nondiabetics.

Background:Dexamethasone is a potent corticosteroid when administered alone or in combination alone has proven efficacious in preventing nausea and vomiting (PONV) perioperatively. However, the administration of even a single dose has been associated with hyperglycemia. This is the first study that evaluates the effect of two low-doses of dexamethasone (4 and 8 mg) on blood glucose concentrations among diabetics and nondiabetics in patients who have received spinal anesthesia.Materials and Methods:After obtaining ethical clearance and patient consent, 180 American Society of Anesthesiologists 1–3 patients undergoing the elective infraumbilical surgeries under spinal anesthesia aged between 18 and 70 years were included in this study. Ninety diabetic patients were allotted to the diabetic group (DM), and ninety nondiabetic patients were allotted to the nondiabetic group (ND). Group DM was divided into three subgroups DM0, DM4, and DM8. Group ND was divided into three subgroups ND0, ND4, and ND8. The patients in groups DM0 and ND0 served as controls. The patients in groups DM4 and ND4 received 4 mg dexamethasone. The patients in groups DM8 and ND8 received 8 mg dexamethasone. The blood glucose concentrations were monitored at 0 (baseline), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 h after giving the drug.Results:The baseline blood glucose values were higher in diabetics compared to nondiabetics (128.57 ± 22.26 vs 94.99 ± 12.82 mg/dL). There was a statistically significant increase in blood glucose concentrations in both diabetics and nondiabetics who received dexamethasone. The rise of blood glucose from baseline was similar in both diabetics and nondiabetics.Conclusion:The maximum rise in blood glucose was in the range of 40–45 mg/dl in the patients who received dexamethasone. The clinician should use his clinical judgment before administering dexamethasone for PONV prophylaxis/treatment.

Effect of Decaffeinated Coffee-enriched Chlorogenic Acid on Blood Glucose Levels in Healthy Controls: A Systematic Review.

As an important group of health problems, glucose metabolism disorders are associated with a number of diseases as well as mortality rate. Recently, studies have demonstrated that the consumption of decaffeinated coffee-enriched chlorogenic acid (CGA) can reduce the risk of diabetes and blood glucose rise, while the results of some previous studies have shown an opposite effect. Hence, a systematic search was conducted based on literature search and appropriate keywords through PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Knowledge, Science direct, Medline, Cochrane, and Scopus databases from 2003 to 2018. After searching, 1593 articles were found. Then, we excluded papers based on the duplication and relevant for title and abstract, whereas 25 relevant articles remained for checking eligibility criteria. Since only randomized clinical trials studies (RCTs) could be included in the current study, six RCTs remained in end-stage for qualitative synthesis. The results of reviewed studies showed no significant effect of decaffeinated coffee-enriched CGA on blood glucose concentration. Although recent studies have suggested the effectiveness of decaffeinated coffee-enriched CGA on blood glucose in animals, and there are various mechanisms for this effect, and the result of our review showed that there is not sufficient evidence for this claim in healthy humans. Hence, further research in this area seems necessary.

Influence of wheat, maida and millets on diabetes mellitus

Sir, We have read your nice editorial “Transition from Prediabetes to Diabetes is Preventable” in the recent issue of your journal.[1] Balanced diet will help in slowing the blood glucose rise as suggested in your editorial. White flour (refined wheat flour) is used in preparation of the most fast food products. Fast food consumption is increasing globally as well as in India. Many people consume commercially prepared foods.[2,3] Alloxan is present in refined flour (maida), and this can increase the onset of diabetes mellitus as it destroys insulin‑producing β‑cells of the pancreas.[4] Several maida‑processing units in the country are using alloxan. Alloxan has been banned by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, the Delhi‑based central body, that has the final say on what additives are permissible in food. Recently, some wheat sources have been noted to lack type 1 diabetes‑linked epitopes and these may reduce the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus.[5] Intake of millets as a part of diet may also help in reducing the prevalence of diabetes mellitus.[6]

Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Patients Following Corticosteroid Injections into the Subacromial Space of the Shoulder.

Corticosteroid injections are used to treat a variety of orthopedic conditions with the goal of decreasing pain and inflammation. Administration of systemic or local corticosteroids risks temporarily increasing blood glucose levels, especially diabetic patients. The purpose of this study is to quantify the effects of corticosteroid injections on blood glucose levels in diabetic patients with shoulder pathology. Diabetic patients who regularly monitored their blood glucose levels and were indicated for a subacromial corticosteroid injection were included in this prospective investigation. The typical normal morning fasting glucose and most recent hemoglobin A1c level was recorded for each patient. After injection, patients were contacted daily to confirm their fasting morning glucose level for 10 days post-injection. Seventeen consecutive patients were enrolled. Patients with hemoglobin A1c of <7% had an average rise in blood glucose of 38 mg/dL compared to 98 mg/dL in the poorly controlled group after injection (P<0.001). Well-controlled patients' glucose levels returned to near baseline levels around post-injection day 8, while poorly controlled patients levels remained elevated. Similarly, insulin-dependent diabetic patients had an average increase in fasting glucose level of 99 mg/dL versus 50 mg/dL in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients (P<0.001). After corticosteroid injection, patients with well-controlled diabetes experience smaller elevations and faster return to baseline glucose levels than patients with poor control. Insulin dependent diabetics experienced similar findings as patients with poor control. Future studies are needed to evaluate dosing to optimize the risks of blood glucose elevation while maintaining therapeutic benefit.

CORRELATION BETWEEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL AND THINKING CONCENTRATION

Cognition function specifically about thinking concentration has not much yet been studied. Society view shown that glucose has role thinking quality. Few studies shown that glucose has role in specific memory quality but not in complex thinking. This study purpose to see correlation between blood glucose level with thinking concentration before eating (preprandial), after eating (postprandial), and the effect of blood glucose rise on thinking concentration. Subjects that accomplished study’s requirement were recruited until forty six people and were followed within thirty minutes. Blood Glucose level was measured by glucose meter at initial admission, thinking concentration were measured with trail making test at initial admission, and compared after eating on the thirtieth minute. Descriptive analytic shown that preprandial blood glucose level in all subject is 55-119 mg/dl with 98.2 mg/dl mean. Postprandial blood glucose level in all subject is 103-171 mg/dl with 134.5 mg/dl mean. Preprandial thinking concentration in all subject is 28-93 seconds with 56.42 seconds mean. Postprandial thinking concentration in all subject is 24-73 seconds with 47.5 seconds mean. Correlation analysis showed that no significance between preprandial blood glucose level and thinking concentration (p = 0.556), postprandial blood glucose level and thinking concentration (p = 0.533), and increase in blood glucose and thinking concentration (p= 0.928). In conclusion there is no significant correlation between blood glucose level and thinking concentration.

Erythritol reduces small intestinal glucose absorption, increases muscle glucose uptake, improves glucose metabolic enzymes activities and increases expression of Glut-4 and IRS-1 in type 2 diabetic rats.

Studies have reported that erythritol, a lowor non-glycemic sugar alcohol possesses anti-hyperglycemic and anti-diabetic potentials but the underlying mode of actions is not clear. This study investigated the underlying mode of actions behind the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-diabetic potentials of erythritol using different experimental models (experiment 1, 2 and 3). Experiment 1 examined the effects of increasing concentrations (2.5-20%) of erythritol on glucose absorption and uptake in isolated rat jejunum and psoas muscle, respectively. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the effects of a single oral dose of erythritol (1g/kg bw) on intestinal glucose absorption, gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose increase, glucose tolerance, serum insulin level, muscle/liver hexokinase and liver glucose-6 phosphatase activities, liver and muscle glycogen contents and mRNA and protein expression of muscle Glut-4 and IRS-1 in normal and type 2 diabetic animals. Experiment 1 revealed that erythritol dose dependently enhanced muscle glucose ex vivo. Experiment 2 demonstrated that erythritol feeding delayed gastric emptying and reduced small intestinal glucose absorption as well as postprandial blood glucose rise, especially in diabetic animals. Experiment 3 showed that erythritol feeding improved glucose tolerance, muscle/liver hexokinase and liver glucose-6 phosphatase activities, glycogen storage and also modulated expression of muscle Glut-4 and IRS-1 in diabetic animals. Data suggest that erythritol may exert anti-hyperglycemic effects not only via reducing small intestinal glucose absorption, but also by increasing muscle glucose uptake, improving glucose metabolic enzymes activity and modulating muscle Glut-4 and IRS-1 mRNA and protein expression. Hence, erythritol may be a useful dietary supplement for managing hyperglycemia, particularly for T2D.

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages And Short-duration Exercise On Glycemic Response And Subjective Appetite In Young Boys

PURPOSE: Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is thought to be a contributor to weight gain through its effects on the control of food intake and glucose homeostasis. It has been suggested that energy from sugar-sweetened caloric beverages bypass physiologic systems regulating food intake, leading to weight gain. Despite a lack of reported evaluation, short-duration exercise is promoted in schools as a means of achieving energy balance and glucose homeostasis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the interaction between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and short-duration exercise on glycemic response and subjective appetite in young boys. METHODS: Eight normal weight boys (age: 11.25 ± 0.7 years) consumed isovolumetric amounts (240mL) of either a commercial fruit drink or 1% chocolate milk, matched for available carbohydrates (25g) two hours after a standardized breakfast. The boys then exercised on a motorized treadmill at their ventilatory threshold or sat quietly for 15min, followed by 45min of quiet sitting. Subjective appetite and capillary blood glucose were assessed at baseline, and at 15 and 60min during the test condition. RESULTS: There was a beverage (fruit drink vs. chocolate milk) x test condition (exercise vs. rest) x time (0, 15, 60min) interaction for blood glucose response (p<0.01). There was a main effect of beverage on glucose response (p<0.01). Exercise increased subjective average appetite to 60min compared to quiet sitting (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Fifteen minutes of moderate-intensity exercise attenuates the rise in blood glucose following sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Chocolate milk has the lowest glycemic response, which may be due its milk protein and fat content and effect on gut hormone release. Further investigations are required to determine whether increased subjective appetite following short duration exercise would result in greater next-meal food intake.

Mulberry-extract improves glucose tolerance and decreases insulin concentrations in normoglycaemic adults: Results of a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study.

BackgroundHigh sugar and refined carbohydrate intake is associated with weight gain, increased incidence of diabetes and is linked with increased cardiovascular mortality. Reducing the health impact of poor quality carbohydrate intake is a public health priority. Reducose, a proprietary mulberry leaf extract (ME), may reduce blood glucose responses following dietary carbohydrate intake by reducing absorption of glucose from the gut.MethodsA double-blind, randomised, repeat measure, phase 2 crossover design was used to study the glycaemic and insulinaemic response to one reference product and three test products at the Functional Food Centre, Oxford Brooks University, UK. Participants; 37 adults aged 19–59 years with a BMI ≥ 20kg/m2 and ≤ 30kg/m2. The objective was to determine the effect of three doses of mulberry-extract (Reducose) versus placebo on blood glucose and insulin responses when co-administered with 50g maltodextrin in normoglycaemic healthy adults. We also report the gastrointestinal tolerability of the mulberry extract.ResultsThirty-seven participants completed the study: The difference in the positive Incremental Area Under the Curve (pIAUC) (glucose (mmol / L x h)) for half, normal and double dose ME compared with placebo was -6.1% (-18.2%, 5.9%; p = 0.316), -14.0% (-26.0%, -2.0%; p = 0.022) and -22.0% (-33.9%, -10.0%; p<0.001) respectively. The difference in the pIAUC (insulin (mIU / L x h)) for half, normal and double dose ME compared with placebo was -9.7% (-25.8%, 6.3%; p = 0.234), -23.8% (-39.9%, -7.8%; p = 0.004) and -24.7% (-40.8%, -8.6%; p = 0.003) respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between any of the 4 groups in the odds of experiencing one or more gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, abdominal cramping, distension or flatulence).ConclusionsMulberry leaf extract significantly reduces total blood glucose rise after ingestion of maltodextrin over 120 minutes. The pattern of effect demonstrates a classical dose response curve with significant effects over placebo. Importantly, total insulin rises were also significantly suppressed over the same time-period. There were no statistically significant differences between any of the treatment groups (including placebo) in the odds of experiencing one or more gastrointestinal symptoms. Mulberry extract may have multiple modes of action and further studies are necessary to evaluate ME as a potential target for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and the regulation of dysglycaemia.