Blood Glucose Ratio Research Articles

Discriminant analyses for pregnancy-related changes in hematological and serum biochemical values in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Hematological and serum biochemical data obtained from 45 non-pregnant and 142 pregnant cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were analyzed by discriminant analyses. All animals used had been reared under uniform environmental conditions at Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, N. I. H., Japan. The examination items were as follows: red blood cell count(RBC), hematocrit value(Ht), hemoglobin concentration(Hb), mean corpuscular volume(MCV), white blood cell count(WBC), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TCHO), free cholesterol (FCHO), triglyceride (TG), and albumin-globulin ratio (A/G). The pregnant animals were divided into four groups according to their gestation ages (Group I: 1-40 days; II: 41-80 days; III: 81-120 days; and IV: more than 121 days). During pregnancy period (Groups II, III and IV), significant decrease of TP, ALB, TCHO, FCHO and TG was observed. RBC, Ht and Hb decreased in the last of the four periods of pregnancy (Group IV). Discrimination was possible between each of these four pregnant groups and the non-pregnant group on the basis of the Mahalanobis' generalized distance. To clarify the relationship among groups, canonical discriminant analysis (discriminant analysis with reduction of dimensionality) was carried out. As a result, the non-pregnant group and the pregnant I group could be clearly discriminated from the other pregnant groups (II, III, and IV) by the first canonical variate. Judging from the relative eigenvector value of each variable for the first canonical variate, the effective discriminant variables were RBC, Ht, Hb, MCV, TP and A/G.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Prediction of Outcome following Sugiura’s Procedure in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

In order to identify factors which are useful in predicting death due to liver failure following Sugiura’s procedure for esophageal varices, data were collected retrospectively from 41 cirrhotic patients. It was suggested that four factors such as Child’s score, plasma indocyanine green metabolizing rate, ratio of blood glucose at 60 and 120 min in an oral glucose tolerance test and the molar ratio (VAL + Leu + Ileu)/(Phe + Tyr) had predictive values for a 2-year survival by a multiple linear regression analysis of 11 preoperative factors. A simple scoring system derived from the combination of these four prognostic factors aided to predict outcome in 82% of patients dying of liver failure within 2 years and in 92% of those surviving more than 2 years after the operation. This scoring system was prospectively applied in 10 consecutive patients undergoing Sugiura’s procedure, and it successfully predicted their outcomes.

THE HYPERINSULINEMIC HYPOGLYCEMIA IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN. A STUDY ON 9 CASES

Circulating levels of blood glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) were measured in 6 infants (4 had islet cell adenoma and 2 had nesidioblastosis) and 3 children (all had islet cell adenoma) with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. The ratio blood glucose : insulin on several days had high value for diagnosis of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. The oral glucose load gave variable results, and the arginine infusion was without abnormality of hormone secretion. After intravenous administration of somatostatin, the suppression of CPR was more prominent than the inhibition of IRI. Hormone secretion after diazoxide infusion ranging from paradoxic stimulation to transient decrease of IRI or CPR. Intravenous injection of actrapid results in suppression of CPR secretion in most cases. In two patients we could diagnosed the pancreatic distribution, by measuring IRI in the portal blood, preoperatively. It is suggested, that the various stimulation or suppression tests do not differentiate hyperinsulinism caused by an islet cell adenoma, from that, caused by nesidioblastosis of the pancreas.

Relationship between Liver Glycogen Metabolism and Glucose Homeostasis in the Fetal Rat: Studies with the <i>gsd/gsd</i> Rat

Litters containing both heterozygous and homozygous gsd/gsd rats have been studied to determine whether fetal liver glycogen contributes to the fetal blood glucose pool. It is shown that homozygous gsd/gsd fetuses (unable to mobilise liver glycogen) have consistently lower blood glucose concentrations than their heterozygous (normal) littermates at all ages studied. This difference is independent of maternal type and maternal blood glucose concentration. There is a marked activation of liver phosphorylase in heterozygous fetuses at 21 days of gestation, associated with a significant rise in the fetal/maternal blood glucose ratio. In contrast, there is no significant activation of phosphorylase or rise in the ratio for homozygous littermates. In homozygous fetuses, the blood glucose concentrations remained low and liver glycogen high. The possibility of fetal liver glycogen being derived from gluconeogenic precursors is discussed.

Muscle metabolism during exercise in the heat in unacclimatized and acclimatized humans.

The effect of heat acclimatization on aerobic exercise tolerance in the heat and on subsequent sprint exercise performance was investigated. Before (UN) and after (ACC) 8 days of heat acclimatization, 10 male subjects performed a heat-exercise test (HET) consisting of 6 h of intermittent submaximal [50% of the maximal O2 uptake] exercise in the heat (39.7 degrees C dB, 31.0% relative humidity). A 45-s maximal cycle ride was performed before (sprint 1) and after (sprint 2) each HET. Mean muscle glycogen use during the HET was lower following acclimatization [ACC = 28.6 +/- 6.4 (SE) and UN = 57.4 +/- 5.1 mmol/kg; P less than 0.05]. No differences were noted between the UN and ACC trials with respect to blood glucose, lactate (LA), or respiratory exchange ratio. During the UN trial only, total work output during sprint 2 was reduced compared with sprint 1 (24.01 +/- 0.80 vs. 21.56 +/- 1.18 kJ; P less than 0.05). This reduction in sprint performance was associated with an attenuated fall in muscle pH following sprint 2 (6.86 vs. 6.67, P less than 0.05) and a reduced accumulation of LA in the blood. These data indicate that heat acclimatization produced a shift in fuel selection during submaximal exercise in the heat. The observed sparing of muscle glycogen may be associated with the enhanced ability to perform highly intense exercise following prolonged exertion in the heat.

Effects of antithyroid drug therapy on blood glucose, serum insulin, and insulin binding to red blood cells in hyperthyroid patients of different ages.

The mechanism of glucose intolerance in thyrotoxicosis was investigated in 119 patients with Graves's disease with careful consideration of the age-related deterioration of glucose tolerance. Before and after treatment of thyrotoxicosis with antithyroid drug, changes of blood glucose (BG) and serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in response to 50 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin binding to red blood cell (RBC) were evaluated. In control subjects, the sigma IRI/sigma BG ratio after 50-g OGTT decreased progressively with age without significant change in absolute sigma IRI value, suggesting the occurrence of age-related insulin resistance. Glucose intolerance was much more apparent in hyperthyroid patients because of age-related relative decrease of insulin secretion. Such a decrease of insulin secretion was not found in age-matched postgastrectomy patients with a similar degree of hyperglycemia, however. Maximal binding of labeled insulin and number of insulin receptors of RBC were decreased in old patients but binding affinity was unchanged. Elevation of BG was partially suppressed when serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were reduced to moderately supernormal levels, whereas sigma BG, sigma IRI, sigma IRI/sigma BG ratio, and insulin binding to RBC were all returned to normal when normal serum thyroid hormone concentration was maintained. Our data indicate that insufficient insulin secretion and reduced insulin action at the target cell are responsible, at least in large part, for age-related glucose intolerance in hyperthyroid patients.

Chemical analyses for early differential diagnosis between bacterial and viral meningitis.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the benefit of measuring different chemical parameters in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), at the time of admittance to hospital, for rapid differentiation between bacterial and viral meningitis. In addition to the leucocyte count, the CSF concentration of total protein, glucose (together with blood glucose), lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase was determined. The results revealed that the CSF lactate and the CSF:blood glucose ratio were the two best parameters for this purpose. When the information from these analyses was combined a complete separation between the two kinds of meningitis could be obtained.

Adaptation to hyperosmolality in the rat

Hyperosmolality induced in rats results in a progressive increase in brain glutamine levels with out a change in ammonia. This suggests an adaptation in the compartmental nature of the glutamate-ammonia-glutamine metabolic system to provide more brain osmoles without excess ammonia. The brain: blood glucose ratio rose suggesting brain energy use rate reductions previously reported may be due to altered glucose transport or phosphorylation.

Insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue in vitro and the response to exogenous insulin in obese human subjects

The effect of varying concentrations of insulin on 1- 14C-glucose conversion to 14CO 2 was measured in subcutaneous adipose tissue samples obtained from 16 obese human subjects (10 nondiabetic, 6 diabetic). An index of insulin sensitivity in vitro, K ins, was calculated as the concentration of insulin stimulating one-half maximal 14CO 2 production. An index of insulin sensitivity in vivo, K itt, was calculated as the rate constant for decrease in blood glucose after rapid intravenous administration of 0.05 U/kg insulin. There was, over-all, a significant correlation between K ins and K itt, indicating that insulin sensitivity of 1- 14C-glucose oxidation by adipose tissue in vitro reflects the general state of sensitivity of glucose metabolism to insulin in vivo in obese human subjects. The mean values for both K ins and K itt in the nondiabetic subjects were significantly different from those in the diabetic subjects, indicating greater sensitivity to insulin in the former group. The nondiabetic group was also distinguished by a significantly greater plasma insulin: blood glucose ratio in the oral glucose tolerance test. These results support the view that tissue insulin sensitivity as well as pancreatic beta cell response play an important role in determining glucose tolerance in obesity.

Oral Trypsin-inhibitor-induced Improvement of the Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreatic Functions in Alloxan Diabetic Rats

Studies are presented dealing with the effect on the exocrine and endocrine pancreas of long-term oral trypsin inhibitor administration to alloxan diabetic rats. Three categories of rats were used: a) normal rats, b) alloxan diabetic rats, and c) alloxan diabetic rats treated with the trypsin inhibitor. 1. The concentration of amylase in both pancreas and intestinal contents were markedly decreased in alloxan diabetic rats as compared with normal rats, whereas the concentrations of lipase and trypsin(ogen) were practically unaffected by the diabetic state. 2. Trypsin inhibitor treatment of diabetic rats enhanced the concentrations of both amylase, trypsin(ogen), and lipase in pancreas and intestinal contents when compared with untreated diabetic controls. 3. Alloxan diabetic rats treated with trypsin inhibitor displayed an increased weight gain, increased pancreatic weight, and increased pancreatic protein concentration as compared with the untreated diabetic controls. 4. Alloxan diabetic rats treated for 3 or 5 weeks with the trypsin inhibitor were found to have decreased basal blood glucose levels and an increased plasma insulin: blood glucose ratio as compared to the untreated diabetic controls. 5. There was no apparent difference in the glucose elimination rate after I.V. glucose loads in diabetic rats given trypsin inhibitor and their diabetic controls. However, the insulin secretory response to the glucose stimulus was slightly improved in the trypsin inhibitor group. 6. Alloxan diabetic rats treated with trypsin inhibitor had an increased total pancreatic insulin content compared with their diabetic controls. It is concluded that long-term daily treatment with oral trypsin inhibitor in alloxan diabetic rats increased enzyme production and secretion in the exocrine pancreas, and produced an improvement of the diabetic condition of the animals. This improvement might partly be due to an increased pancreatic content and secretion of insulin.

Carbohydrate Metabolism in Normal and Diabetic Rats Following Long-term Oral Trypsin Inhibitor Administration

The effect of long-term oral trypsin inhibitor administration on blood glucose, plasma insulin, liver, and muscle glycogen and glucose utilization in vitro by peripheral tissues in normal and diabetic rats was studied. In normal rats the glycogen levels in liver and muscle were increased after 3 weeks of treatment. Glucose oxidation (14CO2-production) was augmented in muscle after 3 and 8 weeks and in liver after 3 weeks. An increased 14C-incorporation into glycogen from 14C-glucose and increased glycogen concentration after incubation were found in muscle after 3 weeks. In diabetic rats the basal blood glucose was decreased after 3 and 5 weeks of treatment, and the basal plasma insulin:blood glucose ratio increased after 5 weeks. The glycogen levels were increased after 3 and 5 weeks in liver. No effect on glucose oxidation (14CO2-production) in muscle was found. The 14C-incorporation into glycogen and the total glycogen content, however, was increased in muscle after both 3 and 5 weeks. Incubation of muscle tissue with serum from normal or diabetic rats treated with oral trypsin inhibitor for 3 and 5 weeks respectively had no apparent acute effects on the glucose metabolism. It is suggested that the observed action of oral trypsin inhibitors on glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues is mediated by one or more unknown gastrointestinal factor(s).

True glucose content of lumbar and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid.

Glucose levels in 154 random specimens of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid, normal as regards cell and protein content, were estimated by the glucose-oxidase method and a mean value of 60.5 mg./100 ml. (S.D. 7.3) was obtained. In 33 fasting patients subject to air encephalography the mean cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.) glucose level was 56.5 mg., and mean blood glucose level 65.5 mg. with an average C.S.F. glucose: blood glucose ratio of 0.85.