Blood Glucose Levels In Rats Research Articles

Development and applications of enzymatic modified starch with high water solubility providing a continuous supply of glucose

Amylopectin clusters (APCs) are produced by cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.19). Their solubility rate in aqueous solution was found to be 16.7 %. The weight-average molecular weight of APCs is ∼105 Da, as determined by multiangle laser light scattering analysis. Side chain length analysis indicated that the relative proportions of side chains with a degree of polymerization in the ranges of 2–8 and 25–50 decreased and increased, respectively, during preparation of APCs. In the exercise experiment, the blood glucose level of rats was higher in the APC-treated group than in the groups treated with commercial carbohydrate supplement (CCD) and glucose. In the forced swimming test, the swimming time in the APC and CCD groups increased by 22.6 % and 31.1 %, respectively, compared with the glucose administration group. The insulin levels were also similar between the APC and CCD groups. However, the glycogen levels in the liver and muscles of mice were significantly higher in the APC group than control group. These results suggest that APCs could potentially enhance endurance when added to sports drinks.

Oral administration of linoleic acid immediately before glucose load ameliorates postprandial hyperglycemia.

Introduction: Fatty acids are a major nutrient in dietary fat, some of which are ligands of long-chain fatty acid receptors, including G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 40 and GPR120. Pretreatment with GPR40 agonists enhanced the secretion of insulin in response to elevating blood glucose levels after glucose load in a diabetes model, but pretreatment with GPR120 agonist did not ameliorate postprandial hyperglycemia. This study examined whether oral administration of linoleic acid (LA), a GPR40 and GPR120 agonist, immediately before glucose load would affect the elevation of postprandial blood glucose levels in rats. Methods: Male rats and rats with type 1 diabetes administered streptozocin were orally administered LA, trilinolein, α-linolenic acid (α-LA), oleic acid, TAK-875, or TUG-891 immediately before glucose load. Blood glucose levels were measured before, then 15, 30, 60 and 120min after glucose load. CACO-2 cells were used to measure the uptake of [14C] α-MDG for 30min with or without LA. Gastric content from rats administered LA was collected 15 and 30min after glucose load, and blood samples were collected for measurement of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin concentrations. Results: The elevation of postprandial blood glucose levels was slowed by LA but not by trilinolein in rats without promotion of insulin secretion, and this effect was also observed in rats with type 1 diabetes. The uptake of α-MDG, an SGLT-specific substrate, was, however, not inhibited by LA. Gastric emptying was slowed by LA 15min after glucose load, and GLP-1, but not cholecystokinin, level was elevated by LA 15min after glucose load. TUG-891, a GPR120 agonist, ameliorated postprandial hyperglycemia but TAK-875, a GPR40 agonist, did not. Pretreatment with AH7614, a GPR120 antagonist, partially canceled the improvement of postprandial hyperglycemia induced by LA. α-LA, which has high affinity with GPR120 as well as LA, slowed the elevation of postprandial blood glucose levels, but oleic acid, which has lower affinity with GPR120 than LA, did not. Conclusion: Oral administration of LA immediately after glucose load ameliorated postprandial hyperglycemia due to slowing of gastric emptying via promotion of GLP-1 secretion. The mechanisms may be associated with GPR120 pathway.

In Vivo Anti-Diabetes Potential of Huntera Umbellata Seed

The possible use of ethanol extract of Hunteria umbellata seed as a curative agent in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was investigated. A total of forty-eight adult albino Wistar rats (male: weighed 150 g – 250 g; aged 16 – 19 weeks) were used for this study. Completely randomized design was used for this experiment. Standard methods were used to ascertain the blood glucose levels, kidney function test, serum lipid profile, and liver enzymes. Also, the radical scavenging activity was carried out using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picyhydrazyl) method. The results showed that the administration of alloxan has led to significantly increased blood glucose levels in rats. The diabetic control group had constant high blood glucose level that was >250 mg/dl, whereas a significant decrease in blood glucose level was witnessed when the rats were pre-treated with the seed extract. Again, the extract was found to reduce certain biochemical parameters such as overall cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine. while high density lipoprotein was increased. Also, the radical scavenging activity (RSA) study revealed that the seed has inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 227.34 µg/ml as compared to the IC50 of superoxide dismutase (389.73 µg/ml).The observed effects of the extract could be possibly due to its ability to reduce oxidative damage to insulin-producing β-cell membranes, thus, resulting in increased insulin concentration and sensitivity in the cells. Therefore, in this study it was suggested that ethanol extracts of osu seeds could be a potential candidate for the management of diabetes due to its hypoglycaemic effects.

Anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative effects of a monoterpene glycoside on experimental periodontitis in a rat model of diabetes.

Paeoniflorin (Pae) is a monoterpene glycoside with immune-regulatory effects. Several studies have already demonstrated the impact of Pae on periodontitis, but its effect on diabetic periodontitis is unclear. In this study, our aim was to test the hypothesis that Pae had a strong anti-inflammatory effect that prevented bone loss in diabetic periodontitis. Thirty male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into control (healthy, n = 10), periodontitis (PD) + diabetes (DM; n = 10), and PD + DM + Pae (n = 10) groups. Ligature-induced periodontitis was created by placing 4-0 silk ligatures around the lower first molars on both sides of the mandibulae. Experimental DM was created via an injection of 50 mg/kg and streptozotocin (STZ). Hyperglycemia was confirmed by the blood glucose levels of rats (>300 mg/dL). The bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular number, trabecular thickness, and bone loss were measured by micro-CT. The expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured in tissue homogenates by ELISA. The PD + DM + Pae group had significantly less alveolar crest resorption when compared to the PD + DM group. There was also a significant difference between the PD + DM + Pae group compared to PD + DM group in trabecular thickness, BMD, and the number of trabeculae. Pae application led to a statistically significant decrease in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in diabetic periodontitis. Systemic application of Pae suppressed inflammation caused by PD and DM, leading to reduced bone loss and enhanced bone quality.

ANTIHYPERGLYCHEMIC ACTIVITY TEST OF EXTRACT, METHANOL FRACTION AND N-HEKSAN FRACTION OF KETAPANG LEAF (Terminalia catappa) IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED WHITE RATS

Background: Ketapang leaf (Terminalia catappa) can be used as a traditional medicine that has the potential activity to reduce blood glucose levels in the body. Objective: To determine the activity of extracts and fractions of ketapang leaves in reducing blood glucose levels of rats induced by alloxan. Methods: This study was an experimental study using 30 male wistar rats as test animals divided into 6 groups. Group I was healthy control, group II was negative control (K-) that given 0.5% Na CMC solution, group III was positive control (k+) that given metformin suspension, groups IV, V, and VI were given ketapang leaf extract, methanol fraction and n-hexane fraction, respectively. Results: The ethanol extract and methanol fraction of ketapang leaves can reduce blood glucose levels in white rats because they contain flavonoid compounds which are thought to have antihyperglycemic activity. Conclusions: The methanol fraction of ketapang leaves (Terminalia catappa) was most effective in reducing blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced white rats.

The Effect of Physical-Psychological and Psychological Stress on Blood Glucose Levels (In vivo Study)

Stress is a condition that burdens a person and affects homeostasis resulting in health problems, including dental and oral health. Stress can be caused by physical, chemical, or psychological stressors. Stressors cause an increase in blood glucose levels due to an increase in the stress hormone cortisol. This study aims to determine the effect of physical-psychological and psychological stress induced by electrical foot shock on blood glucose levels in rats. This research is an experimental laboratory study with a post-test control group design using white male rats as animal stress models. Animal models were divided into six groups, namely physical-psychological stress for 7 days (PPS1), 14 days (PPS2), and 28 days (PPS3); and psychological stress for 7 days (PS1), 14 days (PS2), and 28 days (PS3). The animal models were placed in the experimental box with electrical foot shock. The physical-psychological stress treatment was to flow an electric current of 48 V, 0.5 Hz, 2 mA for 30 minutes daily. In the psychological stress treatment, the animal models were placed without an electric shock, but the animal models were placed together, given an electric shock stressor separated by transparent plastic with a thickness of 5 cm and foam at the bottom of the cage (insulator). The results showed that although there was no effect of electrical foot shock on blood glucose levels in rats experiencing physical-psychological stress for 7, 14, and 28 exposures (p0.05), electrical foot shock affected blood glucose levels in rats with psychological stress (p0.05). It can be concluded that physical-psychological and psychological stress induced by electrical foot shock affected blood glucose levels.

The effect of Lime Leaf Ethanol extract on Diabetic Nephropathy in Male White Rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Hyperglycemia in chronic DM can trigger various complications, both macrovascular and microvascular, one of which is diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy or diabetic kidney disease (PGD) is a complication that often occurs in diabetics. Objective: This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites in lime leaf extract on reducing blood glucose levels, pancreatic histopathology and diabetic nephropathy in male white rats (Rattusnorvegicus) induced by streptozotocin. Methods: This study used 30 male white rats which were divided into 6 groups, namely group I as normal control, group II as positive control (glibenclamide), group III as negative control (Na-CMC 0.5%), group IV, V and VI as control. the test group was given ethanol extract of lime leaves with doses of 150mg/kgBW, 250mg/kgBB, 350mg/kgBW, respectively. Data were analyzed using a one way ANOVA test at a 95% confidence level, followed by a post hoc LSD test and using a nonparametric test. Result: Showed that the ethanol extract of lime leaves (citrus aurantifolia (christm.) swingle) contained 1.419% w/w alkaloids, 0.008% w/w tannins, 0.687% w/w flavonoids, and 15.805% w/w saponins. b and can reduce glucose levels at a dose of 350mg/kg BW and can regenerate pancreatic tissue at a dose of 350mg/kg BW damage 0.8 and repair renal tubular injury at a dose of 250mg/kg BW damage 1.2.Conclusion:this study contains secondary metabolites and can reduce blood glucose levels in rats and can regenerate pancreatic tissue and kidney tubular injury.

Preliminary study on the effect of ozone exposure on blood glucose level in rats.

In recent years, people have paid more and more attention to the health hazards caused by O3 exposure, which will become a major problem after fine particulate matter (PM). To investigate the effects of ozone (O3) exposure on blood glucose levels in rats under different concentrations and times. Eighty rats were divided into control group and three ozone concentration groups. Each group was continuously exposed for 1d, 3d and, 6d, and exposed for 6 hours daily. After exposure, GTT, FBG, and random blood glucose were measured. The FBG value increased significantly on the 6th day of 0.5 ppm and the 3rd and 6th days of 1.0 ppm exposure compared with the control group (P< 0.05). The random blood glucose value was significantly increased on the 3rd and 6th days of each exposure concentration (P< 0.05). When exposed to 1 ppm concentration, the 120 min GTT value of 1 d, 3 d and, 6 d was significantly higher than that of the control group (P< 0.05). After acute O3 exposure, the blood glucose level of rats was affected by the exposure concentration and time. The concentration of 0.1 ppm had no significant impact on FBG and random blood glucose, and O3 with a concentration of 0.1 ppm and 0.5 ppm had no significant impact on values of GTT at 90 min, and 120 min.

Hypoglycaemic activity of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles in alloxan‐induced diabetic Wister rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that affects the body's ability to produce or use insulin. This study evaluated the hypoglycaemic activity of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) in alloxan-induced diabetic Wister rats. CuO-NPs were synthesized via the green route and characterized using different analytical tools. Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally using 90 mg/kg body weight of alloxan monohydrate in albino rats. Thirty (30) rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each and orally treated for 21 days. Groups I and II were treated with 300 mg/kg bwt Cereus hildmannianus extract and CuO-NPs, respectively. Groups III and IV received 5 mg/kg bwt of Glibenclamide and 2 mL of normal saline, respectively, while Group V was left untreated as the diabetic control. Blood glucose (BG) levels and body weight changes were monitored at 3- and 7-day intervals, respectively, throughout 21-day treatment period. Lipid profiles, enzyme assays and histopathological studies of the liver were also carried out. Spheroidal tenorite phase of CuO-NPs with a crystallite size of 62.57 nm, surface area (20.64 m2 /g) and a UV-maximum absorption at 214.27 nm was formed. The diabetic rats treated with 300 mg/kg bwt CuO-NPs had the highest BG lowering ability (from 482.75 ± 27.70 to 124.50 ± 2.50 mg/dL). A significant difference (p < 0.05) in weight gain and serum enzymes was also observed in the CuO-NPs treated group compared with other groups. The CuO-NPs-treated group had a significant increase (p < 0.05) in HDL-cholesterol and a decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol compared with other groups. The green synthesized CuO-NPs nanoparticles significantly reduced (p < 0.05) blood glucose levels in rats and other associated indices and could serve as drug lead in the treatment of diabetes.

Blood Glucose Level, Langerhans Pancreas and Lipid Profile of Diabetic Rats After Administration of Red Betel, Ginger and Cinnamon Combination Extract.

Previous studies had reported antihyperglycemic activity in vitro, in vivo and in silico of red betel (Piper crocatum) extract, which was associated with its polyphenolic, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids compounds. This study aimed to determine blood glucose level, Langerhans pancreas, lipid profile and bodyweight of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after administrating red betel combination extract. Red betel combination extract is composed of red betel extract that was combined with ginger and cinnamon extracts. 16 male rats (Sprague Dawley) were divided randomly into two controls groups (Normal and diabetic groups; orally administered with 2 mL of aquadest for 14 days) and two extract groups (diabetic groups; orally administered with red betel combination extract 9 mL/kg BW and 13.5 mL/kg BW). Results showed that the administration of red betel combination extract for 14 days (9 mL/kg BW dosage) decreased the rat's blood glucose level up to 55.42%, which was significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to the rat's blood glucose levels on day 3. While the combination extract (dosages 9 mL/kg BW and 13.5 mL/kg BW) increased the numbers of rat Langerhans islets up to 10.9%-30.6%. The level of rat's blood high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride levels in the diabetic control group were significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to that of the diabetic with red betel combination extract and normal groups. The treatment orally with red betel combination extract (various dosages) for 14 days suppressed the weight loss of rats by 10%-11%.

Effect of the Golden Liquid from Honeybees and Refined Granulated Sugar on the Blood Glucose and Serum Iron Levels of Albino Rats

This study investigated the effect of the golden liquid from honeybees (natural honey) and refined granulated sugar on the blood glucose and serum iron levels of Wistar albino rats. The experimental animals used in this study were grouped into five treatments based on the dose of natural honey and refined granulated sugar administered namely: T1 (1.02 g of honey /kg BW), T2 (1.40g of honey /kg BW), T3 (1.02 g of refined granulated sugar /kg BW), T4 (1.40g of refined granulated sugar /kg BW) while rats in T5 not administered with honey and refined granulated sugar served as the control. The blood glucose concentration of the albino rats was measured using the glucose strips with glucometer while the serum iron analysis was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result revealed that the mean blood glucose level of the rats was highest in T3 (112.95mg/dl), followed by T5 (92.20mg/dl) while the least value was recorded in T2 (74.86mg/dl). There was significant difference in the blood glucose levels of albino rats orally administered natural honey and refined granulated sugar at varying levels (P&lt;0.05). The result also showed that the mean blood glucose level of the albino rats was significantly different at week 2 and week 3 (P&lt;0.05). The highest serum iron level was recorded in T5 (1.31ppm) followed by T2 (1.22± 0.115 ppm), while the least serum iron level was recorded in T1 (0.88ppm). However, there were no significant differences in the serum iron levels of the albino rats (p&gt;0.05) among treatments. The use of natural honey is recommended since, albino rats orally administered honey at varying doses had lower blood glucose level than those given refined granulated sugar.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN LAMUN (Cymodocea rotundata) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH TIKUS DIABETES MELITUS

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by a glucose metabolism disorder due to lack of insulin indicated by high levels of glucose in the blood due damage in pancreatic 3 cells or insulin resistance. The research aimed to determine the effect and effective dosage of ethanol extract of seagrass to decrease glucose levels of diabetic mellitus in rats. It used 15 rats divided into 5 treatment groups, namely negative groups (NaCMC), positive group (Glibenclamide), tested extract group with the doses of 0,25 g/kgBW, 0,5 g/kgBW and 0,75 g/kgBW respectively. Alloxan induction at a dose of 0,13 g/kgBW was given intraperitoneally once a day orally for 14 days. Blood glucose level measurement was carried out before induction, after induction and after glucometer therapy. The result was statistically analyzed using the One Way Anova followed by the Bonferoni Post Hoc test and showed that the ethanol extract of seagrass leaves had a deep effect in reducing the blood glucose level of rats induced by alloxan at 750 mg/kgBW as the effective dose.

Effectiveness of Water Extract of Sea Lettuce (Ulva Lactuca) from Aceh to Reduce Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by damage to the pancreas, which cannot produce insulin. Antidiabetic drugs and insulin injections in the long term have specific side effects, so herbal medicine is considered safer to use. Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) is one of the herbal medicines that have the potential as an antidiabetic. Methods: Experimental using a completely randomized design. Rats were divided into five groups with three replicates, namely: Kn = normal control, Ka = STZ control, P1 = DM rats + 200 mg/KgBB extract dose, P2 = DM rats + 300 mg/KgBB extract dose, and P3 = DM rats + 400 mg/KgBB extract dose. The stages of this study began with the preparation of tools and materials, phytochemical tests, the preparation of test animals and testing extracts on test animals, and the measurement of blood glucose levels in rats before and after they were given extracts. Blood glucose levels were measured using a glucometer. Data analysis was performed statistically (ANOVA). The results of the phytochemical tests detected were steroids, saponins, and phenols/tannins, while alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids were not. The most effective blood glucose level measurement result is at a dose of 400 mg/KgBB.

Antidiabetic Activity of Hot Tea Infusion of Leaves of Moringa stenopetala in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

BackgroundMoringa stenopetala is a traditionally used medicinal plant that has been used for the management of different disorders including diabetes in Ethiopia. This study was aimed to assess the antidiabetic activity of hot tea infusion of leaves of Moringa stenopetala in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.MethodsExperimental animals were Wistar male rats aged 4–6 weeks weighing 200–250 gram. The animals were maintained in equal light/dark series of laboratory conditions, and the average ambient temperature was 23±2 °C. The hot tea infusion of Moringa stenopetala leaves of different concentrations (as fine and coarse powder decoction), distilled water (10 mL/kg), and 150 mg/kg body weight of metformin were administered to diabetic rats as test, negative control, and positive standard drugs, respectively. Sucrose oral challenge test was also carried out to assess the effect of Moringa stenopetala hot tea infusion on postprandial glucose level. Blood glucose level was measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 180 minutes. Statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS package version 23, and the p-value less than 0.05 was declared as level of statistical significance.ResultsThe phytoconstituents that tested positive in hot tea infusion of Moringa stenopetala leaves were alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. Different experimental groups treated with the hot tea infusion of Moringa stenopetala leaves showed significant reduction of blood glucose level after 30 minutes of hot tea infusion administration. In addition, the hot tea infusion at a different concentration for both fine and coarse powders reduced significantly raised blood glucose level. The present findings revealed that the hot tea infusion has blood glucose-lowering and antioxidant effects with wide safety margin.ConclusionThe findings indicated that the hot tea infusion of the leaves of Moringa stenopetala shows a credible reduction in blood glucose level in rats.

Steviol Glycoside, L-Arginine, and Chromium(III) Supplementation Attenuates Abnormalities in Glucose Metabolism in Streptozotocin-Induced Mildly Diabetic Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and its glycosides are believed to exhibit several health-promoting properties. Recently, the mechanisms of the anti-diabetic effects of steviol glycosides (SG) have been the subject of intense research. The following study aims to evaluate the results of SG (stevioside (ST) and rebaudioside A (RA)) combined with L-arginine (L-Arg) and chromium(III) (CrIII) supplementation in streptozotocin- (STZ) induced mild type 2 diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD), with particular emphasis on carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms. The experiment was carried out on 110 male Wistar rats, 100 of which were fed an HFD to induce insulin resistance, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to induce mild type 2 diabetes. After confirmation of hyperglycemia, the rats were divided into groups. Three groups served as controls: diabetic untreated, diabetic treated with metformin (300 mg/kg BW), and healthy group. Eight groups were fed an HFD enriched with stevioside or rebaudioside A (2500 mg/kg BW) combined with L-arginine (2000 or 4000 mg/kg BW) and Cr(III) (1 or 5 mg/kg BW) for six weeks. The results showed that supplementation with SG (ST and RA) combined with L-arg and Cr(III) could improve blood glucose levels in rats with mild type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, ST was more effective in improving blood glucose levels, insulin resistance indices, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) concentrations than RA. Although L-arg and Cr(III) supplementation did not independently affect most blood carbohydrate and lipid indices, it further improved some biomarkers when combined, particularly with ST. Notably, the beneficial impact of ST on the homeostatic model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and on the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was strengthened when mixed with a high dose of L-arg, while its impact on antioxidant status was improved when combined with a high dose of Cr(III) in rats with mild type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, these results suggest that supplementary stevioside combined with L-arginine and Cr(III) has therapeutic potential for mild type 2 diabetes. However, further studies are warranted to confirm these effects in other experimental models and humans.

Design and in vitro/in vivo Evaluation of Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanoparticles Filled in Enteric-Coated Capsules for Oral Delivery of Insulin

Insulin is one of the most important drugs in the treatment of diabetes. There is an increasing interest in the oral administration of insulin as it mimics the physiological pathway and potentially reduces the side effects associated with subcutaneous injection. Therefore, insulin-loaded polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) nanoparticles were prepared by the ionic cross-linking method using protamine sulfate as the polycationic and sodium alginate as the anionic polymer. Taguchi experimental design was used for the optimization of nanoparticles by varying the concentration of sodium alginate, the mass ratio of sodium alginate to protamine, and the amount of insulin. The optimized nanoparticle formulation was used for further in vitro characterization. Then, insulin-loaded PEC nanoparticles were placed in hard gelatin capsules and the capsules were enteric-coated by Eudragit L100-55 (PEC-eCAPs). Hypoglycemic effects PEC-eCAPs were determined in vivo by oral administration to diabetic rats. Furthermore, in vivo distribution of PEC nanoparticles was evaluated by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled nanoparticles. The experimental design led to nanoparticles with a size of 194.4 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.31. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was calculated as 95.96%. In vivo studies showed that PEC-eCAPs significantly reduced the blood glucose level of rats at the 8th hour compared to oral insulin solution. It was concluded that PEC nanoparticles loaded into enteric-coated hard gelatin capsules provide a promising delivery system for the oral administration of insulin.

Lactobacillus plantarum S9 alleviates lipid profile, insulin resistance, and inflammation in high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats

Probiotics are considered to play an crucial role in the treatment of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced lipid metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MS). This study aimed to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum S9 on MS in HFD-fed rats, and to explore the underlying role of probiotics in the treatment of MS. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with HFD for 8 weeks, followed by the treatment of L. plantarum S9 for 6 weeks, and The body weight and blood glucose level of rats were detected on time. The results showed that L. plantarum S9 significantly decreased the body weight gain, Lee’s index, and liver index. Additionally, L. plantarum S9 reduced the levels of serum lipids and insulin resistance. L. plantarum S9 also decreased the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in liver. Moreover, the serum levels of MS-related inflammatory signaling molecules, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were significantly elevated. Western blot analysis showed that L. plantarum S9 inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, decreased the expression level of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), suppressed the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, and reduced the expression levels of inflammatory factors in HFD-fed rats. Moreover, it further decreased the ratios of p-IκBα/IκBα, p-p65/NF-κB p65, and p-p38/p38. In summary, L. plantarum S9, as a potential functional strain, prevents or can prevent onset of MS.

The Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on Blood Glucose Levels in Streptozotocin-Induced Rats

Aloevera can protect and restore the function of damaged pancreatic beta cells. The content of aloe vera can work like insulin, and lower blood glucose even though all beta cells have degenerated. The aim of the study was to find out the effect of aloe vera extract on the regulation of blood glucose levels in rats induced by streptozotocin. The study was true experimental randomized pre-post test control group design. The sampling technique used simple random sampling consisting of 20 wistar strain rats divided into 4 groups, namely the placebo control group, treatment group with a dose of 250 mg/dl, a dose of 350 mg/dl, and a dose of 1000 mg/dl. Rats were given STZ injection on day 8 after acclimatization. The independent variable was aloe vera extract. The dependent variable was blood glucose levels. The intervention of giving aloe vera extract was given for 9 days. Data were analyzed by Paired t Test and ANOVA. The results showed that there was an effect of aloe vera extract at a dose of 350 mg/kgBW on blood glucose levels with a paired t test of 0.022. The ANOVA results showed that aloe vera extract at a dose of 350 mg/kgBW had the highest effectiveness with a p value of 0.05. The chromium, alprogen, and flavonoid in aloe vera will improve the beta function of the pancreas in producing the hormone insulin. Damage to the islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas will be inhibited and restore the sensitivity of the insulin receptor cells.methods that are attractive to high school students and carried out consistently.

Inhibitory effect of flavonoid glycosides on digestive enzymes: In silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies

Flavonoid glycosides (FGs) appear to be good candidates for controlling blood glucose levels, so regular consumption of vegetables/fruits rich in FGs may prevent the consequences of type 2 diabetes (DM). Inhibition of digestive enzymes using natural FGs is a suitable dietary tool to regulate the hydrolysis of polysaccharides and overcome hyperglycemia. The aim of the current research is to find FGs that can effectively inhibit the digestive enzymes α-glucosidase (α-Gl) and α-amylase (α-Am). Accordingly, twenty-three FGs were selected and filtered through docking-based virtual screening. Based on the molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, among the 23 selected FGs, nicotiflorin and swertisin significantly inhibited α-Gl and α-Am, respectively. In vitro analysis revealed the inhibitory capacity of nicotiflorin on α-Gl was equal to IC50 at 0.148 mg/ml and the inhibitory activity of swertisin on α-Am was equal to IC50 at 1.894 mg/ml. It was found that nicotiflorin and swertisin act much like as a competitive inhibitor on α-Gl and α-Am, respectively. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity of both enzymes decreased after interaction with two FGs. FT-IR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements suggested that the interactions could alter the conformation and microenvironment of the enzymes. Moreover, in vivo evaluation showed that the administration of nicotiflorin and swertisin can alleviate the blood glucose level of rats compared to the starch group (p < 0.05). The findings highlight that nicotiflorin and swertisin can be considered as possible inhibitors in treating diabetes mellitus via digestive enzymes inhibition.

Potential of red guava fruitghurt in lowering blood glucose levels in streptozotocin induced rats

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood glucose levels due to decreased insulin production, insulin action or both. Red guava fruitghurt contains flavonoid phytochemical compound. This research aims to determine the effect of red guava fruitghurt on reducing blood glucose levels in rats. The study was laboratory experiment. The subjects of this study were white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with wistar lines, where each group needed 5 rats, therefore the total was 25 rats. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling, The experimental animals are grouped into 5 groups, negative control, positive control, treatment 1 (administration of fruitghurt), treatment 2 (administration of glibenclamide), and treatment 3 (combination of fruitghurt and glibenclamide). The data analysis was performed with paired t test, one way anova, pairwise comparison test and post hoc duncan. The study found that red guava fruitghurt can reduce blood glucose levels in rats induced by streptozotocin and show a probability value or p value of 0.000 (p value &lt; 0.05), meaning that there is a significant difference between Treatment 1, 2, and 3. The blood glucose level of rats after administration of fruitghurt was 75.4mg/dl, after administration of glibenclamide was 48.4mg/dl and the combination of fruitghurt and glibenclamide was 44.0mg/dl. From these data, it can be seen that the most influential treatment in reducing blood glucose levels is the combination of fruitghurt and glibenclamide. The significant effect in lowering blood glucose levels is the combination of fruitghurt and glibenclamide.