Blood Glucose Estimation Research Articles

Resistance to Data Loss of Glycemic Variability Measurements in Long-Term Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

Background: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a method of estimating blood glucose values from those recorded in the interstitial fluid. Because increasingly longer CGM measurements are possible, errors and data loss become more and more likely and potentially more damaging to accurate calculations of glycemic variability (GV) indices. Our research investigates the resistance of the CGM recording to data loss. Methods: We collected 71 CGM recordings (duration of min: 2, max: 265, median: 42 days) from patients with type 1 diabetes and used three algorithms to introduce missing data. We calculated mean and standard deviation (SD) of absolute percentage error of 12 variability indices and correlated those with the percentage of missing data and duration of the measurements. Results: Mean absolute percentage error of variability indices increased linearly with the percentage of missing data along with SD of absolute percentage error. Except for mean amplitude of glycemic excursions and time spent in hypoglycemia, all absolute errors never exceeded 25%, while mean absolute errors stayed below 5%. The gradient removal algorithm introduced errors larger than the single datapoint and block removal algorithms. The absolute percentage error of variability indices correlated negatively with the duration of the CGM measurements. Conclusions: Standard GV measurements in long-term glucose monitoring are robustly resistant to data loss.

PO-294 Effects of HIIT on FTO protein expression and its relationship with glucose and fat metabolism

Objective FTO (Fat mass and obesity-associated) is associated with increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes incurrence. Studies have shown that the expression of FTO protein in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is related to the oxidation rate of whole body substrate. With the increase of age, the body's carbohydrate oxidation rate decreases, the fat oxidation rate increases, and at the meanwhile the expression of FTO protein in skeletal muscle decreases and that in adipose increases. HIIT is very helpful for inhibiting obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. So the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of HIIT exercise on the expression of FTO protein in rats and its relationship to glucose and fat metabolism.
 Methods 20 Male, 3-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into two groups, each group has 10 rats. C group: sedentary; HIIT group: high-intensity intermittent training group (85% ~ 90% VO2max exercise for 6min, 50% VO2max exercise interval 4min, repeated 6 times. 5 times/week ,4 weeks). All subjects were maintained in a free facility with constant temperature of 25°C, light-dark cycle of 12/12 h and free access to water. 48 hours after the last exercise, all samples were taken with an overnight fast. The expression of FTO protein in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue was measured by Western Blot. Serum insulin was tested by ELISA; Estimation of blood glucose was tested by Glucose oxidase method.
 Results 1.The expression of FTO protein in skeletal muscle was significantly higher than that of group C (P <0.01); The expression of FTO protein in adipose tissue of HIIT group was significantly lower than that of group C (P <0.05); 2. Serum insulin levels of group HIIT was significantly lower than that of group C (p <0.01); And the blood glucose of group HIIT was significantly lower than that of group C (p <0.01). 3. Serum LDL-C of group HIIT was significantly lower than that of group C (p <0.01), and serum HDL-C of group HIIT was significantly higher than that of group C (p <0.01);4. Correlation analysis showed that serum insulin level was negatively correlated with skeletal muscle FTO protein expression (R = -0.454, p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that serum LDL-C levels was positively correlated with adipose tissue FTO protein expression (R=0.559, p < 0.05) and serum HDL-C levels was negatively correlated with adipose tissue FTO protein expression (R=-0.474, p < 0.05).
 Conclusions 1. HIIT can increase the protein expression of FTO in rat skeletal muscle and decrease the expression of FTO protein in adipose tissue; 2. HIIT can regulate glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in rats; 3. The regulation of glucose metabolism by HIIT may be related to the increase of FTO protein expression in skeletal muscle. The regulation of lipid metabolism may be related to the reduction of FTO protein expression in adipose tissue.

Correlation of Body Mass Index with Waist Circumference, Random Blood Sugar and Dietary Pattern as Predictors of Diabetes Mellitus

The objective of this study is correlation of body mass index with waist circumference, random blood sugar and dietary pattern to predict diabetes in university boys (18-25years). A study of random blood glucose, waist circumference and body mass index of 50 subject’s age (18-25years) was carried out. The nutritional dietary pattern of the subjects using the 24 hours dietary recall techniques was done Data was collected with a structured questionnaire. Subjects were measured for waist circumference and weight and height determent for BMI. Estimation of random blood glucose with the help of ACCU- CHECK indicated that all the boys had normal level. Subjects consisted of 50 university boys, the mean participant’s average weight is 68.21±9.31kg, average height is 173.76±7.43cm and average BMI 22.50±2.23kg/m2. Normal BMI (18.5-22.9kg/m2) was found in (48%), underweight (2%), overweight (34%) and obese (16%) of the subject studied. The mean waist circumference of participants is 85.16±6.38cm. The abnormal waist circumference (WC) was observed in 28% (n=14) and normal waist circumference is 72% (n=36) of the subject studied. The mean random blood sugar is 122.88±9.51mg/dl. The random of the subject blood sugar method is 100% normal. The nutrition intake of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates is there mean of participants is average of energy 1786.41±335.17kcal, protein 62.70±17.4gm, fat 47.18±14.00gm and carbohydrates 256.37±59.38gm. There was a statistically positive correlation between waist circumference, body mass index and random blood sugar . Therefore, waist circumference, non-invasive techniques has a good correlation with BMI and therefore abdominal obesity is a predictor of diabetes.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 6(3): 274-278

The effect of bupivacaine on gastrocnemius muscle contractility in rats with diabetes

This study examined the changes in skeletal muscle contraction parameters after the injection of bupivacaine into the gastrocnemius muscle in diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats (230–270 g) were divided into four groups: Group I: Untreated healthy control; Group II: Healthy injected with Bupivacaine; Group III: Diabetic control; Group IV: Diabetic injected with bupivacaine. The diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) injection at 45 mg/kg in tail vein. On 7th day of streptozotocin injection, the rats in groups II and IV were injected with 0.25% bupivacaine at 8 mg/kg body weight into the gastrocnemius muscle. Three weeks post bupivacaine application, the animals were sacrificed and right leg gastrocnemius muscle was isolated for studying various parameters such as muscle twitch, tetanic force, contraction and relaxation time, and maximum contraction and relaxation rates. The blood glucose estimation showed that the rats in group III and IV developed diabetes at two days after administration of streptozotocin. The administration of bupivacaine resulted in a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in the muscle twitch parameters both in Group II and Group IV. Thus, bupivacaine can increase muscle contractility in diabetic muscles also.

A comparative analysis of fructosamine with other risk factors for kidney dysfunction in diabetic patients with or without chronic kidney disease

BackgroundHyperglycemia is the driving force for the development of diabetic nephropathy leading to the end stage renal disease. It is well known that in hyperglycaemic condition, serum proteins become glycated through non-enzymatic glycation. With the other risk factors, serum fructosamine may be an important risk factor for kidney impairment. To assess coexistence of frequently documented risk factors of kidney dysfunction with serum fructosamine in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). MethodsIn this study, total 150 individuals, as control, type2 diabetic patients without complication and with CKD were included. Blood samples were collected from all the samples to estimate blood glucose, HbA1c, serum creatinine, fructosamine levels and lipid profile. Statistical analysis i.e. regression and correlation between serum fructosamine and other documented risk factors for diabetic CKD has been done. P < 0.001 was considered significant. ResultsSerum fructosamine, HbA1c, creatinine levels, cholesterol and LDL were increased significantly (P < 0.001) in diabetic patients with CKD compared to without complications. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and BMI were also significantly higher in diabetic patients compared to control. Serum creatinine, total cholesterol and LDL showed a significant positive correlation but HDL showed a negative correlation with fructosamine in CKD diabetic patients. No significant correlation was found with any risk factors in diabetic patients without complications expect HbA1c. ConclusionIt is concluded that elevated serum fructosamine level is strongly associated with kidney dysfunction in diabetic patients. As there is a significant link between serum fructosamine and other risk factors for CKD diabetic patients.

Screening for Gestational Diabetes by DIPSI Guidelines

Aim and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to find out the role and effectiveness of DIPSI guidelines as a replacement for other more time consuming and cost effective methods for detecting gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the Indian population and to compare outcome between GDM and non GDM population.Methods: A total of 345 women were selected of low risk category between the gestational ages of 24 to 28 weeks and were subjected to screening for gestational diabetes by DIPSI guidelines. A 75mg oral glucose load was given irrespective of their last Meal timing followed by blood glucose estimation by glucose oxidase – peroxidase method. A report of ≥140mg/dl were labeled as GDM as per DIPSI guidelines.Results: Out of 345 subjects screened, 30 (8.7%) were positive for GDM. The false positives encountered with DIPSI were 0.57% (2/345) and another 2 cases (0.57%) were false negative by DIPSI criteria. The rate of LSCS and rate of macrosomia was significantly higher in GDM population (30% and 33.33% respectively) as compared to general population (4.4% and 2.5% respectively). In GDM group 23.3% (7) had Shoulder Dystocia compared with 0.6% (2) in the normal population. 10% were breech compared with only 0.2% in the general population with 1 IUFD requiring hysterotomy. The rates of CPD were also higher (3.3%) than the general population (1.5%). A total of 19 neonates required NICU admission of which 11 were IDM. 36.66% of IDM required NICU admission as compared to only 2.5% of the non diabetic population.Conclusions: DIPSI guidelines can use as a replacement for other more resource and time consuming and costly methods like ADA criteria for the detection of GDM in the low resource settings in developing countries.

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF SENNA SURATTENSIS IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: Senna surattensis is a shrub plant which has been known for its diverse biological and pharmacological properties. This study is aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extracts of S. surattensis (EESS) leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Experimental diabetes was induced by injection of a single dose of alloxan (120 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups; normal control, diabetic control, diabetic EESS (200 mg/kg body weight (bw), diabetic EESS (400 mg/kg bw), and diabetic glibenclamide (5 mg/kg bw). Extracts were treated concurrently for 21 days. Blood samples were collected and centrifuged for estimation of fasting blood glucose (FBG), bw, serum biomarkers, lipid profile, total protein, albumin, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) contents.Results: The increase in FBG, bw, liver biomarkers serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, free fatty acid, phospholipids (PL), triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total protein, albumin, and HbA1C content were recorded in diabetic control rats. Daily oral administration of EESS treatment significantly (p&lt;0.01) reverted the levels of serum biomarkers and enzymes activities to near normal values. A similar reduction was produced in FBG after 21 days of extract administration which compared significantly (p&lt;0.01) with the control group and glibenclamide treated groups.Conclusion: The results suggest that EESS has anti-diabetic activity in diabetic rats, thereby justifying its traditional claim and augmenting it into the present system of medicine.

Association between empirically derived dietary patterns with blood lipids, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure in adults - the India migration study

BackgroundDietary patterns (DPs) in India are heterogenous. To date, data on association of indigenous DPs in India with risk factors of nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases (cardiovascular disease and diabetes), leading causes of premature death and disability, are limited. We aimed to evaluate the associations of empirically-derived DPs with blood lipids, fasting glucose and blood pressure levels in an adult Indian population recruited across four geographical regions of India.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from the Indian Migration Study (2005–2007). Study participants included urban migrants, their rural siblings and urban residents and their urban siblings from Lucknow, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Bangalore (n = 7067, mean age 40.8 yrs). Information on diet (validated interviewer-administered, 184-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire), tobacco consumption, alcohol intake, physical activity, medical history, as well as anthropometric measurements were collected. Fasting-blood samples were collected for estimation of blood lipids and glucose. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify major DPs based on eigenvalue> 1 and component interpretability. Robust standard error multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the association of DPs (tertiles) with total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, fasting-blood glucose (FBG), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) levels.ResultsThree major DPs were identified: ‘cereal-savoury’ (cooked grains, rice/rice-based dishes, snacks, condiments, soups, nuts), ‘fruit-vegetable-sweets-snacks’ (Western cereals, vegetables, fruit, fruit juices, cooked milk products, snacks, sugars, sweets) and ‘animal food’ (red meat, poultry, fish/seafood, eggs) patterns. High intake of the ‘animal food’ pattern was positively associated with levels of TC (β = 0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.17 mmol/L; p-trend = 0.013); LDL-C (β = 0.07 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.14 mmol/L; p-trend = 0.041); HDL-C (β = 0.02 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.04 mmol/L; p-trend = 0.016), FBG: (β = 0.09 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.16 mmol/L; p-trend = 0.021) SBP (β = 1.2 mm/Hg; 95% CI: 0.1, 2.3 mm/Hg; p-trend = 0.032); DBP: (β = 0.9 mm/Hg; 95% CI: 0.2, 1.5 mm/Hg; p-trend = 0.013). The ‘cereal-savoury’ and ‘fruit-vegetable-sweets-snacks’ patterns showed no association with any parameter except for a positive association with diastolic blood pressure for high intake of ‘fruits-vegetables-sweets-snacks’ pattern.ConclusionOur results indicate positive associations of the ‘animal food’ pattern with cardio-metabolic risk factors in India. Further longitudinal assessments of dietary patterns in India are required to validate the findings.

Enzyme-Based Glucose Sensor: From Invasive to Wearable Device.

Blood glucose concentration is a key indicator of patients' health, particularly for symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus. Because of the large number of diabetic patients, many approaches for glucose measurement have been studied to enable continuous and accurate glucose level monitoring. Among them, electrochemical analysis is prominent because it is simple and quantitative. This technology has been incorporated into commercialized and research-level devices from simple test strips to wearable devices and implantable systems. Although directly monitoring blood glucose assures accurate information, the invasive needle-pinching step to collect blood often results in patients (particularly young patients) being reluctant to adopt the process. An implantable glucose sensor may avoid the burden of repeated blood collections, but it is quite invasive and requires periodic replacement of the sensor owing to biofouling and its short lifetime. Therefore, noninvasive methods to estimate blood glucose levels from tears, saliva, interstitial fluid (ISF), and sweat are currently being studied. This review discusses the evolution of enzyme-based electrochemical glucose sensors, including materials, device structures, fabrication processes, and system engineering. Furthermore, invasive and noninvasive blood glucose monitoring methods using various biofluids or blood are described, highlighting the recent progress in the development of enzyme-based glucose sensors and their integrated systems.

SODIUM TUNGSTATE

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of sodiumtungstate (ST) on kidneys of diabetic rabbits. Study Design: Rabbits of 30 weeks age weretaken and divided into three groups A, B and C. Each group contained 10 animals. Group A wasselected as control group. Diabetes was induced in groups B and C by injecting streptozotocin(50mg/mL) intraperitoneally. Group C was treated with sodium tungstate orally and group B wasleft untreated. Histology of the kidney was examined in all of these groups using Hematoxylin&amp; Eosin (H &amp; E), Reticulin and Trichrome stains. Blood glucose estimations of all animalswere performed every third day. Blood glucose levels of diabetic rabbits treated with sodiumtungstate were checked before and after treatment. Results were statistically analyzed usingstudents t-test. Place of Work: Post graduate medical institute Lahore. Duration of study:July 2010 to August 2011. Results: Treatment of diabetic rabbits with sodium tungstate (GroupC) lead to lowering of blood glucose levels as compared to untreated diabetic rabbits (GroupB). Microscopic features of kidneys in groups B and C did not reveal any pathological andmorphological changes in comparison with control group A. Conclusion: Sodium tungstate isa good anti-diabetic agent when administered orally and causes no morphological changes inkidneys.

Evaluation of the efficacy of gingival crevicular blood in predicting the glycemic control

Background and Aim: Diabetes has emerged as a major healthcare problem in India. Diabetes and periodontitis interact in a bidirectional manner; therefore, there is a need to screen patients for diabetes in dental clinics. Development of an intraoral blood sampling technique would make screening easier for dental practitioners. Routine oral examination of patients with periodontal inflammation with or without diabetes produce ample bleeding which can be used in glucometers for screening diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the aim is to assess if gingival crevicular blood (GCB) is as efficient as capillary finger prick technique in estimating the glycemic status. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight participants with gingivitis or periodontitis with bleeding on probing from at least one site were chosen. Periodontal parameters such as Probing pocket depth and gingival index were measured using William's graduated periodontal probe. GCB and capillary finger prick blood (CFB) were collected for the estimation of blood glucose with the help of glucometer. Statistical Analysis: Performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient of GCB and CFB was 0.982 with a P < 0.001. Conclusion: It can be concluded that GCB can be used for the estimation of glycemic status.

Prevalence of Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Risk Factors among School-Age Children of 10-16 Years Living in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Introduction:Recently, an increasing trend in the prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome (PMS) among school-age children has been documented in different parts of India. There is lack of data on the prevalence of PMS and its associated risk factors among school-age children living in district Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Hence, to fill in the gap in the existing knowledge, the present study was conducted.Methodology:A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2015–2016. Thirty clusters (schools) were identified from a list of all schools using population proportionate to size sampling methodology. From each school, 70 children in the age group of 10–16 years were selected. Data was collected on the sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometry, waist circumference, blood pressure, and physical activity. Fasting venous blood samples were collected for estimation of blood glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein levels.Results:The prevalence of PMS using International Diabetes Federation classification was 3.3% and using modified-adult treatment panel classification criteria was 3.5%. Risk factors identified to be associated with PMS among school-age children were (i) male gender, (ii) high family monthly income, (iii) sedentary lifestyle, (iv) consumption of evening snack, (v) television/computer viewing, and (vi) motorized transportation for commuting to school.Conclusion:The PMS prevalence was 3.3% in school-age children residing in District Shimla. There is a need to formulate interventions to prevent and correct metabolic syndrome among them for reducing early onset of cardiovascular disease during adulthood.

The effect of obesity and components of metabolic syndrome on leptin levels in Saudi women

BackgroundLeptin levels are reported to be increased with excessive body fat and is a potential determinant of obesity and its complications. Our Objective is to evaluate the relationship between leptin levels and BMI, waist circumference and metabolic syndrome components in normal and obese females classified according to their BMI. Subjects and methodsA total of 136 female subjects aged between 20 and 60 years were recruited for the current study. Anthropometric measures included body mass index and waist circumference. The blood samples were used for estimation of plasma fasting blood glucose and serum was used for estimation of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins, and total leptin. ResultsCorrelation between glucose and lipids profile with waist circumference among the whole study group (obese and non-obese) is reflecting that a strong positive correlation between BMI and blood glucose, serum TGs, cholesterol and LDL, a negative correlation was reported between BMI and serum HDL. Mean of leptin concentrations in two groups were found to be 5.77 ng/ml (±1.00) in non-obese and 28.89 ng/ml (±4.91) in the obese with metabolic syndrome. Leptin had a positive correlations with triglycerides (r = 0.84, p < 0.001), total cholesterol (r = 0.77, p < 0.001), LDL (r = 0.83, p < 0.001), waist circumference (r = 0.86, p < 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.72, p < 0.001) in the test group. a negative correlation was reported between BMI and serum HDL (r = −0.48, p < 0.001). ConclusionLeptin levels were high in Saudi women with high BMI and waist circumference. There was a significant correlation between leptin levels and Obesity.

Association between mindfulness and interoceptive accuracy in patients with diabetes: Preliminary evidence from blood glucose estimates

ObjectiveMindfulness-based interventions, which increase dispositional mindfulness, may be useful adjunctive therapies for patients with chronic diseases, including diabetes. One way that mindfulness may benefit patients with diabetes is by fostering more accurate interoception, particularly in the form of blood glucose estimate accuracy. Many people with diabetes regulate their behavior based on estimates of their blood glucose levels from interoception, but they vary in estimate accuracy. Therefore, our objective was to conduct a preliminary test of the hypothesis that, in a sample of patients with diabetes, more mindful individuals would demonstrate greater blood glucose estimate accuracy. MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, patients (N=28) with type 2 diabetes estimated their blood glucose levels immediately before their actual levels were assessed. Participants also completed two measures of mindfulness: one assessing general dispositional mindfulness and another assessing mindfulness specifically in the face of difficulty. ResultsAlthough general dispositional mindfulness was unrelated to blood glucose estimate accuracy, individuals who reported more mindfulness during difficulties were approximately four times more likely to meet established accuracy criteria. ConclusionsMindfulness specifically during difficulties might play a role in disease-relevant interoception for patients with diabetes. Future research should aim to replicate this finding in larger and different samples, and to examine the potential role of mindfulness during difficulties in mindfulness-based interventions for patients with diabetes.

Dietary Supplementation Effects of Noni (Morinda Citrifolia L.) Fruit Flour on Uric Acid and Blood Glucose of Quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Layer Phase

This study was aimed to determine the effect of noni fruit flour in ration on uric acid and blood glucose of quails layer phase. The research was conducted from March to May 2015 at Faculty of Animal Husbandry Universitas Padjadjaran. One hundred commercialquails aged 4 weeks were randomly allocated to four treatment groups as T1, T2, T3 and T4. The quails in the control group (T1) were given normal basal diet without the addition of noni fruit flour, while as other groups (T2, T3, T4) were supplemented with0.25, 0.50, and 0.75% noni fruit flour respectively with 25 quails per treatment group replicated five times with five quails per replicate in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The blood samples were randomly collected, five birds per replicate at the end experimental period (7th week) and analyzed for the estimation of uric acid and blood glucose. The results revealed that blood glucose was significantly (p&gt;0.05) increased in the groups fed noni at various levels when compared to the control. Further, a significantly (p&lt;0.05) proportional decreasing in blood uric acid levels was found with increase in the level of dietary noni fruit flour, with highest reduction in the group supplemented with 0.5% noni fruit flour (T3) compared to the control group and in the group suplemented with 0.25% (T2) for blood glucose. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of noni fruit flours had beneficial effect with regard to its ability in reducing the blood uric acid levels and increasing blood glucose of quails. Keywords: Quail, uric acid, blood glucose, Noni

Personalized blood glucose prediction: A hybrid approach using grammatical evolution and physiological models.

The large patient variability in human physiology and the effects of variables such as exercise or meals challenge current prediction modeling techniques. Physiological models are very precise but they are typically complex and specific physiological knowledge is required. In contrast, data-based models allow the incorporation of additional inputs and accurately capture the relationship between these inputs and the outcome, but at the cost of losing the physiological meaning of the model. In this work, we designed a hybrid approach comprising physiological models for insulin and grammatical evolution, taking into account the clinical harm caused by deviations from the target blood glucose by using a penalizing fitness function based on the Clarke error grid. The prediction models were built using data obtained over 14 days for 100 virtual patients generated by the UVA/Padova T1D simulator. Midterm blood glucose was predicted for the 100 virtual patients using personalized models and different scenarios. The results obtained were promising; an average of 98.31% of the predictions fell in zones A and B of the Clarke error grid. Midterm predictions using personalized models are feasible when the configuration of grammatical evolution explored in this study is used. The study of new alternative models is important to move forward in the development of alarm-and-control applications for the management of type 1 diabetes and the customization of the patient’s treatments. The hybrid approach can be adapted to predict short-term blood glucose values to detect continuous glucose-monitoring sensor errors and to estimate blood glucose values when the continuous glucose-monitoring system fails to provide them.

Effect of Oyster Mushroom on Kidney in Stress Induced Depressed Rats

Background: Depression is associated with stressful condition which may cause kidney damage. Oyster mushroom (plurotus florida) may have free radical scavenging activity thereby can be used for the prevention and treatment for kidney damage.Objective: to observe the effect of oyster mushroom (plurotus florida) on kidney in restraint stress induced depressed rats.Methods: This experimental study was conducted from July 2012 to June 2013 in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College( SSMC), Mitford, Dhaka. Thirty Wister albino male rats, aged 90 to 100 days, weighing 150 to 180g (initial body weight) were used in the present study. Then they were divided into Group I (Control group, without mushroom n=20) and Group II (Experimental group, depressed rats supplemented with mushroom n=10). Control group without mushroom again subdivided into Group Ia,( baseline control n=10) and Group Ib (depressed control n=10) . All groups of animals were received basal diet for 28 consecutive days started from the 1st day of the study period. Group Ib (depressed control) and group II (depressed mushroom supplemented) were housed under controlled condition in rat immobilizer (made up of steel wire, measuring 9´´x2.75´´ of light weight) for 6 hour/day for 28 days for the development of stress induced depression. In addition, only group II received oyster mushroom extract (200 mg/kg body weight, orally) for the same period. One rat of Group Ib (depressed control) was expired after 10 days for unknown cause. All 29 rats were sacrificed on day 30. Then blood sample and kidneys specimen were collected. Initial (initial bw ) and final body weights (final bw) were measured. Then estimation of blood glucose and serum urea levels were done by standard laboratory technique. Histology of kidney was done by standard laboratory procedure. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS windows Version -16. One way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were done as applicable.Results: In this study blood glucose level and serum urea level was significantly higher and abnormal histological structure was found in stress induced depressed rats. After taking mushroom extract for 28 days all the parameters were improved.Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that oyster mushroom(Pleurotus florida) which is excellent edible and nutritious, may have renoprotective effect.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2017, June; 12(1): 33-40

Blood glucose measurement by glucometer in comparison with standard method in the diagnosis of hypoglycemia in sick neonates

Hypoglycemia is a serious risk factor in neonates. The signs and symptoms are non-specific. Early diagnosis is essential to reduce the associated morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine the efficacy and correlation of capillary and venous bedside glucose estimation using a glucometer in comparison with laboratory blood glucose analysis by glucose oxidase method in sick hypoglycemic neonates. Methods: Blood glucose estimation was done in 200 sick neonates admitted to NICU by glucometer and by glucose oxidase method in the laboratory using the same venous sample at the time of admission. In addition, glucose estimation of capillary blood was also done using the same glucometer. Statistical analysis was done by Pearson correlation. Results: The incidence of hypoglycemia in sick neonates by laboratory analysis was 15.5%. When laboratory values were used as gold standard, capillary blood glucose estimates had a sensitivity of 74.19%, specificity of 98.2%, PPV of 88.4% and NPV of 95.4%,whereas venous blood glucose estimates had a sensitivity of 93.55%, specificity of 98.23%, PPV of 90.62% and NPV of 98.8% in identifying hypoglycemia by glucometer in sick neonates. Conclusion: Venous and capillary blood glucose estimation by glucometer has a good sensitivity and negative predictive value in detecting hypoglycemia in sick neonates. Further, the sensitivity of glucometer using venous blood is superior to capillary sample estimates. Laboratory blood glucose estimation should still be performed if bedside venous or capillary blood glucometer values are in the hypoglycemic range.

Prevalence and outcome of abnormal blood glucose concentration in critically ill children admitted to Pediatric Emergency Unit at Sohag University Hospital, Egypt

Aims:To determine the frequency and outcome of blood glucose abnormalities, in critically ill children requiring admission to pediatric emergency unit in Sohag University Hospital. Methods:Prospective observational study, conducted on critically ill children admitted to emergency unit of Sohag University Hospital. Cases were recruited during the study period from September 2015 to April 2016. Results: The prevalence of hypoglycaemiarepresenting 6% of all cases. Multivariate analysis of clinical variables associated with hypoglycemia showed thatlast meal >12 hours ago, and tachypnea are independent indicators of hypoglycaemia.Hyperglycemia was detected in 15.4 % of all cases. Patients with abnormal blood glucose measurements had mean length of hospital stay (LOS) 7.7± 10.02 days, compared to patients with normal blood glucose measurements 8.1± 8.07 days.PICU admission was found to be more in patients with abnormal blood glucose measurements (23.1%) compared to patients with normal blood glucose measurements (3.4%).Most of patients who had normal blood glucose measurements were discharged well (77.4%), whereas (55.6%) of patients who were observed to have hypoglycemia died, and (25.5%) of patients who were observed to have hyperglycemia died. Conclusions:Abnormal glucose concentrations are common in critically ill children. Where facilities for blood glucose estimation exist, blood glucose should be measured in all children sick enough to warrant admission, particularly those severely ill or malnourished children and who bear the brunt of mortality.

Investigations on Multisensor-Based Noninvasive Blood Glucose Measurement System

Noninvasive blood glucose (NIBG) measurement technique has been explored for the last three decades to facilitate diabetes management. Photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal may be used to measure the variations in blood glucose concentration. However, the literature reveals that physiological perturbations such as temperature, skin moisture, and sweat lead to less accurate NIBG measurements. The task of minimizing the effect of these perturbations for accurate measurements is an important research area. Therefore, in the present work, galvanic skin response (GSR) and temperature measurements along with PPG were used to measure blood glucose noninvasively. The data extracted from the sensors were used to estimate blood glucose concentration with the help of two machine learning (ML) techniques, i.e., multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN). The accuracy of proposed multisensor system was evaluated by pairing and comparing noninvasive measurements with invasively measured readings. The study was performed on 50 nondiabetic subjects with body mass index (BMI) 27.3 ± 3 kg/m2. The results revealed that multisensor NIBG measurement system significantly improves mean absolute prediction error and correlation coefficient in comparison to the techniques reported in the literature.