Blood Glucose Detection Research Articles

A Small Highly Sensitive Glucose Sensor Based on a Glucose Oxidase-Modified U-Shaped Microfiber.

Diabetes patients need to monitor blood glucose all year round. In this article, a novel scheme is proposed for blood glucose detection. The proposed sensor is based on a U-shaped microfiber prepared using hydrogen-oxygen flame-heating technology, and then 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and glucose oxidase (GOD) are successively coated on the surface of the U-shaped microfiber via a coating technique. The glucose reacts with the GOD of the sensor surface to produce gluconic acid, which changes the effective refractive index and then shifts the interference wavelength. The structure and morphology of the sensor were characterized via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser microscopy (CLM). The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the sensor is as high as 5.73 nm/(mg/mL). Compared with the glucose sensor composed of the same material, the sensitivity of the sensor increased by 329%. The proposed sensor has a broad application prospect in blood glucose detection of diabetic patients due to the advantages of miniaturization, high sensitivity, and good stability.

Cardioprotective role of diacerein in diabetic cardiomyopathy via modulation of inflammasome/caspase1/interleukin1β pathway in juvenile rats

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder affecting different body organs; one of its serious complications is diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Thus, finding more cardiopreserving agents to protect the heart against such illness is a critical task. For the first time, we planned to study the suspected role of diacerein (DIA) in ameliorating DCM in juvenile rats and explore different mechanisms mediating its effect including inflammasome/caspase1/interleukin1β pathway. Four-week-aged juvenile rats were randomly divided into groups; the control group, diacerein group, diabetic group, and diabetic-treated group. Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose was administered for induction of type 1 diabetes on the 1st day which was confirmed by detecting blood glucose level. DIA was given in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks to diabetic and non-diabetic rats, then we evaluated different inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidative stress parameters. Induction of DCM succeeded as there were significant increases in cardiac enzymes, heart weights, fasting blood glucose level (FBG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) associated with elevated blood pressure (BP), histopathological changes, and increased caspase 3 immunoexpression. Furthermore, there was an increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), inflammasome, caspase1, angiotensin II, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin 1β (IL1β). However, antioxidant parameters such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) significantly declined. Fortunately, DIA reversed the diabetic cardiomyopathy changes mostly due to the observed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties with regulation of blood glucose level.DIA has an ability to regulate DCM-associated biochemical and histopathological disturbances.

A Non-invasive Blood Glucose Detection System Based on Photoplethysmogram with Multiple Near-infrared Sensors.

Recent advancements in non-invasive blood glucose detection have seen progress in both photoplethysmogram and multiple near-infrared methods. While the former shows better predictability of baseline glucose levels, it lacks sensitivity to daily fluctuations. Near-infrared methods respond well to short-term changes but face challenges due to individual and environmental factors. To address this, we developed a novel fingertip blood glucose detection system combining both methods. Using multiple light sensors and a lightweight deep learning model, our system achieved promising results in oral glucose tolerance tests. A total of 10 participants were involved in the study, each providing approximately 700 data segments of about 10 seconds each. With a root mean squared error of 0.242 mmol/L and 100% accuracy in zone A of the Parkes error grid, our approach demonstrates the potential of multiple near-infrared sensors for non-invasive glucose detection.

Optical blood glucose non-invasive detection and its research progress.

Blood glucose concentration is an important index for the diagnosis of diabetes, its self-monitoring technology is the method for scientific diabetes management. Currently, the typical household blood glucose meters have achieved great success in diabetes management, but they are discrete detection methods, and involve invasive blood sampling procedures. Optical detection technologies, which use the physical properties of light to detect the glucose concentration in body fluids non-invasively, have shown great potential in non-invasive blood glucose detection. This article summarized and analyzed the basic principles, research status, existing problems, and application prospects of different optical glucose detection technologies. In addition, this article also discusses the problems of optical detection technology in wearable sensors and perspectives on the future of non-invasive blood glucose detection technology to improve blood glucose monitoring in diabetic patients.

Design of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Detection Microwave Sensor Based on CSRR

Design of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Detection Microwave Sensor Based on CSRR

Biotin-functionalized nanoparticles: an overview of recent trends in cancer detection.

Electrochemical bio-sensing is a potent and efficient method for converting various biological recognition events into voltage, current, and impedance electrical signals. Biochemical sensors are now a common part of medical applications, such as detecting blood glucose levels, detecting food pathogens, and detecting specific cancers. As an exciting feature, bio-affinity couples, such as proteins with aptamers, ligands, paired nucleotides, and antibodies with antigens, are commonly used as bio-sensitive elements in electrochemical biosensors. Biotin-avidin interactions have been utilized for various purposes in recent years, such as targeting drugs, diagnosing clinically, labeling immunologically, biotechnology, biomedical engineering, and separating or purifying biomolecular compounds. The interaction between biotin and avidin is widely regarded as one of the most robust and reliable noncovalent interactions due to its high bi-affinity and ability to remain selective and accurate under various reaction conditions and bio-molecular attachments. More recently, there have been numerous attempts to develop electrochemical sensors to sense circulating cancer cells and the measurement of intracellular levels of protein thiols, formaldehyde, vitamin-targeted polymers, huwentoxin-I, anti-human antibodies, and a variety of tumor markers (including alpha-fetoprotein, epidermal growth factor receptor, prostate-specific Ag, carcinoembryonic Ag, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 15-3, etc.). Still, the non-specific binding of biotin to endogenous biotin-binding proteins present in biological samples can result in false-positive signals and hinder the accurate detection of cancer biomarkers. This review summarizes various categories of biotin-functional nanoparticles designed to detect such biomarkers and highlights some challenges in using them as diagnostic tools.

Highly stable glucose oxidase polynanogel@MXene/chitosan electrochemical biosensor based on a multi-stable interface structure for glucose detection

It is a challenging and meaningful task to design an enzyme electrochemical biosensor that can maintain high sensitivity while improving stability. In this study, we constructed an enzyme electrochemical biosensor by preparing nanocomposites with multi-stable interface structures. Specifically, the nanocomposite (PGOx@MXene/CS) was prepared by efficient electrostatic assembly of GOx polynanogel (PGOx) onto MXene nanosheets. PGOx could enhance enzyme stability, while the extensive the large specific surface area of MXene could realize the efficient loading of nanocapsules (PGOx) and catalyze the decomposition of toxic intermediate H2O2, thereby reducing its influence on the stability of enzyme. The linear range of the constructed glucose sensor was 0.03–16.5 mM, the sensitivity was 48.98 μA mM−1·cm−2, and the detection limit was 3.1 μM. After 200 cycles, the current still remained at 85.83% of the initial current value. The high sensitivity, excellent selectivity and great reproducibility verified the effectiveness of the system we constructed. The multi-stable enzyme electrochemical biosensor had a wide application prospect in stable and continuous blood glucose detection.

Realizing high-performance glucose sensing in sweat: Synergistic use of nickel oxide nanosheets as photoelectrodes and the masking effect of Mo-POM for photoelectrochemical detection

The detection of blood glucose plays a crucial role in clinical practice, and the innovative use of sweat as a substitute for blood has brought significant practical value in the detection of blood glucose. However, lactic acid (LA) has been found to be the main interfering substance on the detection of glucose in sweat. In this study, a photoelectrochemical sensing system was constructed by using NiO nanosheets as photosensitive materials and molybdenum-based polyoxometalate clusters (Mo-POM) as masking agents. Mo-POM, an ideal electron-capturing agent, effectively promoted the spatial separation of photo-generated charge carriers in NiO nanosheets, thereby enhancing the oxidation rate of glucose on the valence band of NiO and significantly improving the detection sensitivity. Mo-POM also exhibited the characteristics of an electron sponge, facilitating fast and reversible multi-electron transfer reactions and effectively masking certain redox substances, especially lactic acid, thus greatly enhancing the selectivity of the glucose sensor. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor constructed using Mo-POM has excellent sensing capability with high sensitivity to detect glucose at a minimum concentration of 1 nM. The detection limit of the sensor is 0.33 nM (S/N = 3). This sensor can be reliably applied to the detection of glucose in sweat and the accuracy of the results was verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Portable Infrared-Based Glucometer Reinforced with Fuzzy Logic.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels owing to decreased insulin production or sensitivity. Current diagnostic approaches for gestational diabetes entail intrusive blood tests, which are painful and impractical for regular monitoring. Additionally, typical blood glucose monitoring systems are restricted in their measurement frequency and need finger pricks for blood samples. This research study focuses on the development of a non-invasive, real-time glucose monitoring method based on the detection of glucose in human tears and finger blood using mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The proposed solution combines a fuzzy logic-based calibration mechanism with an IR sensor and Arduino controller. This calibration technique increases the accuracy of non-invasive glucose testing based on MID absorbance in fingertips and human tears. The data demonstrate that our device has high accuracy and reliability, with an error rate of less than 3%, according to the EGA. Out of 360 measurements, 97.5% fell into zone A, 2.2% into zone B, and 0.3% into zone C of the Clarke Error Grid. This suggests that our device can give clinically precise and acceptable estimates of blood glucose levels without inflicting any harm or discomfort on the user.

WaveFlex biosensor based on S-tapered and waist-expanded technique for detection of glycosylated hemoglobin.

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is considered a new standard for the detection of diabetes mellitus because it is more accurate than regular blood sugar tests and there is no need to take blood on an empty stomach or at a specific time. In this work, we have developed a novel optical fiber biosensor, referred to as the "WaveFlex biosensor," which operates on the principles of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) plasmonic wave. The sensor is fabricated using an innovative S-tapered and waist-expanded technique, enabling it to effectively detect HbA1c. Compared to the HbA1c sensors currently in use, HbA1c optical fiber sensors possess the characteristics of high sensitivity, low cost, and strong anti-interference ability. The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), cerium oxide (CeO2) nanorods (NRs), and tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets (NSs) are functionalized to improve the effectiveness of the fiber sensor on the probe surface. AuNPs are utilized to generate LSPR by the excitation of evanescent waves to amplify the sensing signal. The CeO2-NRs can have a strong metal-carrier interaction with AuNPs, enhancing the cascade of CeO2-NRs and AuNPs. The WS2-NSs with layered fold structure have a large specific surface area. Therefore, the combination of CeO2-NRs and WS2-NSs is conducive to the binding of antibodies and the addition of sites. The functionalized antibodies on the fiber make the sensor probe capable of specific selection. The developed probe is applied to test the HbA1c solution over concentrations of 0-1000 µg/mL, and the sensitivity and limits of detection of 1.195×10-5 a.u./(µg/mL) and 1.66 µg/mL are obtained, respectively. The sensor probe is also evaluated using assays for reproducibility, reusability, selectivity, and pH. According to the findings, a novel method for detecting blood glucose based on a plasmonic biosensor is proposed.

The Development of Reagentless Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on Gold Nanostructures, Prussian Blue and Glucose Oxidase.

Precise blood glucose detection plays a crucial role in diagnosing and medicating diabetes, in addition to aiding diabetic patients in effectively managing their condition. In this research, a first-generation reagentless amperometric glucose biosensor was developed by combining the graphite rod (GR) electrode modification by gold nanostructures (AuNS) and Prussian blue (PB) with glucose oxidase (GOx)-an enzyme that can oxidize glucose and produce H2O2. Firstly, AuNS was electrochemically deposited on the GR electrode (AuNS/GR), and then PB was electrochemically synthesized on the AuNS/GR electrode (PB/AuNS/GR). Finally, GOx was immobilized over the PB/AuNS nanocomposite with the assistance of Nafion (Nf) (Nf-GOx/PB/AuNS/GR). An application of PB in the design of a glucose biosensor enables an easy electrochemical reduction and, thus, the determination of the H2O2 produced during the GOx-catalyzed oxidation of glucose in the sample at a low operation potential of -0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl3 mol L-1. In addition, AuNS increased the electrochemically active surface area, improved the GOx immobilization and ensured a higher analytical signal. The developed glucose biosensor based on the Nf-GOx/PB/AuNS/GR electrode exhibited a wide linear range, from 0.025 to 1 mmol L-1 of glucose, with a 0.0088 mmol L-1 limit of detection, good repeatability and high selectivity over electroactive interfering substances. The developed biosensor is convenient for the determination of glucose in the physiological environment.

Study of electrochemical biosensor for determination of glucose based on Prussian blue/gold nanoparticles-chitosan nanocomposite film sensing interface

A highly electroactive bilayer composite film sensing interface of Prussian blue (PB)/gold nanoparticles-chitosan (AuNPs-CS) was modified on Au electrode through electrochemical deposition and coating method followed by integrating glucose oxidase (GOx) into the interfacial matrix to fabricate a high-performance glucose biosensor. The excellent electrocatalytic ability of the PB/AuNPs-CS composite film sensing interface for H2O2 was evaluated, which has a broad linear response of 0.01–7.95 mM, with a low detection limit (LOD) 0.269 μM and a high sensitivity of 511.82 μA·mM−1·cm−2. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity of this sensing interface for H2O2 is attributed to the protection from the network CS film to PB and the synergistic effect of PB and AuNPs. Consequently, an electrochemical biosensing interface was constructed with GOx immobilized as a model enzyme. The PB/GOx-AuNPs-CS biosensing nanocomposite film was capable of a fast steady-state response time (within 2 s) and high sensitivity to glucose with a wide linear range of: 0.025–2.00 mM (R 2 = 0.99), with a sensitivity of 40.41 μA·mM−1·cm−2 and a LOD of 1.62 μM; and 2.00–6.50 mM (R 2 = 0.98), with a sensitivity of 8.90 μA·mM−1·cm−2 and a LOD of 7.16 μM. The biosensor has good anti-interference and selectivity, which provides a promising wide linear range platform for clinical blood glucose detection in the future.

Point-of-care testing of four chronic disease biomarkers in blood based on a low cost and low system complexity microfluidic chip with integrated oxygen-sensitive membrane

Point-of-care testing (POCT) of multiple chronic disease biomarkers is crucial for effective prevention and management of chronic diseases. Here, we developed a sensing platform based on microfluidics chip and oxygen-sensitive membrane (OSM), which utilized enzymatic oxygen consumption and OSM based signal conversion for portable detection of glucose, total cholesterol, uric acid, and triglyceride in blood. Their detection limits were 0.04 mM, 0.07 mM, 0.01 mM, and 0.05 mM, respectively, meeting clinical requirements. To avoid the reliance on laboratory equipment, a handheld mini centrifuge modified from a toy fan was developed for plasma separation and a smartphone was used for signal acquisition. In addition, signal conversion based OSM simplified reagent composition. Dry storage of reagents on the chip simplified operations and improved the stability of reagents. For chronic disease biomarkers in blood, the results obtained by our chips were consistent with commercial kits. We believe that this sensitive, low-cost, equipment-free sensing platform has a significant potential in self-management of chronic diseases.

Synthesis of unique three-dimensional CoMn2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanocages via Kirkendall effect for non-enzymatic glucose sensing

Transition metal oxides / hydroxides, which have the advantages of wide distribution, low price, low toxicity, and stable chemical properties, have attracted much attention from researchers. Therefore, this work reports the construction of the unique CoMn2O4 nanocages assisted by the Kirkendall effect, and worm-like Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles were grown on the surface via hydrothermal method, the final product CoMn2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanocages were applied to construct efficient and sensitive non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensing. The stable three-dimensional hollow CoMn2O4 nanocages structure, not only can provide a wider specific surface area and more abundant active sites, its porous structure also can effectively inhibit the aggregation of nanoparticles, increase the ion diffusion path, shorten the electron transport distance, and improve the electrical conductivity. Loading Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles on the CoMn2O4 nanocages can increase catalytic sites, and further strengthen the electrocatalytic performance. Due to the good synergistic effect between CoMn2O4 and Ni(OH)2, CoMn2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanocages electrochemical sensor can achieve sensitive and rapid detection of trace glucose, with excellent linear range (8.5–1830.5 μM), low limit of detection (0.264 μM), high sensitivity of 0.00646 μA mM−1 cm−2, and outstanding repeatability. More importantly, the sensor has been successfully applied to the determination of blood glucose in human serum with good recoveries (95.64–104.3 %). This work provides a novel scheme for blood glucose detection and expands the application of transition metal oxides / hydroxides in the field of electrochemical sensing.

Zirconium copper oxide microflowers based non-enzymatic screen-printed electrochemical sensor for the detection of glucose in saliva, urine, and blood serum.

Zirconium copper oxide microflowers (Zr/CuO MF) based non-enzymatic sensor was developed for glucose detection in saliva, urine, and blood. An easy urea hydrolysis method was employed for the synthesis of the metal oxide and further calcined to improve the catalytic property. The flower-like morphology of the Zr/CuO was confirmed by SEM analysis and the presence of copper and zirconium was examined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The Zr/CuO MF modified screen-printed electrodes exhibited excellent glucose sensing performance in 0.15M NaOH medium and could quantify glucose in the range from 10µM to 27mM. A high sensitivity of 1.815 ± 0.003mAmM-1cm-2 was obtained for lower glucose concentration from 15µM to 3mM and 1.250 ± 0.006mAmM-1cm-2 for higher concentration glucose from 3 to 27mM. The limit of detection of the fabricated sensor was found to be 0.8µM. The sensor displayed high selectivity and stability towards glucose in different body fluids like saliva, urine, and blood serum at a working potential of 0.6V (vs. Ag/AgCl). In saliva, urine, and serum samples, the sensor exhibited excellent recovery of 95-108, 92-108, and 93-101% in saliva, urine, and serum, respectively, with a relative standard deviation of less than 10%, demonstrating high accuracy and reliability of the sensor. The developed sensor is promising for developing an invasive and non-invasive point-of-care testing device for glucose detection.

Selective oxidation of p-phenylenediamine for blood glucose detection enabled by Se-vacancy-rich TiSe2-x@Au nanozyme

Nanozymes with enzyme-like characteristics have drawn wide interest but the catalytic activity and substrate selectivity of nanozymes still need improvement. Herein, Se-vacancy-rich TiSe2-x@Au nanocomposites are designed and demonstrated as nanozymes. The TiSe2-x@Au nanocomposites show excellent peroxidase-like activity and the chromogenic substrate p-phenylenediamine (PPD) can be selectively oxidized to compounds that exhibit an absorption peak at 413 nm that differs from that of self-oxidation or generally oxidized species, suggesting high catalytic activity and strong substrate selectivity. Theoretical calculations reveal that the PPD adsorption geometry at Se vacancies with an adsorption energy of −3.00 eV shows a unique spatial configuration and charge distribution, thereby inhibiting the free reaction and promoting both the activity and selectivity in PPD oxidation. The TiSe2-x@Au colorimetric system exhibits a wide linear range of 0.015 mM–0.6 mM and a low detection limit of 0.0037 mM in the detection of glucose. The blood glucose detection performance for human serum samples is comparable to that of a commercial glucose meter in the hospital (relative standard deviation < 6%). Our findings demonstrate a new strategy for rapid and accurate detection of blood glucose and our results provide insights into the future design of nanozymes.

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Combined with External Electric Fields for Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing

Blood glucose detection has been a critical issue in the medical field all over the world for a long time. Especially for diabetic patients, regular monitoring of blood glucose is necessary in their daily life. Nowadays, blood glucose detection mainly relies on fingertip blood glucose meters, which can provide the current blood glucose level in a short period of time. Meanwhile, there are several inconveniences and concerns, including the pain and discomfort of needle-prick blood collection, and the risk of infection at the needle-prick wound. Therefore, many researchers have devoted themselves to the development of non-invasive glucose detection in recent years. Till now, the practical glucose measurement in vivo is still faced with lots of difficulties. To get the signal or response of the molecules in vivo without penetration through the skin layers required two main properties. First of all, the biologic blockage and noise need to be avoided or overcame during the detection. Secondly, it’s necessary to enhance or amplify the signal due to relative low concentration of the target molecule under the skin. Here we introduce a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combined with external electric fields to achieve the goal of the detection in vivo without any invasive procedure. In the SERS system, we select 785 nm laser to reach deeper area through the skin layers while preventing the heat effect for tissue damaging. Next, with the signal differences from encountered with various concentration of glucose, 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA) on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is able to quantify the glucose concentrations from the characteristic peak of the Raman shift. Furthermore, the combination with external electric fields induces coagulation of the sensing nanoparticles and provides many hotspots for SERS detection in vivo. We believed that this work is a great stepping stone of real time non-invasive glucose sensing in practical application.

Noninvasive blood glucose sensing by secondary speckle pattern artificial intelligence analyses.

Diabetes is a prevalent disease worldwide that can cause severe health problems. Accurate blood glucose detection is crucial for diabetes management, and noninvasive methods can be more convenient and less painful than traditional finger-prick methods. We aim to report a noncontact speckle-based blood glucose measurement system that utilizes artificial intelligence (AI) data processing to improve glucose detection accuracy. The study also explores the influence of an alternating current (AC) induced magnetic field on the sensitivity and selectivity of blood glucose detection. The proposed blood glucose sensor consists of a digital camera, an AC-generated magnetic field source, a laser illuminating the subject's finger, and a computer. A magnetic field is applied to the finger, and a camera records the speckle patterns generated by the laser light reflected from the finger. The acquired video data are preprocessed for machine learning (ML) and deep neural networks (DNNs) to classify blood plasma glucose levels. The standard finger-prick method is used as a reference for blood glucose level classification. The study found that the noncontact speckle-based blood glucose measurement system with AI data processing allows for the detection of blood plasma glucose levels with high accuracy. The ML approach gives better results than the tested DNNs as the proposed data preprocessing is highly selective and efficient. The proposed noncontact blood glucose sensing mechanism utilizing AI data processing and a magnetic field can potentially improve glucose detection accuracy, making it more convenient and less painful for patients. The system also allows for inexpensive blood glucose sensing mechanisms and fast blood glucose screening. The results suggest that noninvasive methods can improve blood glucose detection accuracy, which can have significant implications for diabetes management. Investigations involving representative sampling data, including subjects of different ages, gender, race, and health status, could allow for further improvement.

Current Status and Prospect of Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment Based on Biosensing Technology

Diabetes mellitus has increasingly become a threat to health all over the world. This review focuses on the promoting effect of biosensing technology on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Types of diabetes and their corresponding pathogeneses are first introduced, followed by the diabetes prevalence and research progress at home and abroad. To emphasize the importance of diabetes diagnosis and treatment, we secondly summarize the breakthrough technology in this field based on biosensing technology at the present stage. In terms of diagnosis, diversified ways of blood glucose detection and multiple combinations of diabetes biomarkers are discussed, while a variety of insulin administration routes and non-drug treatment means are presented in the aspect of treatment. In conclusion, the prospect of the future development of diabetes diagnosis and treatment is put forward at the end of the review.

Fabrication of NiOOH/Ni(OH)2@C Electrode for Detecting Blood Glucose by Composited Plating Method

Fabrication of NiOOH/Ni(OH)2@C Electrode for Detecting Blood Glucose by Composited Plating Method