Blood Glucose Control In Type Research Articles

Predicting three-month fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on multiple machine learning algorithms

Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) are key indicators reflecting blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. The purpose of this study is to establish a predictive model for blood glucose changes in T2DM patients after 3 months of treatment, achieving personalized treatment.A retrospective study was conducted on type 2 diabetes mellitus real-world medical data from 4 cities in Sichuan Province, China from January 2015 to December 2020. After data preprocessing, data inputting, data sampling, and feature screening, 16 kinds of machine learning methods were used to construct prediction models, and 5 prediction models with the best prediction performance were screened respectively. A total of 100,000 cases were included to establish the FBG model, and 2,169 cases were established to establish the HbA1c model. The best prediction model both of FBG and HbA1c finally obtained are realized by ensemble learning and modified random forest inputting, the AUC values are 0.819 and 0.970, respectively. The most important indicators of the FBG and HbA1c prediction model were FBG and HbA1c. Medication compliance, follow-up outcome, dietary habits, BMI, and waist circumference also had a greater impact on FBG levels. The prediction accuracy of the models of the two blood glucose control indicators is high and has certain clinical applicability.HbA1c and FBG are mutually important predictors, and there is a close relationship between them.

Fiber Intake and Vegan Lifestyle Behaviour on Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Case-Control Study.

The study aims to determine the relationship between blood glucose level control with a vegetarian diet and vegan lifestyle behavior in patients with T2DM. Diabetes prevalence escalates each year. Nutritional therapy is one of its management, by choosing a suitable diet to maintain nutrient intake. This was a case-control study including 46 patients with T2DM divided into 24 people for the case group and 22 people for the control group selected using purposive sampling method. Data was obtained using a general questionnaire; food intake with the SQFFQ; the 8-item Morisky Scale questionnaire, to assess medication adherence; the IPAQ, to assess physical activity. Blood sugar measurements were observed by measuring the respondents' fasting blood sugar in the last six months. The data was then analyzed using Chi-square statistical test and logistic regression. The results indicate a relationship between a vegetarian diet and a vegan lifestyle behavior that control blood sugar levels in patients with T2DM (P = 0.004). Diabetic patients on a nonvegetarian diet had a six times greater risk of having uncontrolled blood sugar (OR = 6.476). A significant relationship was found between a vegetarian diet and fasting blood sugar control based on bivariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, fiber intake was most significant to blood glucose control (OR=18.824; 95% CI 2.795-126.795). Vegetarian diet affects blood sugar control in T2DM patients. The type of nutritional intake needs to be more considered rather than the vegetarian diet in general, so that nutritional therapy in diabetics can be started by increasing fiber intake.

Impact of a Low-Carbohydrate Compared with Low-Fat Breakfast on Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial

BackgroundIn type 2 diabetes (T2D), consuming carbohydrates results in a rapid and large increase in blood glucose, particularly in the morning when glucose intolerance is highest. ObjectivesWe investigated if a low-carbohydrate (LC) breakfast (∼465 kcal: 25 g protein, 8 g carbohydrates, and 37 g fat) could improve glucose control in people with T2D when compared with a low-fat control (CTL) breakfast (∼450 kcal:20 g protein, 56 g carbohydrates, and 15 g fat). MethodsParticipants with T2D (N = 121, 53% women, mean age 64 y) completed a remote 3-month parallel-group randomized controlled trial comparing a LC with standard low-fat guideline CTL breakfast. The change in HbA1c was the prespecified primary outcome. Continuous glucose monitoring, self-reported anthropometrics, and dietary information were collected for an intention-to-treat analysis. ResultsHbA1c was reduced (−0.3%; 95% CI: −0.4%, −0.1%) after 12 wks of a LC breakfast, but the between-group difference in HbA1c was of borderline statistical significance (−0.2; 95% CI: −0.4, 0.0; P = 0.06). Self-reported total daily energy (−242 kcal; 95% CI: −460, −24 kcal; P = 0.03) and carbohydrate (−73 g; 95% CI: −101, −44 g; P < 0.01) intake were lower in the LC group but the significance of this difference is unclear. Mean and maximum glucose, area under the curve, glycemic variability, standard deviation, and time above range were all significantly lower, and time in the range was significantly higher, in the LC group compared with CTL (all P < 0.05). ConclusionsAdvice and guidance to consume a LC breakfast appears to be a simple dietary strategy to reduce overall energy and carbohydrate intake and improve several continuous glucose monitoring variables when compared with a CTL breakfast in persons living with T2D.The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04550468.

Self-Care Behavior of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Symptoms of Peripheral Neuropathy during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study

Purpose: This study aims to explore the experiences and perceptions of type 2 diabetes patients with symptoms of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) in managing their self-care behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Qualitative research with a descriptive phenomenological approach reveals diabetes self-care behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individual interviews were conducted at the participants’ homes with a semi-structured interview guide on twelve type 2 diabetes patients. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: A total of five themes were identified from the interview analysis, namely: 1) Perception of diabetes self-management; 2) Efforts to control blood sugar; 3) Barriers to blood sugar control; 4) Perceived disturbance; 5) Social support. Since its emergence, the Covid-19 pandemic has become a new obstacle in controlling blood glucose in diabetic patients. In addition to the covid-19 pandemic, negative spiritual coping, low self-motivation, and perceived physical effects are inhibiting factors for blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes patients with symptoms of DPN. Conclusions: Obstacles in efforts to control blood glucose in type 2 diabetes patients with symptoms of DPN include physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects. The suggestion in this study is that during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to adjust and modify diabetes self-management for patients with DPN symptoms. The interventions provided should not only focus on the physical aspect but also need holistic attention to the psychosocial and spiritual aspects simultaneously by involving family participation in the management of the patient’s diabetes.

High Prevalence of Demodex Infestation is Associated With Poor Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Guangzhou Diabetic Eye Study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and ocular Demodex mite infection. About 381 patients with T2DM from nearby communities were enrolled, and 163 age-matched and sex-matched nondiabetic patients from the cataract clinic were included as the control group. All subjects underwent personal history and demographic data collection, ocular examination, and lash sampling, followed by microscopic identification and counting of Demodex mites. Binocular fundus photography was performed for diabetic patients. Statistical correlation between ocular Demodex infestation and T2DM and blood glucose control status was performed. The Demodex mite infestation rate (62.5% vs. 44.8%, P < 0.001) and count [3 (0-12) vs. 2 (0-9.6), P = 0.01], especially of Demodex brevis (18.9% vs. 4.9%, P < 0.001) [0 (0-1) vs. 0 (0-0), P < 0.001], were significantly higher in the T2DM patient group than that in the control group. The ratio of Demodex brevis to Demodex folliculorum in the T2DM patient group was significantly higher than that in the control group (1:3 vs. 1:9, P < 0.001). Diabetic patients presented with more cylindrical dandruff (55.1% vs. 39.3%, P = 0.001). Ocular Demodex infestation was strongly associated with poor blood glucose control (HbA 1 c > 7%) (odds ratio = 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.94; P = 0.2) and female sex (odds ratio = 1.69, 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.65, P = 0.02). No association was found between Demodex infestation and the severity of diabetic retinopathy. Patients with T2DM, especially those with poor blood glucose control, tend to have a higher prevalence of ocular Demodex infestation, suggesting that high blood glucose is a risk factor for demodicosis .

Efficacy of Self-Management on Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Treated with Insulin.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease. If blood glucose is poorly controlled, it will cause a variety of chronic complications. Therefore, the issue of healthcare in diabetic patients is a problem that cannot be ignored. In this study, we aim to investigate the correlation between sociodemographic characteristics, self-management, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin. A total of 300 type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin were enrolled. Type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin had a significant negative correlation of HbA1c value to self-management total score. The lower the HbA1c value, the better the self-management of type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin is. It is recommended that scale assessment tools be used to identify problems, improve the self-management ability of type 2 diabetic patients, and problem solve in patients in order to facilitate the effectiveness of blood glucose control of type 2 diabetic patients.

Role of Proximal Intestinal Glucose Sensing and Metabolism in the Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetic Rats After Duodenal Jejunal Bypass Surgery.

Although gastric surgery can significantly improve blood glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), its mechanism remains unclear. This study evaluated the role of intestinal glucose sensing, glucose transport, and metabolism in the alimentary limb (A limb) of T2DM rats after duodenal jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery. A T2DM rat model was induced via a high-glucose high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin injection. The diabetic rats were divided into two groups: the DJB surgery (T2DM-DJB) group and the sham surgery (T2DM-Sham) group. Wistar rats were used as wild-type control (Control). Small animal PET was used to assess the change in glucose metabolic status in the intestine. The intestinal villi height and the number of EECs after DJB were evaluated. The expressions of sweet taste receptors (T1R2/T1R3), glucose transporters (SGLT1/GLUT2), and key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism (HK2, PFK2, PKM2, G6Pase, and PCK1) in the A limb after DJB was detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR. Small animal PET analysis showed the intestinal glucose metabolism increased significantly 6weeks after DJB surgery. The intestinal villi height and the number of EECs in the A limb 6weeks after surgery increased significantly in T2DM-DJB rats comparing to T2DM-Sham rats. The mRNA and protein expression of T1R1/T1R3 and SGLT1/GLUT2 were downregulated in DJB-T2DM rats, while enzymes involved in glucose metabolism was upregulated in the A limb in T2DM-DJB rats. Proximal intestinal glucose sensing and metabolism play an important role in blood glucose homeostasis by DJB.

Meta-Analysis the Impact of Social Restriction during COVID-19 Pandemic on Blood Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Background: The COVID-19 lockdown has an impact on the daily lives of people with type 1 diabetes, including restrictions on physical activity, changes in diet, difficulty contacting health care providers and concerns about drug supplies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on blood sugar control in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Subjects and Method : This research is a meta-analysis study using PRISMA flowchart guide­lines. The PICO model used is Population= type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Intervention = COVID-19 lockdown. Comparison = before the COVID-19 lockdown. Outcome = HbA1c. The article search process was carried out between 2019 and 2022 using online databases from PubMed, Springer Link and Google Scholar. The keywords used in the article search were “Quarantine” OR “Quarantines” OR “Stay at Home Orders” OR “Health Lockdowns” OR “Self-Quarantine” OR “Self-Quarantine” AND “Diabetes Mellitus” OR “Diabetes Insipidus” OR “Diabetic” OR “Glucose Intole­rance” AND “Glycemic Control” OR “Blood Glucose Control”. The inclusion criteria used in this study were full paper articles with cohort studies, using English or Indonesian, the intervention given was COVID-19 lockdown, and the outcome was blood glucose level (HbA1C) in diabetes mellitus patients.The analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: A total of 11 articles reviewed in the meta-analysis showed that the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown decreased HbA1c levels by 0.23 compared to before the COVID-19 lockdown in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and was statistically significant (SMD= -0.23; 95% CI -0.29 to -0.18; p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: COVID-19 lockdown reduces HbA1c levels compared to before COVID-19 lockdown in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Keywords: COVID-19 lockdown, type 1 diabetes mellitus, HbA1c. Correspondence: Yeocelin Mega Pratiwi. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jalan Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Email: yeocelinmega@gmail.com. Mobile: 082137652605. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2022), 07(03): 397-409 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.03.11 .

The Effect of the Closed-Loop Control System on Blood Glucose Control With Exercise: A Critically Appraised Topic

Context: Exercise can cause fluctuations in blood glucose control in type 1 diabetics. For athletes with type 1 diabetes, maintenance of blood glucose within an ideal range may be difficult. Objective: To determine, in individuals with type 1 diabetes, the effectiveness of the closed loop control system versus the open loop control system in keeping blood glucose levels in the ideal range with exercise. Data Sources: A search of PubMed was conducted in June of 2020 using the Boolean phrases: (closed loop control system OR artificial pancreas) AND type 1 diabetes AND exercise AND ideal range AND adolescents, artificial pancreas AND glucose prediction AND exercise. Study Selection: Titles were reviewed for relevance, the abstract was then assessed for applicability, and finally the full text was examined. Articles were included that examined the percent of time in the ideal blood glucose range when exercise occurred during that day. Articles were excluded that didn’t compare the closed loop and open loop control systems and articles that did not involve exercise. Data Extraction: The PEDro scale was used to determine the methodological quality of the included studies. The measure addressed was the percent of time in the ideal blood glucose range of 70-180 mg/dL. 95% Confidence Intervals and Cohen’s D were calculated for each article. Data Synthesis: The search yielded 268 articles and 3 were selected for inclusion. The two randomized controlled trials scored 9/10 on the PEDro scale and the randomized two-arm crossover clinical trial scored 9/10 on the PEDro scale. Percent time spent in the ideal blood glucose range when exercise was performed was significantly higher in the closed loop group versus the open loop group in each of the three studies. In one randomized control trial, mean time in the ideal range was 71.3% (SD = 17.6, 95% CI = 62.5, 80.10) in the closed loop group versus 64.7% (SD = 13.3, 95% CI = 58.1–71.4) in the open loop group. Cohen’s D was 0.4. In the second randomized control trial, mean time in the ideal range was 73.5% (SD = 8.4, 95% CI = 70.1, 76.9) for the closed loop group versus 50% (SD = 26.8, 95% CI = 39.1, 60.9). Cohen’s D was 1.2. The two-arm crossover clinical trial resulted in a mean time in target range of 84.1% (SD = 11.5, 95% CI = 79.0, 89.2) in the closed loop group versus 68.7% (SD = 13.9, 95% CI = 62.5, 74.9) in the open loop group. Cohen’s D was 1.2. Conclusions: For adolescents with type 1 diabetes who exercise, the closed loop control system maintains blood glucose levels in the ideal range for a longer percent of time versus an open loop system. Each patient should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis with his/her healthcare team. Future research should examine the closed loop control system on specific energy systems.

Guided Imagery of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techiques as Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Guided imagery a method of delivering a treatment that makes it easier for someone to follow the recommended orders practicically, by looking at the steps through clear illustrated guides. Progressive muscle relaxation technique (PMR) is one of the independent nursing interventions that is easy to do by looking at the guide through pictures. It aims to help control blood glucose levels. This therapy maximizes muscle and breathing exercises, this technique also has a good impact on reducing anxiety, stress, fatigue, improving sleep quality and quality of life of patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. The research method used pre-experimental design with static group comparison. the test results obtained a value of P=0.030 (P-Value &lt;0.05) the meaning that there is an average difference in the results of blood glucose levels before and after in the treatment group and the control group, namely 131.13 mg/dl, before giving the PMR technique an average result of blood glucose is 304.63 mg/dl. The conclusion is that the PMR technoique is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to help blood glucose control.

The effects and acceptability of different exercise modes on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Introduction:Exercise has been believed to have positive effects on blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, few medical evidences have been found to ascertain which type of exercise has the best effect on blood glucose control in diabetes and which type of exercise is more acceptable. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects and acceptability of different exercise modes on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients by using systematic review and network meta-analysis.Methods and analysis:Relevant randomized controlled trial studies will be searched from PubMed, EMbase, CochraneCENTRAL, CNKI, VIP, and Chinese medical paper libraries. Primary outcome indicators: glycosylated hemoglobin and dropout rate of the research (number of dropouts/numbers of initially enrolled subjects). Secondary outcome measures: fasting blood glucose, body weight, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), diastolic pressure, systolic pressure (SBP). Two reviewers are arranged to screen Title, , and then review full text to further extract data. Standard meta-analysis and network meta-analysis of the data are performed afterward. Methodological quality assessment is planned to be conducted using Cochrane risk of bias tool. The outcome will be analyzed statistically according to Bayesian analysis methods. After that, subgroup analysis is conducted on the duration of intervention, whether there is supervision of intervention, frequency of intervention per week, age, gender, and medication use.Trial registration number:PROSPERO CRD42020175181Discussion:The systematic review and network meta-analysis include evidence of the impact of different exercise modes on blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. There are 2 innovative points in this study. One is to conduct a classified study on exercise in as much detail as possible, and the other is to study the acceptability of different exercise modes. The network meta-analysis will reduce the uncertainty of intervention and enable clinicians, sports practitioners, and patients to choose more effective and suitable exercise methods.Ethics and dissemination:The findings of the study will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences and symposia. Further, no ethical approval is required in this study.

Exploiting Relevance for Online Decision-Making in High-Dimensions

Many sequential decision-making tasks require choosing at each decision step the right action out of the vast set of possibilities by extracting actionable intelligence from high-dimensional data streams. Most of the times, the high dimensionality of actions and data makes learning of the optimal actions by traditional learning methods impracticable. In this work, we investigate how to discover and leverage sparsity in actions and data to enable fast learning. As our learning model, we consider a structured contextual multi-armed bandit (CMAB) with high dimensional arm (action) and context (data) sets, where the rewards depend only on a few relevant dimensions of the joint context-arm set, possibly in a non-linear way. We depart from the prior work by assuming a high-dimensional, continuum set of arms, and allow relevant context dimensions to vary for each arm. We propose anew online learning algorithm called CMAB with Relevance Learning (CMAB-RL). CMAB-RL enjoys a substantially improved regret bound compared to classical CMAB algorithms whose regrets depend on the number of dimensions dx and da of the context and arm sets. Importantly, we show that when the learner has prior knowledge on sparsity, given in terms of upper bounds dx and da on the number of relevant context and arm dimensions, then CMABRL achieves O(T <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-1/(2+2dx+da)</sup> ) regret. Finally, we illustrate how CMAB algorithms can be used for optimal personalized blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients, and show that CMAB-RL outperforms other contextual MAB algorithms in this task.

Treatment Effects of Short-Term Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

PurposeThe study aimed at assessing glucose control measured with a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) before and after short-term continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).Materials and MethodsTwenty-four type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) with Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) (mean age 55.0 ± 9.0 years; BMI 29.5 ± 5.2 kg/m2) were admitted and kept under diet control for 2 days, then underwent 2 overnight polysomnographies: a diagnostic study and one with CPAP titration. Then they were treated by CPAP during sleep for the following three nights. Participants were divided into subgroup D (only diet control) and subgroup M (with DM medication). CGMS was utilized over the last five days. Glucose control was also assessed with plasma insulin and a clinical measure of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index.ResultsThe mean (±SD) apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) at diagnostic polysomnography was 51.2 ± 22.4 (range 10–88) events/h. CPAP treatment in the subjects with OSAS resulted in the index of oxygenation desaturations being reduced from 33.3 ± 20.1 to 1.1 ± 1.6 (P =0.00). CGMS showed mean 24-hours glucose values significantly lower after CPAP treatment than at baseline in both subgroups (7.97±1.31 vs 7.52±0.94, P=0.033 in subgroup D; and 7.72±1.51 vs 7.17±1.21, P=0.05 in subgroup M), as the fasting plasma insulin levels and HOMA-IR were also decreased significantly after CPAP treatment (13.0 ± 7.5μU/mL vs 10.8 ± 5.4μU/mL, P=0.044; and 4.2 ± 2.2 vs 3.1±1.7, P=0.003, respectively). Standard deviation (SD) and mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE) were also decreased in the subgroup D (1.91 ± 1.10 vs 1.61 ± 1.20, P=0.014; 1.26 ± 1.13 vs 1.01 ± 0.98, P=0.008, respectively) only.ConclusionShort-term CPAP treatment in OSAS with type 2 diabetic patients is accompanied by a decrease in blood glucose level and improved insulin sensitivity. Glucose variability was reduced but only in the patients with diet control.

The Relationship Between Diabetes Self-Management and Blood Glucose Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Ulee Kareng Subdistrict, Banda Aceh

Diabetes mellitus is a type of chronic disease that is non-transmitted. Aceh province is the province with the seventh-highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia at 2.4%. People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at risk of various complications and can cause death. Self-management of diabetes is one of the things that can be done by people with diabetes mellitus in controlling various complications. This study aimed to find out the relationship between diabetes self-management and blood glucose control of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ulee Kareng Subdistrict, Banda Aceh. This type of sampling method in this research was cross-sectional with the number of samples in this study as many as 88 respondents. The study was conducted using the DSMQ questionnaire filling method to assess diabetes self-management level and blood glucose level value when respondents assess blood glucose control. The results of the study obtained are 30.7% of respondents have a good level of diabetes self- management, 44.3% enough, and 25% bad. As for blood glucose control, 65.9% of respondents had uncontrolled blood glucose levels, and 34.1% controlled. The results of the chi-square test obtained a p-value of 0.000 and the spearman correlation test obtained a p-value of 0.000, as well as a correlation coefficient of 0.492. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between moderate and unidirectional levels between diabetes self-management and blood glucose control of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ulee Kareng Subdistrict, Banda Aceh.

Efektivitas Penggunaan Oral Antidiabetes Kombinasi Glimepiride Dengan Pioglitazone Pada Pasien Dibetes Mellitus Tipe 2

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of chronic metabolic syndrome from carbohydrates, lipids and fats resulting from the deficiency of insulin in the body so that it can cause hyperglycemia. Oral Antidiabetic and Insulin is pharmacological therapy that can control blood sugar levels. This study aims to observe the effectiveness of Glimepiride combination therapy with Pioglitazone in type 2 DM patients with fasting blood Glucose and blood Glucose 2 hour post prandial parameters compared to pre and post values. This research method is observational with retrospective data collection and data analyzed descriptively. The sample size was 30 type 2 DM patients who received therapy after 6 months. The results showed that there were significant differences between the value of fasting blood Glucose pre and fasting blood Glucose post and blood Glucose 2 hour post prandial pre and blood Glucose 2 hour post from statistical analysis using paired t-test, with a value of α = 0.00 smaller than α = 0.05. This shows that the combination of Glimepiride with Pioglitazone is effective in blood glucose control in type 2 DM patients.&#x0D; Keywords: Dibetes Mellitus, Oral Antidiabetic, Glimepiride, Piogliatzone

Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes.

The epidemic of diabetes mellitus has already become a serious global health threat. In the past three decades, the number of people with diabetes mellitus has quadrupled globally, and diabetes mellitus is known as the ninth major cause of death in the world nowadays. The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is in coincidence with the augmentation of obesity in most developed countries as well as in developing countries. A sedentary lifestyle is well-known as one of the major reasons for the rising epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus besides the other reasons such as adopting energy-dense diets relative to the actual need for energy and population aging. Exercise as a regular physical activity at a medium to vigorous intensity is found to be an efficient influencer that would switch back most of the known type 2 diabetes mellitus factors toward healthier positions. Exercise is proven to have clinical benefits, such as improved insulin sensitivity, reductions in glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and increased peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) which are definitely preventive toward diabetes. Exercise training can favorably affect glycemic parameters, the lipid profile, blood pressure, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Exercise improves blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes, reduces cardiovascular risk factors, and regulates body weight by reducing body fat percentage and enhancing lean mass. In this chapter, the effect of regular exercise on the prevention of diabetes and short-term glucose and energy metabolism will be discussed. In addition, the effect of exercise on most common complications of type 2 diabetes including cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy will be reviewed.

Effect of "Therapeutic Monitoring" on Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes

Effect of "Therapeutic Monitoring" on Blood Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES

Abstract. Smart care is one of the elements of smart city, which has attracted the attention of many scholars to identify threats to the community's health. Air pollution has a significant contribution to diseases development such as type 2 diabetes, which is a major component of the global disease burden. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of exposure to air pollutants such as NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 during 2016 on blood glucose control in Type 2 diabetic patients living in Tehran, capital of Iran. In this study, 124 diabetic patients of type 2 and partial correlation, odds ratio, and one-way Analysis of Variance have been considered to determine the effect of pollutants on the control of blood glucose in the patients. The results of this study verified that a significant positive correlation exists between NO2 and blood glucose in women (r = 0.43; p-value &lt; 0.001). There was also a relatively low but significant correlation in the female group between PM2.5 and blood glucose have been identified (r = 0.27; p-value = 0.033). No significant correlation was found between pollutant PM10 and blood glucose in the patients. It is noteworthy that no correlation was found in the men's group for any of the pollutants.

Fuzzy model-based controller for blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes: An LMI approach

This paper deals with designing a robust controller with H∞ performance index criteria for regulating the glucose-insulin level in type 1 diabetes. The proposed approach employs a Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy modeling and fuzzy model-based parallel distributed compensation (PDC) and non-parallel distributed compensation (non-PDC) schemes to design a stabilizing control law for the injecting insulin in silico. Deploying a non-quadratic Lyapunov function (NQLF) candidate, the stabilization conditions are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and solved by convex optimization techniques. Furthermore, based on the convex property of the membership functions, a new null term is defined which increases the degree of freedom of the proposed LMI constraints and reduces the stabilization conditions conservativeness. The diabetes models that are considered are nonlinear minimal Bergman and Tolic models that describe the glucose-insulin process in diabetes type 1. Based on the so-called sector nonlinearity approach (SNA), the equivalent TS fuzzy models of the Bergman and Tolic models are obtained. Then, the stabilization LMI conditions are solved and the PDC and non-PDC controllers are designed. Simulation results are obtained with a single patient testing parameters uncertainties and verify the advantages of the proposed robust control technique in dealing with the effects of external meal disturbance and maintaining the blood glucose concentration in the desired region to avoid the hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia disorders.

Effect of mobile learning (application) on self-care behaviors and blood glucose of type 2 diabetic patients.

More than 70% of the health expenditure is related to chronic diseases. Therefore, an efficient managerial program can markedly reduce medical and administrative costs and benefit both patients and service providers. The use of mobile technologies can be very helpful in this regard. This study was conducted to determine the effect of mobile learning (application) on self-care behaviors and blood glucose control of type 2 diabetic patients attending the Diabetes Clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex. This interventional, quasi-experimental study was conducted on 51 diabetic patients. The patients were randomly assigned to case and control groups, and a specifically designed application was used in the case group for three months. Self-care behavior, FBS, and HbA1C were assessed in both groups before and three months after the intervention, and the results were analyzed after the intervention. The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) measure and medical records was used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statics (paired t test, ANCOVA analysis) were used for data analysis. The Mean ± SD of the self-care posttest score, FBS, and HbA1C was 76.95 ± 7.94 vs. 43.4 ± 9.74 (P = 0.001), 143.58 ± 23.39 vs. 171.81 ± 36.98 (P = 0.001), and 6.84 ± 0.63 vs. 8.10 ± 0.10 (P = 0,001), in the case and control group respectively, indicating a difference in all cases. The results indicated the positive effect of the mobile application on self-care behavior, FBS, and HbA1C.