Blood Donor Selection Criteria Research Articles

Gambaran Pengetahuan Dasar Tentang Kriteria Seleksi Donor Pada Mahasiswa Kampus Megarezky, Makassar

Selection criteria for donors are important to know before conducting blood donation activities. The purpose of this research is to describe the level of basic knowledge of donor selection criteria among students at Megarezky Makassar campus. This research is a descriptive study aimed at describing the percentage of basic knowledge of blood donor selection criteria among students at Megarezky campus. Data were obtained through a questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. The research was conducted in June 2024. The sample size in this research was 65 students from Megarezky Health Polytechnic and Megarezky University. The data were analyzed using SPSS data processing application. Descriptive analysis results from the 65 student respondents in this research show that the majority were female, 46 (70.8%), while the males were 19 (29.2%). The donor selection criteria include age, blood type, and knowledge level. Regarding the distribution of students' knowledge levels related to donor selection criteria, all respondents had good knowledge. Knowledge can be influenced by two factors: internal factors such as education level, occupation, and age, and external factors such as environment and culture. Future research should conduct further studies to understand the knowledge about blood donation and the interest in donating among students.

THE EVALUATION OF PATTERN OF WHOLE BLOOD DONOR DEFERRALS IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER OF NORTH INDIA

Objectives: Donor recruitment is critical to the supply of safe and adequate blood/blood components to meet patient’s need; the first and most crucial step to provide safe blood is proper selection of blood donors. Blood donor selection criteria are designed to ensure the donor as well as the recipient’s health. The objective of this study is to analyze the various causes of donor deferral, study their frequency pattern and to suggest changes to retain and retrieve donors in future. Methods: A retrospective study on analysis of deferred donors of whole blood was conducted in a blood center at tertiary care hospital in North India. The study included blood donors deferred from January 2022 to December 2022. Results: A total of 27,121 donors were registered for whole blood donation and 4534 (16.71%) were deferred. Female deferral (41.67%) was more as compared to male deferral (15.11%). Temporary deferrals (n=4238 [93.47%]) were significantly higher than permanent deferrals (n=296 [6.5%]). The most common reason for temporary deferral was anemia (n = 940 [20.7%]) while that for permanent deferral was jaundice (n=179 [3.94%]). Conclusion: Analyzing the causes, frequency and deferral pattern of blood donors will help to guide the recruitment and retention efforts to maintain a healthy donor pool at large.

Frequency of Blood Donor Deferrals in Urban Population among Random Voluntary Donors and Evaluation of Gross Differences in Various Study Groups

Introduction: The most important aspect of the blood donor selection criteria is the selection of Healthy donors for donating blood to safeguard the health of the donor as well as the patient. Based on the selection criteria donors are considered either fit or unfit (deferred) to donate blood. Aim: Primary aim of the study is to analyze and evaluate the various causes of donor deferrals in comparison to different regional studies with special emphasis on temporary donor deferrals, in order to retain them as potential future donors. Materials & Methods: A retrospective study was conducted with available data of all donors registered between May 2022 and Dec 2023. Donor deferral data was analyzed for various causes of deferral patterns. Results: A total of 2003 donors registered for voluntary blood donation out of which 244(80.79%) were accepted for donation and 302(15.07 %.) were deferred for various reasons. Total number of temporary deferrals were 244(80.79%) and permanent deferrals were 58(19.20%). Discussion: The overall deferral rate in this study was 15.48%. Low Hemoglobin (36.09%) was the commonest cause for temporary deferral and the commonest age group which had maximum deferrals was 18---25 yrs. Hypertension was the main cause of permanent deferral. Conclusion: The incidence of donor deferral can be reduced by furnishing the appropriate information related to blood donations and educating the general public and blood donors through awareness programs. Follow up of the donors must be encouraged to remove the negative feeling in deferred donors to make them potential future donors.

HIV incidence and related risks among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver: Informing blood donor selection criteria in Canada.

An individualized behavior-based selection approach has potential to allow for a more equitable blood donor eligibility process. We collected biological and behavioral data from urban gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) to inform the use of this approach in Canada. Engage is a closed prospective cohort of sexually active GBM, aged 16+ years, recruited via respondent-driven-sampling (RDS) in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver, Canada. Participants completed a questionnaire on behaviors (past 6months) and tested for HIV and sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections at each visit. Rate ratios for HIV infection and predictive values for blood donation eligibility criteria were estimated by RDS-adjusted Poisson regression. Data on 2008 (study visits 2017-02 to 2021-08) HIV-negative participants were used. The HIV incidence rate for the three cities was 0.4|100 person-years [95%CI:0.3, 0.6]. HIV seroconversion was associated with age <30 years: adjusted rate ratio (aRR) 9.1 [95%CI:3.2, 26.2], 6-10 and >10 anal sex partners versus 1-6 aRR: 5.3 [2.1,13.5] and 8.4 [3.4, 20.9], and use of crystal methamphetamine during sex: 4.2 [1.5, 11.6]. Applying the combined selection criteria: drug injection, ≥2 anal sex partners, and a new anal sex partner, detected all participants who seroconverted (100% sensitivity, 100% negative predictive value), and would defer 63% of study participants from donating. Using three screening questions regarding drug injection and sexual behaviors in the past 6 months would correctly identify potential GBM donors at high risk of having recently contracted HIV. Doing so would reduce the proportion of deferred sexually active GBM by one-third.

Indian blood donor selection guidelines: Review in the context of the ongoing COVID-19pandemic.

The National Blood Transfusion Services under the aegis of the ministry of health and family welfare, India has recently issued guidelines regarding the blood donor selection criteria and the processing of blood. Care has been taken to make the blood transfusions safer. However, COVID-19has disrupted the organization of the voluntary blood donation drives, whole blood donations [WBD] and restricted the donors' movement to the blood transfusion centres all across the world. While sickness and the need for transfusions are very much in place, the gap of demand against blood collection has widened. Additionally, with the monsoon season at hand, and the categorical challenges of a dengue outbreak, the subsequent need for blood components especially the platelet concentrates is going to rise. Some of the criteria laid for deferring a blood donor from his or her WBD need a categorical revision, considering these unprecedented times. We, therefore, critically analyzed the blood donor selection criteria and hereby, suggest an updating regarding the pre-donation haemoglobin, sexually transmitted diseases, lactation, pregnancy and many such subheadings. We also suggest collecting smaller blood volumes in the blood bags for the optimal benefit of the recipients both for now and also as a measure of pandemic preparedness for future use.

Noncompliance to blood donor selection criteria by men who have sex with men – Complidon 2017, France

In France, blood donation deferral for men who have sex with men (MSM) was reduced from permanent to 12months in July 2016. Assessing noncompliance (rate and reasons) with this criterion is important to maintain a high level of viral safety in blood products. An anonymous online survey (Complidon) of a sample of blood donors was conducted in 2017. Data were post-stratified to be representative of all those who donated blood between July 2016 and December 2017. A multivariable analysis was performed to assess factors associated with noncompliance. Among male donors, 0·73% [95% CI: 0·63-0·83] reported having sex with men in the 12months preceding their donation. Factors associated with noncompliance were as follows: young age, a low educational level, concerns about privacy, and better knowledge of donor selection criteria and the window period than compliant men. More than half of noncompliant MSM donors (57·6% [95% CI: 50·6-64·3]) felt that sexual orientation should not be a criterion for donation, 47·2% [95% CI: 40·4-54·0] did not disclose their male-to-male sexual relations in order to avoid being excluded from donating, 40·5% [95% CI: 34·0-47·4] reported using condoms and 21·8% [95% CI: 16·7-27·9] had the same male partner for at least 12months. Complidon showed that compliance with blood donation criteria in MSM was high, but not optimal, especially among younger men. HIV residual risk did not increase after the implementation of 12-month deferral. Data from Complidon helped French policymakers to assess the additional HIV risk posed by increased access to blood donation for MSM.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus among Voluntary Blood Donors in Nairobi County, Kenya: A Pilot Study

Hepatitis E is a common infection caused by the Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a primarily enteric virus. HEV disease is mainly spread via stool contamination of water and food supplies. The virus has recently been identified as a global threat to blood safety. The seroprevalence of HEV among blood donors in Kenya remains unknown. This study was carried out as a pilot study to determine the seroprevalence of the virus among blood donors at Nairobi Blood Transfusion Center during the period from September 2018 to January 2019. A total of three hundred and fifty eight (n = 358) plasma samples were used in this study. The plasma was tested for HEV IgM and IgG antibody using a qualitative membrane-based immunoassay (Biopanda reagents Belfast UK). Demographic characteristics of the blood donors were also collected. The age of the blood donors ranged from 16 to 61 years with a mean age of 29 years (±14). Of the study subjects, 36% (n = 130) were females while 64% (n = 228) were males. Overall, 10.6% (38) and 7.8% (28) of the samples were HEV IgG and IgM seropositive respectively. Anti-HEV was distributed among all age groups; however donors aged 20 - 40 years had the highest prevalence. This study shows a relatively high prevalence of anti-HEV among healthy blood donors in Nairobi, Kenya. Further studies would be needed in other population groups to assess the potential benefit of incorporating HEV screening of blood products to the current blood donor selection criteria. Moreover, further studies to determine the circulating genotypes of HEV among this group are required for epidemiological reasons.

Noncompliance with blood donor selection criteria - Complidon 2017, France.

Blood donor selection, consisting of a pre-donation questionnaire and interview, excludes potential donors who may be at risk of transfusion-transmissible infections. Assessing the reasons for noncompliance with blood donor selection criteria is important to maintain a high level of viral safety of blood products. An anonymous French online survey of a sample of blood donors (Complidon) was conducted from September to December 2017. Data were poststratified to be representative of all donors who donated blood between July 2016 and December 2017. Of 420,190 solicited donors, 108,386 completed the survey (26%). Overall, noncompliance was estimated at 5.6%. The least respected criteria regarded sex with more than one partner during the previous 4 months for donors (1.9%) and for donors' partners (1%), travel-related criteria (1.2%) and sex between men during the previous 12 months (0.73% of men). Reasons for noncompliance differed according to criteria. Donors who were non-compliant to sexuality-based criteria mainly said they did not want to be excluded or that the questions were too personal. Conversely, donors who were exclusively non-compliant to criteria other than sexuality-based criteria more often mentioned their non-compliance during the pre-donation interview but were nevertheless authorized to donate blood. Despite noncompliance to blood donor criteria being relatively low in France, it still represents a threat to blood safety. Accordingly, improved communication is important to ensure that donors fully understand each selection criterion and to emphasize to health professionals the importance of listening carefully without judging during pre-donation interviews.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors at Regional Blood Transfusion Center Nakuru and Tenwek Mission Hospital, Kenya.

IntroductionUnsafe transfusion practices can put millions of people at risk of Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs). In Kenya the current blood transfusion scheme involves screening of blood for HIV, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis. Malaria is also a blood-borne disease which is not currently screened for. In Kenya blood donor selection criteria were reviewed in 2009. Regular review of effectiveness of donor selection criteria can help reduce TTIs prevalence amongst donors and thus make the blood supply safer.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted between November 2011 to January 2012 among 594 blood donors in the Regional Blood Transfusion Center Nakuru and Tenwek Mission Hospital. Socio-demographic characteristics and associated risk factors were collected using a standard blood transfusion service questionnaire. Donors were obtained through systematic sampling. Each donor sample was screened, for HIV-1 and HIV-2, HBV, HCV, syphilis and malaria parasites.ResultsThe overall prevalence of TTIs was 14.1%, which ranged from 0.7% for malaria to 5.6% for HBsAg. Blood donors who were married (P=0.0057), had non-formal or just primary education (P=0.0262), had multiple sexual partners (P=0.0144) and in informal occupation (P=0.0176) were at higher risk of HIV positivity. History of blood transfusion/blood products (P=0.0055), being married (P=0.0053) were high risk factors associated with positive syphilis. Being male (P=0.0479) was a high risk factor to HBV infection.ConclusionThe prevalence of TTIs indicates a need to review the questionnaire and apply it strictly for donor selection. The 0.7% prevalence of malaria, poses a serious health risk to non-immune recipients of transfusion. Malaria should be included among mandatory TTI tests in Kenya.

Context and social perceptions of blood donation in donors found positive for human immunodeficiency virus in France.

In France, information collected during postdonation interviews showed that a majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected donors were not eligible to donate as per donor selection criteria. In the interest of blood safety, this study aimed to explore the mechanisms of noncompliance with blood donor selection criteria, notably the permanent deferral of men who have sex with men (MSM). Semistructured individual interviews were conducted with 32 blood donors found positive for HIV between mid-2011 and 2014. Topics such as the experience and motivations for donating blood, understanding of selection criteria, sexual risk management, and opinions on donor selection were discussed. Transcripts were analyzed inductively. More than 50% of study participants were noncompliant with donor selection criteria. Reasons for nondisclosure of risk factors in the predonation questionnaire or the predonation interview included stigma, test-seeking motivations, symbolic attachment to blood donation, and context of donation. Compliance to donor criteria was seen as secondary by donors who reaped personal benefits from the symbolism of their donation. Donors lacked self-reflexivity in their assessment of risky sexual behavior. The "window period" and the underlying epidemiologic arguments for donor selection criteria were poorly understood. Nearly all participants disapproved of the permanent ban on blood donations from MSM. This study demonstrated the need for more communication on the epidemiologic basis for donor selection criteria and on the window period to facilitate donor compliance. These findings have already advanced improvements to predonation documents, in a larger context of 2016 donor selection criteria revision.

Choosing the right criteria for donor health and safety

Blood transfusion services (BTS) have the responsibility to collect and provide safe blood, and also to deliver sufficient quantity to their health systems. Among the key elements to ensure the safety and adequacy of the blood supply is the collection of blood from voluntary, non‐remunerated blood donors, with an established national system for blood donor selection criteria for all types of donations and a rigorous process to assess the suitability of prospective donors. Blood donors are healthy volunteers who give either whole blood or blood components by apheresis with altruistic motives. However, choosing the right criteria for blood donors’ health and safety is an extremely important issue that could have an impact on donors and blood donation. Therefore, regular assessment of donor suitability should be undertaken in accordance with the national criteria for blood donor selection. These criteria should be consistently applied in every blood donation establishment, on each occasion of donation, to all blood donors. If a truly evidence‐based approach were to be adopted, blood centres would continue to monitor donor reactions to validate the safety of the current approaches or modify them as appropriate. Careful evaluation and selection of blood donors involves proactive and protective measures in assuring donor health and safety and indirectly results in an effective outcome in BTS. This article focuses on donor selection criteria that exist for the purpose of protecting the donor. It consists a review of current international standards and practices.

Blood donor selection and deferral pattern as an important tool for blood safety in a tertiary care hospital

Context:Blood donor selection criteria based on science and regulatory rules influence donor as well recipient safety and demographics.Aim:To evaluate and analyze the blood donor deferral pattern and its causes among blood donors in a tertiary care hospital blood bank and to review its influence on blood safety.Settings and Design:Hospital based blood bank, retrospective analysis.Subjects and Methods:The data available as donor deferral record over a period of 13 years from 2001 to 2013 was analyzed.Results:The blood donor deferral rate was 11.5%, the deferral rate in various categories was 4.8%, 4.7%, 1.6%, and 0.3% in Category 1, Category 2, Category 3, and Category 4, respectively. The majority of deferrals were temporary deferrals (62.8%) of young donors. The maximum number of donors deferred (28.2%) due to a history of jaundice (permanent) followed by 19.4% due to low hemoglobin (temporary). History of malaria, intake of medicines, infections, underweight, last blood donation within 3 months (temporary deferral), and history of heart and lung diseases, diabetes, and with suspicious identity (permanent deferral) were other major causes identified.Conclusion:The pattern of donor deferral identified is an important tool for blood safety and also provides key areas to focus on a region or policy formulation nationally for donor selection as well ensure donor safety. The value of determining donor deferral pattern by the categories described is in calling back donors deferred due to temporary reasons and can help retain pool of motivated blood donors.

SaBTO review of blood donor selection criteria related to sexual behaviour

On 7 November 2011, the permanent deferral from blood donation of men who have sex with men (MSM) will change in England, Scotland and Wales, to a 12-month deferral since last relevant sexual contact. This follows an evidence-based policy review by the Advisory Committee on the Safety of Blood, Tissues and Organs (SaBTO) which concluded that the available evidence supported the introduction of a 12-month fixed period deferral (Donor Selection Criteria Review, 2011). The review found that the risks associated with a 12-month deferral of MSM were equivalent to a permanent deferral and the existing policy was inappropriate. In many countries, MSM are permanently deferred from donating blood. These policies were introduced as a response to the spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the early 1980s. Since that time our understanding of the causative agent, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and our ability to detect it have improved significantly. It is accepted that policies relating to blood donation should be equitable and based on the latest available scientific evidence. In order to achieve this, regular reviews of blood donor selection policies are required. The UK policy on blood donation by MSM was last reviewed in 2006, but at that time data on compliance with the permanent deferral were not available. Recently, the findings of a study on the level of compliance with the permanent deferral and attitudes towards alternative policies have become available (Grenfell et al., 2011). This, together with new data for the residual risk of an infectious donation being released for transfusion under a number of deferral periods, prompted a further policy review. The findings of this review conducted by a Steering Group of SaBTO, have recently been published (SaBTO, 2011). The Steering Group was comprised of leading experts in the field, joined by patient groups and key stakeholders. Its remit was to ‘Review the evidence base for donor

SI30 The Naughties–Recruiting Donors in the Decade of Donor Deferrals

Since the millennium, there have been large cohorts of donors affected by blood donor selection criteria in Scotland: Previously Transfused Donors (implemented 2004, 4.9% of donor base affected)Blood Safety and Quality Regulations (implemented 2005, increased medical deferrals from 11.55% to 13.1%, contributing to the increase in total deferral rate – including Hb donor deferrals – from 16% to 20.5%)This means there is now a 26.3% increase in the deferral rate for new donors since 2003/04, and 38.5% increase in deferral rates for regular donors since 2003/04. UK blood services continue to prepare for a vCJD test, which is likely to further erode the donor base. This means the decade poses severe challenges in terms of donor recruitment. At the beginning of 2000, 5.8% of Scots were giving blood. By 2006, this figure has reduced to 5.2%. As we try and recruit further into the ‘nondonor’ population, segmentation analysis has identified increased barriers to giving blood. Further socio‐demographic analysis provides insight into characteristics blood donors, nondonors and lapsed donors may share. To stabilise the donor base after these deferrals, a through the line donor recruitment strategy has been implemented in Scotland, impacting on all these groups. Particularly effective methods include the expansion of a blood group specific and geographically specific direct mail campaign. A variety of traditional advertising techniques have merged with innovative new tactics. The performance of the donor recruitment strategy, and it's continued ability to cope with such massive donor base losses for the remainder of the decade will be evaluated.

Reassessment of blood donor selection criteria for United States travelers to malarious areas

In the United States (US), travelers who have had malaria or who have taken antimalarial chemoprophylaxis are deferred as blood donors for 3 years to prevent transfusion-transmitted malaria. To assess the impact of shortening this 3-year exclusion period, national malaria surveillance data from 1972 to 1988 were reviewed. The average annual rate of transfusion-transmitted malaria is 0.25 cases per million units of blood collected. Of 45 reported cases, 38 percent were caused by Plasmodium malariae, 29 percent by P. falciparum, 24 percent by P. vivax, and 9 percent by P. ovale. Thirty-two donors were implicated in 34 cases of transfusion-transmitted malaria. Of 30 implicated donors whose native country was identified, 23 (77%) were foreign nationals and 7 (23%) were from the US. In a review of all imported malaria cases by species and by interval between date of entry and onset of illness, 98 percent of P. falciparum, 86 percent of P. malariae, 76 percent of P. vivax, and 74 percent of P. ovale infections became symptomatic within 6 months of the patient's arrival in the US, regardless of the use of prophylaxis. Shortening to 6 months the donor exclusion period for US travelers to malarious areas would result in a minimum of 70,000 additional blood donors' being made available, with a maximum annual increase of 0.03 additional cases of transfusion-transmitted malaria. The potential benefit of bringing healthy travelers back into the donor pool after a shorter period of exclusion merits consideration by the blood banking industry.