Labeling Of Blood Constituents Research Articles

Forced Swim Alters the Radiolabeling of Blood Constituents from Wistar Rats

The present study investigated the effects of forced swimming on the technetium-99m (99mTc) labeling of blood constituents (BloCs). Rats (Wistar) were submitted to forced swim. In previous experiments, swimming animals would recover for different periods of time. Animals not submitted to swimming were used as control. Blood samples were obtained and the 99mTc labeling of BloCs was carried out. Blood cells (BCs), plasma (P), insoluble fractions (IF-P and IF-BCs), and soluble fractions (SF-P and SF-BC) were isolated. Radioactivity was determined, and the percentage of 99mTc incorporated (%ATI) was calculated in each fraction. Results showed that forced swimming decreased the percentage of 99mTc incorporated (%ATI) in IF-P (p < 0.05). It is suggested that the 99mTc labeling of BloCs could be used to verify the effects of the stress conditions on BloCs and that the radionuclide fixation on plasma proteins might be altered in rats submitted to acute stress induced by forced swimming, returning to control levels after recovery.

English

Tabebuia avellanedae extract has been used in folk medicine in the treatment of some clinical disorders. Lapachol is an active compound from this medicinal plant. The procedure of labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc) could be used as an in vitro assay to evaluate some properties of natural and synthetic drugs. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of a T. avellanedae extract and lapachol solutions on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc. Whole blood (Wistar rats) was incubated with an aqueous T. avellanedae extract or lapachol. After, stannous chloride (reducing agent) and 99mTc (sodium pertechnetate) were added. Blood cells (BC) and plasma (P) were isolated by centrifugation.  Samples of BC and P were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid to separation of soluble (FS) and insoluble (IF) fractions. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and the percentage of incorporated radioactivity (%ATI) was determined. The data obtained showed that T. avellanedae extract significantly (p<0.05) altered the %ATI on blood constituents while no effects were observed with lapachol. As the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc depends on the presence of a reducing, the extract of T. avellanedae seems to have substances with redox properties. In addition, these findings would be not associated with the lapachol.   Key words: Tabebuia avellanedae, lapachol, blood, stannous ion, technetium-99m. &nbsp

English

Ilex paraguariensis (mate-tea) has been used to treat type-2 diabetes and emphysema. This tea presents antioxidant activity and promotes satiety, body weight lowering and improves bone mineral density. Blood constituents have been labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) and this labeling depends on the presence of a reducing agent. Stannous chloride has been widely utilized with this purpose. The influence of natural and synthetic drugs in this procedure has been reported. It was evaluated with effect of an aqueous mate-tea extract on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc and on the morphology of erythrocyte. Blood samples of Wistar rats were incubated with mate-tea extract, stannous chloride and 99mTc-sodium pertechnetate. Blood cells (BC) and plasma (P) were isolated. BC and P were also precipitated and soluble (SF) and insoluble (IF) fractions separated. The radioactivity was counted and percentage of incorporated radioactivity (%ATI) determined. Blood smears were performed for morphological evaluation. The data show a significant (p < 0.05) alteration of %ATI in BC, IF-C and IF-P as well as on the erythrocyte morphology. These findings could be related to the redox properties of the substances of the mate-tea extract, as well as due to the interference in the transport of stannous and/pertechnetate into the BC due to the morphological alterations of the erythrocytes. Key words: Ilex paraguariensis, blood constituents, radiolabeling, morphology, technetium-99m, stannous ion.

An aqueous extract of Liu Wei Di Huang Wan alters the labeling of blood constituents with Technetium-99m

The Liu Wei Di Huang Wan is a formula of a traditional Chinese medicine that is used to treat asthma patients and has been shown to have several important properties, such as antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. The influence of an extract of Liu Wei Di Huang Wan on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m was investigated. Anticoagulated blood (Wistar rats) was incubated with the extract, stannous chloride and technetium-99m, as sodium pertechnetate. Samples were centrifuged and aliquots of plasma and blood cells were separated and precipitated with trichloroacetic acid, to obtain soluble and insoluble fractions of the blood constituents. The percentage of radioactivity (%ATI) in all the fractions was determined. The analysis of the results shows that the extract at the highest concentration used (70 mg/mL) decreased significantly (P<0.05) the %ATI (from 96.48 ± 1.19 to 54.46 ± 7.38) on blood cells compartment, (from 81.11 ± 4.15 to 61.33 ± 4.74) on insoluble fractions of blood cells and (from 65.91 ± 2.44 to 13.15 ± 3.62) on insoluble fractions of plasma. In conclusion, the results suggest that the substances present on this extract can alter this labeling process, probably due to (i) redox properties (antioxidant and chelator activities) and/or (ii) specific actions in the binding sites where the 99mTc would be bound on the blood constituents. As a consequence, precaution is suggested on the interpretation of the nuclear medicine results from performed with blood constituents labeled with 99mTc in patients that have undertaken LWDHW, although the current findings were obtained in experimental animal models.

Effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract on the biodistribution of 99mTc sulphur colloid and on the radiolabeled blood constituents

With this study we evaluated the effects of the herb rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L. Lamiaceae) extract on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium- 99m (99mTc) labeled sulphur colloid and on the biodistribution of 99mTc-Sulphur Colloid in Wistar albino rats. For this purpose, two groups of animals (male wistar rats, 130–140g) were treated (1mL) with a rosemary extract (750mg/kg body wt.,n=9) and water (control, n=9) separately by gavage for five days. 99mTc-Sulphur Colloid was administrated by intravenous injection; organs/tissues were withdrawn and weighted. Blood was centrifuged, plasma and blood cells were isolated. The radioactivity was counted to calculate the percentage of activity per gram for each organ/tissue and percentage of activity in blood cells and plasma. A signii cant increase (p<0.05) in the uptake of 99mTc-Sulphur Colloid in the liver after the treatment with rosemary extract was observed. These results indicate that the substances or metabolites of the rosemary extract would change the biodistribution of 99mTc-Sulphur Colloid.

In vitro and in vivo studies of an aqueous extract of Matricaria recutita (German chamomile) on the radiolabeling of blood constituents, on the morphology of red blood cells and on the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical sodium pertechnetate

Background:Natural products might alter the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc) and these results may be correlated with modifications of the shape of the red blood cells (RBC). The biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals can be also altered.Objective:This investigation aimed to determine biological effects of an aqueous extract of chamomile (CE).Materials and Methods:To study the effect of the CE on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, in vitro and in vivo assays were performed. The effect of the CE on the morphology of RBC was observed under light microscope. The images were acquired, processed, and the perimeter/area ratio of the RBC determined. To analyze the effect of the CE on biodistribution of the sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) in Wistar rats, these animals were treated or not with a CE. Na99mTcO4 was injected, the rats were sacrificed, the organs were removed, weighted and percentage of radioactivity/gram calculated.Result:In the in vitro experiment, the radioactivity on blood cells compartment and on insoluble fractions of plasma was diminished. The shape and the perimeter/area ratio of the RBC were altered in in vitro assays. An increase of the percentage of radioactivity of Na99mTcO4 was observed in stomach after in vivo treatment.Conclusion:These results could be due to substances of the CE or by the products of the metabolism of this extract in the animal organism. These findings are examples of drug interaction with a radiopharmaceutical, which could lead to misdiagnosis in clinical practice with unexpected consequences.

Influence of an aqueous extract of Coriandrum sativum leaves on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m and determination of some of its physical parameters

Coriandrum sativum (coriander) extract (leaves) (CE) is used to treat diabetes, dyspepsia, loss of appetite, seizures, insomnia, and anxiety. In the investigations about the effects of a plant extract, it is important to determine some of its physicochemical parameters. Red blood cells labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) is used in nuclear medicine as well as in experimental models in basic research. The aim of this work was to determine some physicochemical parameters of an aqueous extract of CE and its effect on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc. Determinations of the absorption spectrum (AS), electric conductivity (EC), and pH have been performed using different concentrations of CE. Results showed that CE had a maximum absorbance at 480 nm. EC was inversely correlated with the concentration. We found the highest value of pH at the lower concentration of the extract (0.05 mg/ml). There was no significant (P>0.05) alteration on the labeling of the blood constituents with 99mTc. In conclusion, physicochemical parameters could be useful to characterize the CE studied. Probably, the redox properties associated with the substances of this extract could be responsible by the absence of effect on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc. Key words: Coriandrum sativum, coriander, labeling, technetium-99m, physicochemical parameters, blood.

English

Baccharis trimera&nbsp;(carqueja) has been used in folk medicine to treat rheumatism, diabetes and digestive disorders, and suggested as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-ulcerative and antihepatotoxic. Blood constituents have been labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) and used in nuclear medicine. The influence of natural and synthetic drugs in this procedure has been reported. In this work, the influence of an aqueous carqueja extract on the labeling of blood constituents with&nbsp;99mTc and morphology of red blood cells was evaluated. Blood samples of Wistar rats were incubated with different concentrations of carqueja extract. The labeled process with&nbsp;99mTc was the performed. Blood cells (BC) and plasma (P) were isolated. Aliquots of BC and P were precipitated and soluble (SF) and insoluble (IF) fractions separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and percentage of incorporated radioactivity (%ATI) determined. Blood smears were performed for morphological evaluation. The data show a significant (P &lt; 0.05) alteration of %ATI in BC and IF-P as well as morphology of red blood cells from blood incubated with carqueja extract. The results suggest that aqueous carqueja extract could presents an antioxidant action and/or alters the membrane structures involved in ions transport into cells decreasing the radiolabeling of blood constituents with&nbsp;99mTc. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Baccharis trimera, blood constituents, radiolabeling, technetium-99m, stannous ion.

Characterization of physicochemical parameters and the effect on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m of a Solanum melongena commercial extract

This investigation evaluated physicochemical parameters and the effect on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m of a Solanum melongena aqueous extract. A commercial S. melongena was used to prepare an aqueous extract and visible absorbance spectrum, electric conductivity and refractive index were determined. Blood samples fromWistar rats were incubated with S. melongena extract or with 0.9% NaCl solution as control. After, stannous chloride as reducing agent and technetium-99m as sodium pertechnetate were added. Plasma and blood cells samples were separated. Samples of plasma and blood cells were also precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and soluble and insoluble fractions were separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and the percentage of radioactivity incorporated was calculated. Data showed an absorbance peak at 500 nm and electric conductivity and refractive index were higher at the highest extract concentrations. S. melongena extract did not interfere on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99 m. The determination of these physicochemical parameters would contribute to characterize a S. melongena aqueous extract. Moreover, as the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m depends on the presence of reducing agent, the absence of effect of this extract in this radiolabeling process could be associated with its redox properties. Key words: Solanum melongena, eggplant, labeling, technetium-99 m, physicochemical parameters.

Evaluation of biological effects of the naproxen

This work aims to evaluate biological effects of naproxen through of the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc), survival of bacterial cultures and electrophoresis profile of plasmid DNA. Blood samples from Wistar rats were incubated with naproxen or with saline (0.9% NaCl) as control, and radiolabeling of blood constituents was performed. Influence of naproxen on the E. coli AB1157 culture growth and survival in the presence or absence of SnCl2 was used to assess cytotoxic effect. Electrophoretic profile in agarose gels of bacterial plasmids in presence or absence of SnCl2 was used to evaluate antioxidant and genotoxic potential of naproxen. Results obtained suggest that naproxen could not interfere on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, but it could present cytotoxic effects and protect E. coli cultures from the lethal effect of stannous chloride at low concentrations. Moreover, naproxen could present genotoxic effect in isolated plasmid DNA.

Sucralose sweetener does not modify radiolabeling of blood constituents and morphology of red blood cells

Effects of sucralose on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc) and on the morphology of red blood cells (RBC) were evaluated. Blood samples from Wistar rats were treated with sweetener, and the labeling of blood constituents with (99mTc) was performed. Radioactivity in blood constituents was counted, and the percentage of incorporated radioactivity (%ATI) was determined. Blood smears were prepared for morphology evaluation of RBC. No significant alterations in %ATI of blood constituents and morphology of RBC were observed.

Effects of a Nectandra Membranacea Extract on Labeling of Blood Constituents with Technetium-99m and on the Morphology of Red Blood Cells

Effects of a Nectandra Membranacea Extract on Labeling of Blood Constituents with Technetium-99m and on the Morphology of Red Blood Cells

An experimental model to study the effects of a senna extract on the blood constituent labeling and biodistribution of a radiopharmaceutical in rats

ABSTRACT Cassia angustifolia Vahl (senna) is a natural product that contains sennosides, which are active components that affect the intestinal tract and induce diarrhea. Authors have shown that senna produces DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) lesions in Escherichia coli cultures and can act as an antifungal agent. Natural drugs can alter the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc) and can affect the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals. In this work, we have evaluated the influence of a senna extract on the radiolabeling of blood constituents and on the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) in Wistar rats. Twelve animals were treated with senna extract for 7 days. Blood samples were withdrawn from the animals and the radiolabeling procedure was carried out. The senna extract did not modify the radiolabeling of the blood constituents. A biodistributional assay was performed by administering Na99mTcO4 and determining its activity in different organs and in blood. The senna extract altered the biodistribution of Na99mTcO4 in the thyroid, liver, pancreas, lungs and blood. These results are associated with properties of the chemical substances present in the aqueous senna extract. Although these assays were performed in animals, our findings suggest that caution should be exercised when nuclear medicine examinations using Na99mTcO4 are conducted in patients who are using senna extract.

Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum treatment on radiolabeling of blood bonstituents and morphology of red blood cells in Wistar rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in vivo treatment with an aqueous cinnamon extract on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc and on the morphology of red blood cells from Wistar rats. Animals were treated with cinnamon extract at different doses and for different periods of time. As controls, animals treated with 0.9% NaCl. Labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc was performed. Plasma, blood cells and insoluble fractions were isolated. Radioactivity in each fraction was counted and the percentage of radioactivity (%ATI) was calculated. Also, blood smears were prepared to morphological analysis of red blood cells from. Data showed that in vivo cinnamon extract did not significantly (p&gt;0.05) modify the %ATI of blood constituents and morphology of red blood cells. The results suggest that in vivo aqueous cinnamon could not affect the membrane structures involved in transport of ions or the oxidation state of stannous and pertechnetate ions.

Effects of fenoprofen on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m, the morphology of red blood cells and the plasmid

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fenoprofen on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m, on the morphology of red blood cells and on the plasmid DNA. Blood samples from Wistar rats were incubated with fenoprofen and the assay of labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc) was performed. Blood cells, plasma, soluble and insoluble fractions of blood cells and plasma were separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and percentage of incorporated radioactivity (%ATI) was determined. Blood smears were prepared, fixed, stained and the qualitative and quantitative morphology of the red blood cells (RBC) was evaluated. Plasmid (pBSK) was incubated with fenoprofen with stannous chloride, and agarose gel electrophoresis procedure was carried out to evaluate genotoxic and the protection of this drug against stannous chloride effect on DNA. In conclusion, under the conditions used in this work, our data suggest that fenoprofen would not (i) affect the fixation of the 99mTc on the blood constituents, (ii) alter the RBC membrane and (iii) present genotoxic and redox effects.

The effect of an extract from Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m and on the survival of Escherichia coli

This study evaluated effects of an aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc) and on the survival of cultures of Escherichia coli treated with stannous chloride. Blood samples from Wistar rats were treated with reishi extract, radiolabeling procedure was performed, plasma (P), blood cells (BC) and insoluble (IF) and soluble (SF) fractions of P and BC were separated. The radioactivity was counted for the determination of the percentages of radioactivity (%ATI). Cultures of Escherichia coli AB1157 were treated with stannous chloride in the presence and absence of reishi extract. Blood samples and bacterial cultures treated with NaCl 0.9% were used as controls. Data indicated that reishi extract altered significantly (p&lt;0.05) the %ATI of P, BC, IF-P, SF-P, IF-BC and SF-BC, as well as increased the survival of bacterial cultures treated with stannous chloride. Our results suggest that reishi extract could present a redox/chelating action, altering the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc and protecting bacterial cultures against oxidative damage induced by stannous chloride.

Effects of chronic sucralose sweetener on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m, morphology of red blood cells and the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate in rats

This work evaluates effects of the sweetener with sucralose on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc), on the morphology of red blood cells (RBC) and on the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate in Wistar rats. Animals were treated with sweetener for 8 days. Blood samples were withdrawn and the assay of labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc was performed. Blood cells (BC) and plasma (P) were isolated. Aliquots of BC and P were also precipitated, soluble and insoluble fractions separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and percentage of incorporated radioactivity (%ATI) determined. Blood smears were prepared, fixed, stained and the qualitative and quantitative morphology of the RBC was evaluated under optical microscopy. In biodistribution experiments, sodium pertechnetate was administrated, organs and tissues isolated, radioactivity was counted and percentage of incorporated radioactivity per gram (%ATI/g) determined. The data showed no significant alterations in %ATI, morphology of RBC and in %ATI/g in the studied organs.

Influence of an extract of Juglans regia on the growth of Escherichia coli, on the electrophoretic profile of plasmid DNA and on the radiolabeling of blood constituents

The aim of this work was to study the influence of a walnut (Juglans regia) extract on the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) AB1157, on the plasmid DNA topology and on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc). An E. coli AB1157 culture, in stationary phase, was incubated with walnut and the growth of the culture was evaluated by optical density at 600 nm for 7 hours. Plasmid DNA samples were incubated with SnCl2 in presence or absence of walnut for 40 minutes, 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis was performed, the gel was stained and the plasmid topological forms were visualized. Blood samples from Wistar rats were incubated with walnut extract and an assay of labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc) was performed. Blood cells and plasma were separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and percentage of incorporated radioactivity (%ATI) was determined. The results presented an inhibitory action of the growth of the E. coli AB1157 culture, no protective action of the walnut extract in plasmid DNA treated with SnCl2. Moreover, walnut was also not capable to induce modifications in the DNA mobility in agarose gel but walnut was capable to decrease the distribution of 99mTc on the blood cell compartment. In conclusion, our experimental data suggest that in the walnut extract has substances with an effect on the growth of E. coli culture, a potential action to increase the SnCl2 effect on plasmid DNA and also is capable to alter the distribution of 99mTc on the blood cell compartment probably due to redoxi properties.

Assessment of Effects of a Cordia salicifolia Extract on the Radiolabeling of Blood Constituents and on the Morphology of Red Blood Cells

Effects of a Cordia salicifolia (porangaba) extract on the labeling of blood cells (BCs) with technetium-99m ((99m)Tc) and on the morphology of red BCs were evaluated. Labeling of cellular and molecular structures with (99m)Tc depends on a reducing agent. Some physical characteristics, as visible absorbance spectrum, electric conductivity, and refractive index of this porangaba extract, were also determined. Blood samples from Wistar rats were incubated with porangaba extract or with 0.9% NaCl (control). Labeling of blood constituents with (99m)Tc was performed. Plasma (P) and BCs, both soluble (SF-P and SF-BC) and insoluble (IF-P and IF-BC) fractions, were separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted, and the percentage of radioactivity incorporated (%ATI) was calculated. Blood smears were prepared, fixed, and stained, and the morphology of the red BCs was evaluated. Data showed an absorbance peak at 480 nm and electric conductibility and refractive index concentration-dependent. Porangaba extract decreased significantly (P < .05) the BC, IF-P, and IF-BC %ATI, and no modifications were verified on the shape of red BCs. Analysis of the results reveals that some physical parameters could be useful to aid in characterizing the extract studied. Moreover, it is possible that chemical compounds of this extract could have chelating/redox actions or be capable of binding to plasma and/or cellular proteins.

Uncaria tomentosa extract: evaluation of effects on the in vitro and in vivo labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m

The influence (in vivo and in vitro) of an Uncaria tomentosa extract (Cats claw) on the labeling of red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma and cellular proteins with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) was evaluated. For the in vivo treatment, animals were treated with Cats claw. For the in vitro treatment, heparinized blood was incubated with Cats claw before the addition of stannous chloride (SnCl2) and Tc-99m. Samples of plasma (P) and RBCs were separated and also precipitated with trichloroacetic acid. The soluble and insoluble fractions of P and RBCs were isolated. The analysis of the results of the in vivo study, indicates that there is no significant alteration on the uptake of Tc-99m by the blood constituents, but it significantly decrease (p&lt;0.05) the labeling of blood constituents by in vitro methods. These effects could be due to chelation of stannous and /or pertechnetate ions and blockage of the Tc-99m bindings sites.