Blood Biochemical Variables Research Articles

Prognostic potential of pre-partum blood biochemical and immune variables for postpartum mastitis risk in dairy cows

BackgroundMastitis is the most frequent diseases for transition cows. Identification of potential biomarkers for diagnosis of mastitis is important for its prevention. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate blood variables related to lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation, and serum variables that are related to health in postpartum cows.ResultsSeventy-six healthy Holstein dairy cows at week 4 before calving were selected to collect blood samples from weeks − 4 to 4 weekly relative to calving, respectively. Milk yield and composition were recorded weekly. According to the cut-off of somatic cell counts (SCC) for diagnosis of mastitis, 33 cows with SCC ≥ 500,000 cells ml− 1, 20 cows with 200,000 cells ≤ SCC < 500,000 cells ml− 1, and 23 cows with SCC < 200,000 cells ml− 1 were defined as high, middle, and low SCC, respectively. Serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate were higher (P < 0.01) during all weeks, and non-esterified fatty acids were higher in high SCC than in low SCC cows from weeks − 3 to 2 relative to calving. Higher serum concentrations of superoxide dismutase (P < 0.01) and lower malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.01) in low SCC than in high SCC cows indicate that the latter suffered from oxidative stress. The difference analysis of the three groups suggested that none of the above-mentioned variables can be used as potential prognostic candidates. On the other hand, high SCC cows exhibited higher blood neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR, P < 0.01) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR, P < 0.01) than low SCC cows, with a higher NLR (P < 0.01) in middle SCC than in low SCC cows. The high SCC cows had lower levels of anti-inflammatory factors including IL-10 (P = 0.05), but higher levels of proinflammatory factors such as IL-6 (P < 0.01), TNF-α (P < 0.05), and PSGL-1 (P < 0.01) than low SCC cows.ConclusionsThe significantly different NLR and PLR pre-partum between the middle and low SCC cows suggest their prognostic potential for postpartum mastitis risk.

The role of a digestive enhancer in improving the growth performance, digestive enzymes activity, and health condition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under suboptimal temperature

Despite the ability of Nile tilapia to resist a wide range of temperatures, the over and suboptimal temperature causes a decline in the growth rates. The use of growth enhancers may lead to an increase in the feeding ability of fish and thus increase the growth and health efficiency under low-temperature conditions. Therefore, Nile tilapia (initial weight, 21 ± 0.01 g) fed four diets supplemented with a digestive enhancer (a mixture of taurine and medium-chain fatty acids) (DME) at 0, 1, 2, and 3 g per kg diet in the present study. The fish were reared under suboptimal temperature (21.3 ± 0.71 °C) for 90 days. Dietary DME significantly increased the growth performance, feed intake, lipase, amylase, and protease activities and lowered the feed conversion ratio in a dose-dependent manner concerning fish fed DME free diet (p < .05). The intestinal morphometry (midgut) displayed increased villus length, width, and the number of goblet cells by DME feeding when compared to the control (p < .05). Besides, fish fed DME displayed normal structure, integrated, and branching villi as well as condensed mucosa and submucosa layers. All the measured haematological and blood biochemical variables showed normal values with insignificant differences among fish fed with or without DME under suboptimal temperature. Interestingly, dietary DME significantly improved the activities of phagocytic and lysozyme in a dose-dependent manner (p = .04 and p = .012). In contrast, the phagocytic index was not affected by the inclusion of DME (p > .05). Based on the polynomial regression analysis, the inclusion of DME at 1.83 to 2.82 g per kg diet can be used effectively for tilapia reared at suboptimal temperatures to maintain the normal growth rates without a decrease in the physiological and immunological status.

The protective effect of vasopressin deficiency in liver fibrosis in rats with chronic portocaval anastomosis

Liver fibrosis occur in liver diseases and its complications is cause of the increased rate of human mortality. The disease is characterized by the gradual accumulation of scar tissue in the liver parenchyma with decrease in metabolic capacity and liver failure. It is known that arginine vasopressin (AVP) participate in the regulation of the immune responses, including the scarring. However, the effect of how AVP regulates this process is not clear. Here we study the role of the AVP deficiency induced by the neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy (NIL) in rats with chronic anastomosis portocaval (APC) model (sixteen weeks). Groups of young male Wistar rats of 8–10 each were prepared: Sham operated (SHAM), APC, LNI and APC+NIL. Blood, plasma and serum biochemical variables were assessed: prothrombin time (TP), blood NH3, transaminases (TGO and TGP), bilirubins and γ‐Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT). Liver histological slides were stained with H‐E, Masson, Sirius Red and PAS. Results showed that in the APC group: the TP, NH3, TGO and TGP, bilirubins and GGT were significantly increased, whereas serum glucose levels, cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, total proteins and the liver glycogen content where significantly augmented. Comparisons between SHAM and NIL groups did not shown significant differences in all these variables. As compared with the APC, the APC+NIL group developed a significant improvement in all these variables. The liver histopathology showed that the APC group developed a significant increase in fibrosis septa, inflammatory infiltrates and diminution of the glycogen content. The NIL group we do not have available data yet. In the NIL+APC group histology data showed a significant liver regeneration; less fibrosis, disappearance of inflammatory infiltrates and liver glycogen restoration.ConclusionsResults indicate the AVP play a role in liver fibrosis (demonstrated by the AVP deficiency). Results also suggest that AVP antagonists may be used for liver fibrosis treatment.Support or Funding InformationUniversidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes PIFF14‐1 andCONACYT 221262. México

Productive performance, blood biochemical variables and immune responses of laying hens fed diets containing various fat sources

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various fat sources on productive performance, blood biochemical variables and immune responses of laying hens. Laying hens were divided into seven groups, which received i) basal or control diet (no oil); ii) and iii) basal diets containing 1% and 3% soybean (SB) oil; iv) and v) basal diets containing 1% and 3% kilka oil (KO), and vi) and vii) basal diets containing 1% and 3% soybean fatty acids (SFA). Productive performance was evaluated from day 1 to day 84. Blood biochemical variables and immune responses were assessed on days 28, 56 and 84 of the trial. The study results indicated that the dietary inclusion of 1% and 3% KO and SFA and 3% SB oil could decrease the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and increase egg production and egg mass in comparison with the control group throughout the study. Immune responses of sheep red blood cells and antibody titre against hemagglutination inhibition (HI) were significantly higher in laying hens fed KO and SFA and 3% SB oil compared with the control group. The serum concentrations of low density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein-C (VLDL-C) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were not influenced by the inclusion of oil sources. The serum concentration of cholesterol was increased significantly in laying hens that were treated with oil on day 28. The inclusion of fat sources significantly increased the serum concentration of HDL-C. The use of KO and SFA could be recommended at lower levels to improve the performance, immunity and some blood variables in laying hens.Keywords: egg production, kilka fish oil, lipid profile, soybean oil

Diet change from a system combining total mixed ration and pasture to confinement system (total mixed ration) on milk production and composition, blood biochemistry and behavior of dairy cows.

This study aimed to determine if a diet change from a mixed system to a confinement system affects the milk production and composition, behavior and blood biochemistry of dairy cows. Cows were assigned randomly to one of the two treatments: cows fed with TMR (total-mixed-ration) (confined) throughout the period group fed TMR (GTMR, n=15) and cows that changed their diet from pasture plus TMR to exclusive TMR at 70±14 DIM (GCHD, n=15). GTMR cows produced more milk and greater lactose and protein yield before the change of diet than GCHD cows (p≤.01), but these differences disappeared after the change. GCHD cows decreased the frequency of rumination and lying from before to after the change (p≤.03), but in GTMR cows no changes were observed. After diet change, GCHD cows had lower frequency of rumination and lying than GTMR cows (p≤.02). Before the change, GCHD cows had greater NEFA (non esterified fatty acids) concentrations than GTMR cows (p=.002). Abrupt change from a mixed system to a confined system was favorable on blood biochemical and milk variables of dairy cows. However, in relation to behavior, the cows expressed difficulties to adapt quickly to the abrupt change of system.

Effects of Supplementing Laying Hens with Purified Amino Acid Prepared from Animal Blood

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effects of supplementing laying hens with purified amino acids (PAA) derived from the blood of animal slaughter house on their egg production, egg quality, and immune response. The experiment was based on completely randomized design. A total of 144 Isa Brown laying hens (56-weeks old) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 4 pen replications (control, T1: 0.05%, T2: 0.1%, and T3: 0.5% PAA). Each pen housed nine laying hens. The laying hens were reared under a deep litter system. Once a week, a total of 12 eggs of each treatment were collected for egg quality analysis. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and cytokines profiles using ELISA kit assays. Hen day egg production and hen house egg production increased significantly (P<0.05) along with the increase in PAA supplementation. The average egg weight increased significantly (P<0.05) with PAA supplementation. Significant differences (P<0.05) were also found in egg shell strength, shell thickness, and albumen ratio. Blood biochemical variables, such as glucose, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin, and glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT) were within the normal range. However, the glucose was highest in the control group. Whereas, the total cholesterol and total bilirubin were highest in T2 as compared to control group. Plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2) concentrations were not affected by PAA supplementation. Plasma interferon gamma (IFNγ) of PAA supplemented treatment groups was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the control group. However, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2. On the basis of these results, we conclude that PAA supplementation improved the production performance of laying hens without affecting their health.

Effect of racing on blood variables in Standardbred horses.

Blood is collected for hematologic and biochemical analyses when racehorses perform poorly. However, racing affects most analyte levels; therefore, the timing of blood sampling can affect analyte levels and interpretations. This study aimed to determine if the blood variable levels returned to pre-racing levels 2 and 3days post-racing. Blood was sampled from 17 healthy racehorses pre- and post-racing. The variables measured from plasma were albumin, cholesterol, creatinine, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), creatine phosphokinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and cortisol. Hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), granulocyte, and lymphocyte counts were analyzed from blood collected in EDTA-coated vials. Calcium was lower 3days post-racing compared with 2days pre-racing (P<0.01), P and GGT were higher 2 and 3days post-racing compared with those at the pre-racing timepoints (P≤0.01), and RBC, HCT, and HGB were higher 2days post-racing compared with those at the pre-racing and 3-day post-racing time points (P<0.01, all). A few blood biochemical and hematologic variables were significantly altered 2 and 3days post-racing. The level of these changes did not affect the clinicopathologic interpretation of the values.

Bacillus subtilis as probiotic candidate for red sea bream: Growth performance, oxidative status, and immune response traits

The effects of dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis on the growth, digestive enzyme activity, blood chemistry, oxidative status and immune response of red sea bream (Pagrus major) were evaluated in the current study. Fish fed five different levels of B. subtilis at 0 (BS0), 1 × 104 (BS1), 1 × 106 (BS2), 1 × 108 (BS3) and 1 × 1010 (BS4) CFU kg−1 diet for 60 days. The obtained results showed that B. subtilis supplementation significantly improved growth performance (FBW, WG and SGR), feed utilization (FI, FCE, PER and PG) and whole-body protein content when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the specific activities of amylase, protease and lipase enzymes up regulated significantly upon B. subtilis incorporation in red sea bream diets (P < 0.05). No changes have been reported on blood biochemical variables except for the plasma total protein, which increased significantly in fish fed BS3 diet when compared with the control diet (P < 0.05). Hematocrit, hemoglobin and the nitro blue tetrazolium values also reported the highest values significantly in fish fed B. subtilis, especially in case of BS3 and BS4 diets (P < 0.05). Serum bactericidal activity enhanced significantly in BS2, BS3 and BS4 groups (P < 0.05), while mucus bactericidal activity showed no significant activity among tested groups (P > 0.05). Serum lysozyme activity exhibited higher values in case of BS3 and BS4 groups than BS0 group (P < 0.05), while mucus lysozyme activity increased only in BS3 group. Also, serum peroxidase activity enhanced significantly in fish fed BS2 and BS3 diets (P < 0.05), however, no activities were observed in the collected mucus. All groups reflexed high tolerance ability against oxidative stress except for BS0 and BS1 groups. Additionally, catalase activity increased significantly in all B. subtilis fed groups when compared to BS0 group (P < 0.05). Considering the obtained results, the supplementation of B. subtilis in the diet of red sea bream at 1 × 108 and 1 × 1010 CFU kg−1 diet could improve the growth, feed utilization, health condition and immune response.

Blood Biochemical Reference Intervals for Wild Ornate Box Turtles ( Terrapene ornata) during the Active Season.

Blood biochemical and hematology analyses are helpful indicators of the physiologic health of animals, particularly when making conservation and management decisions for threatened species. In this study, we 1) established blood biochemical reference intervals for two populations of threatened, free-ranging ornate box turtles ( Terrapene ornata) in northern Illinois during their active season and 2) examined the effects of individual carapace temperature ( Tc) on blood biochemical variables by using a Bayesian hierarchical framework. Individual blood variables differed throughout the active season (May-September 2015), but there were few distinct patterns in concentrations over time. When controlling for individual variability, blood biochemical variables potassium, sodium, chloride, ionized calcium, hematocrit (percentage of packed cell volume), and osmolality showed no effect of Tc (i.e., slope estimates for these variables were not credibly different from zero) and had little individual variation. Glucose and urea nitrogen were found to have slopes credibly different from zero, with glucose having an estimated positive slope and urea nitrogen having an estimated negative slope, suggesting different relationships in response to Tc when controlling for individual variability. These physiologic blood data will serve as important baseline reference values for the clinical evaluation of wild ornate box turtles presented for veterinary care or for comparison to other studies of wild populations. Further, this study highlights the importance of considering individual-level effects (e.g., Tc) on physiologic health variables.

Rivastigmine Improves Appetite by Increasing the Plasma Acyl/Des-Acyl Ghrelin Ratio and Cortisol in Alzheimer Disease

Background: Weight loss accelerates cognitive decline and increases mortality in patients with dementia. While acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are known to cause appetite loss, we sometimes encounter patients in whom switching from donepezil (AChE inhibitor) to rivastigmine (AChE and butyrylcholinesterase [BuChE] inhibitor) improves appetite. Since BuChE inactivates ghrelin, a potent orexigenic hormone, we speculated that rivastigmine improves appetite by inhibiting BuChE-mediated ghrelin inactivation. Methods: The subjects were patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease treated with either rivastigmine patch (n = 11) or donepezil (n = 11) for 6 months. Before and after treatment, we evaluated appetite (0, decreased; 1, slightly decreased; 2, normal; 3, slightly increased; 4, increased), cognitive function, and blood biochemical variables, including various hormones. Results: Rivastigmine treatment significantly improved appetite (from 1.6 ± 0.5 to 2.6 ± 0.7), whereas donepezil treatment did not (from 2.0 ± 0.0 to 1.8 ± 0.4). Simultaneously, rivastigmine, but not donepezil, significantly decreased the serum cholinesterase activity (from 304.3 ± 60.5 to 246.8 ± 78.5 IU/L) and increased the cortisol level (from 11.86 ± 3.12 to 14.61 ± 3.29 μg/dL) and the acyl/des-acyl ghrelin ratio (from 4.03 ± 2.96 to 5.28 ± 2.72). The levels of leptin, insulin, total ghrel­in, and cognitive function were not significantly affected by either treatment. Conclusions: Our results suggest that compared with donepezil, rivastigmine has the advantage of improving appetite by increasing the acyl/des-acyl ghrelin ratio and cortisol level, thereby preventing weight loss.

Blood gas and serum biochemical RIs for healthy newborn Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).

There is a lack of published work on RIs for newborn buffaloes. Establishing blood gas and serum biochemical RIs for newborn buffaloes is important for monitoring health. This study establishes blood gas and serum biochemical RIs of newborn buffaloes. Twenty-eight newborn buffaloes, 10-30days old, were selected. Thirty blood biochemical variables were analyzed. The Anderson-Darling test was used to assess the normality of the distribution. The Dixon test and the Tukey test were used to identify outliers. The RI and 90% CI were determined using standard and robust methods and the Box-Cox transformation. A total of 30 RIs for healthy buffalo calves have been reported in this study. RIs for blood gas variables were reported for pH, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2 ), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ), saturation of O2 (SO2 ), bicarbonate (cHCO3- ), base excess (BE), total carbon dioxide (ctCO2 ), and anion gap (AG). RIs for serum biochemical variables were reported for glucose (GLU), direct bilirubin (DB), total bilirubin (TB), AST, ALP, GGT, CK, LDH, creatinine (CREA), urea, cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TG), Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, iCa, Cl, iron, total protein (TP), and albumin (ALB). This is the first reported study covering complete serum chemistry and blood gas RIs for healthy 1-month-old Murrah buffaloes.

Effects of age and sex on blood biochemistry of dorper lambs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological variations and influence of age group and sex on biochemical variables of 32 male and female Dorper sheep at the age of 15 to 121 days. Four blood samples were collected from each animal, at monthly intervals, totaling 128 samples. Biochemical variables determined in each sample were total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), albumin/globulin ratio (A/G), glucose (GLU), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (tCHOL), high density cholesterol carrying lipoproteins (HDL-C), low density cholesterol carrying lipoproteins (LDL-C), very low density cholesterol carrying lipoproteins (VLDL-C), urea, creatinine (CRE), total calcium (tCa), ionized calcium (iCa), phosphorus (P), calcium/phosphorus ratio (Ca/P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The results were obtained in four moments according to age: M1 - sheep from 15 to 30 days, M2 - sheep from 45 to 61 days, M3 - sheep from 74 to 90 days and M4 - sheep from 105 to 121 days. Comparing the values of the biochemical variables among the four age groups studied a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) was observed in the concentrations of all the variables evaluated except for Na, Cl and ALT. Sex did not influence (p &gt; 0.05) the values of the biochemical variables analyzed. Based on the results, it is concluded that the age groups exert a significant influence on the majority of blood biochemical variables of Dorper sheep from 15 to 121 days of age.

EFFECTS OF CONCURRENT TRAINING ON MORPHOFUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN HYPERTENSIVE WOMEN

Aerobic and resistance exercise have been prescript to prevention and non pharmacological treatment of hypertension. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the effects of concurrent training in hypertensive women. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of concurrent training program on rest blood pressure, biochemical variables (blood glucose and total cholesterol) , anthropometric (body mass index and waist circumference) and functional fitness in hypertensive women. Eighteen hypertensive postmenopausal and untrained women (59±12 years old) started in the intervention, but only ten subjects finished. The voluntaries were enrolled in concurrent training, 60 min/day, 3 times a week, during 6 months. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, body mass index, waist circumference and functional fitness (AAPHERD) were measured pre and post experimental period. Data were analyzed using the Student’s t test with significance level set at 5% (P?0.05) and Cohen's Effect Size (ES). The results showed significant improvement in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest. The other variables did not show significantly changes, but the ES was medium and large for several variables (body mass index, blood glucose, total cholesterol, agility, coordination, aerobic fitness, strength endurance and general functional fitness index). In conclusion, this study confirms that 6 month of concurrent training program improved systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive women. In addition, the protocol suggests an improvement in anthropometric, biochemical and functional variables related to health.

Cardiac Troponin I and Amino-Terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Dogs With Stable Chronic Kidney Disease.

BackgroundIncreased concentrations of N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in dogs with azotemia have been documented. Knowledge of mechanisms behind increased concentrations of cardiac biomarkers in dogs with azotemia is warranted for correct interpretation of test results.ObjectivesThe aim of the article was to investigate possible associations between plasma concentrations of cTnI and NT‐proBNP, respectively, and patient characteristics, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a plasma volume factor (PVF) derived from scintigraphic examination (PVf), systolic blood pressure (SBP), selected hematologic and biochemical variables, and echocardiographic measurements in dogs with stable chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in healthy dogs.AnimalsFifty student‐, staff‐, and client‐owned dogs were included. Twenty‐three of the dogs were healthy and 27 were diagnosed with CKD.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional observational study, dogs with a previous diagnosis of CKD and healthy control dogs were included. At inclusion, all dogs were characterized by physical examination, repeated blood pressure measurements, complete urinalysis, hematology and biochemistry panel, echocardiography, abdominal ultrasound examination of the entire urinary tract, and scintigraphic examination for measurement of GFR.ResultsPlasma volume factor and PCV were independently associated with NT‐proBNP (Radj2 = 0.42; P < .0001). Age, body weight (BW), and SBP were independently associated with cTnI (Radj2 = 0.50; P < .0001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceNeither NT‐proBNP nor cTnI concentrations were independently associated with measured GFR. Thus, findings were not suggestive of passive accumulation of either marker, suggesting that increased circulating concentrations of cTnI and NT‐proBNP can be interpreted similarly in dogs with stable CKD as in dogs without CKD.

Daily rhythms of colonic temperature and circulating blood enzymes, urea and calcium in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) under natural cold-dry (harmattan) and hot-dry conditions

The influence of cold-dry (harmattan) and hot-dry seasons on daily rhythmicity of colonic temperature (CT) and blood biochemical variables were investigated in 340 male Japanese quails under natural light–dark circle. Rhythm characteristics analysed using cosinor and the application of the periodic model showed a daily rhythm of CT, creatinine phosphate kinase (CPK), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and urea in both seasons, while calcium did not exhibit any rhythmicity. The rhythmic parameters of mesor, amplitude and acrophase analysis showed significant (p < 0.05) effects of season. The amplitudes, except for ALP, were greater during the harmattan. The acrophase, except for CPK and urea, were all restricted to the light phase of the light-dark cycle. The results, demonstrated strong seasonal changes on the daily rhythmicity of CT and blood biochemical parameters of quails under natural light-dark circle, which could be useful for researchers, clinicians and agriculturists under different climatic conditions.

PP.22.05] HIGH PHOSPHATURIA IS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF PROGRESSION OF RENAL DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME AND EARLY CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is linked to increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by mechanisms not yet established. Experimental data show that high urinary phosphorus excretion (UPE) is related to kidney injury. So far, it is unknown whether high UPE is related to CKD progression in patients with MS. To analyze factors related to CKD progression in patients with MS, focusing on UPE, independently of previously known factors. Design and method: Retrospective case-control study. Patients with MS and early CKD regularly followed in a Hypertension Center. Inclusion criteria: 18–80 years-old, MS defined by International Diabetes Federation criteria, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 30–90 ml/min/1.73m2, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (A/Cr) < 0,4 mg/mg. Exclusion criteria: known primary renal diseases as cause of CKD. Demographic variables, comorbidity, medication use, blood and urine biochemical variables were collected from a database. The slope of eGFR (seGFR) change during the follow-up was calculated using first and last eGFR and follow-up time. Patients with seGFR lower or higher than median value were classified as progressors (PRO) or non-progressors (NON-PRO) respectively. The prediction of PRO condition was considered as primary aim. Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors related to PRO condition. Multivariate analysis adjusted for relevant variables. Results: 95 patients were included, age 63,08 ± 11,54 years-old (mean value ± standard deviation), eGFR 62,11 ± 19,09 ml/min/1.73m2, A/Cr 0,05 ± 0,08 mg/mg, follow-up of 2.71 ± 1.61 years. In the univariante analysis, a higher urinary P excretion measured by urinary P to creatinine ratio (P/Cr) in the first morning void was found in PRO vs NON-PRO (0,66 ± 0,18 vs 0,57 ± 0,16 respectively, p = 0,012). No other significant differences were found. A correlation P/Cr and seGFR was observed. In multivariate analysis baseline eGFR, systolic blood pressure and P/Cr were independently associated with seGFR. P/Cr and A/Cr were independent predictors of PRO condition. Conclusions: High urinary P excretion is associated with decline in GFR and CKD progression in patients with MS and early stages of CKD independently of previously known CKD progression related factors.

Arterial and Venous Blood Gas, Electrolytes, Biochemical and Hematological Values in Healthy Korean Native Calves

The objective of this study was to investigate arterial and venous blood gas, electrolytes, biochemical, and hematological values in healthy Korean native calves (KNC). The healthy 62 KNC within 3 weeks-old were examined. The arterial blood was collected from caudal auricular artery and the venous blood from jugular vein. The blood samples were analyzed immediately using a portable blood gas analyzer. The pH, pO₂, pCO₂, cHCO₃ − , BE, cSO₂, Na + , Ca 2+ , Cl − , anion gap potassium (AgapK), Hct, cHgb, glucose, lactate and creatinine were determined. The normal values for blood gas, electrolytes, biochemical, and hematological variables determined in this study agree with other published values for normal calves. The mean concentration of glucose and lactate within 3 weeks old of KNC is higher than those of adult cattle. The blood values according to weeks of age within 3 weeks-old of arterial and venous blood variables were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Glucose (r = 0.927) had the strongest correlations between arterial and venous values. The correlation between the values of the arterial and the venous blood was strong in creatinine (r = 0.925), lactate (r = 0.815), Ca 2+ (r = 0.806), Hct (r = 0.799), Na + (r = 0.790), cHgb (r = 0.786), base excess (r = 0.749), pH (r = 0.710), HCO₃ − (r = 0.710), and cTCO₂ (0.663). Analysis of blood samples in a field condition, using hand-held analyzer is rapid and useful in bovine practice.

Avaliação hemogasométrica, bioquímica e hematológica de ovinos suplementados com melão

RESUMOO presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos da administração de duas diferentes quantidades de melão sobre variáveis hemogasométricas, bioquímicas e hematológicas de ovinos não adaptados. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos canulados, pesando 25kg de peso vivo, que nunca receberam ração concentrada. Os animais receberam dieta à base de feno (2,3% do peso vivo) e água à vontade. Os ovinos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos e receberam 25% ou 75% da matéria seca (MS) da dieta de melão triturado (G25% e G75%, respectivamente) diretamente no rúmen. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue e determinação do pH ruminal nos seguintes tempos: zero, 3, 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas após oferecimento do melão. Foi realizada análise hemogasométrica, do volume globular, determinação da concentração plasmática de lactato-L, glicose e osmolaridade sérica. No G25%, o pH sanguíneo variou entre 7,40 e 7,31, enquanto o G75% apresentou pH entre 7,38 e 7,26. Maiores concentrações de glicose plasmática foram detectadas no G75% no T3, T6 e T12 (P&lt;0,05). Os ovinos que receberam 25% de melão mantiveram parâmetros sanguíneos dentro da normalidade, ao passo que, no G75%, os ovinos apresentaram discreta acidose metabólica sistêmica e hiperglicemia. A suplementação com 25% de melão pode ser uma alternativa segura na alimentação de ovinos.

Desenvolvimento corporal, avaliações de carcaça e lipedimia de caprinos machos alimentados com grão de linhaça na dieta

The study was carried out with objective to evaluate the effects of whole linseed addition in the diet of male goats on the development, blood and biochemical characteristics and on the Boer and Anglo-nubian males carcass. They were randomly divided in two groups balanced by breed, confined and submitted to diet with 9.5% of whole linseed and a control diet. The animals were observed from 4 to 12 months old and were evaluated on the body development, carcass yielding, feeding conversion, weight gain, biochemical levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and fractions, and on Longissimus dorsi muscle total fat, omega (ω) 3, ω-6, saturated fats, unsaturated fatty acids, ω-6/ω-3 ratio, saturated/unsaturated fats ratio were analyzed. The variables were analyzed by the BootStrap methodology. All the variables, with exception of triglycerides levels and Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), did not present differences (P&gt;0.05). So it was concluded that whole linseed addition in the male goat diet did not promote improvement in the body development, blood biochemical variables and characteristics of carcasses.

The role of uric acid in the insulin resistance in children and adolescents with obesity

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between serum uric acid levels and insulin resistance in children and adolescents with obesity. MethodsCross-sectional study with 245 children and adolescents (134 obese and 111 controls), aged 8–18 years. The anthropometric variables (weight, height and waist circumference), blood pressure and biochemical parameters were collected. The clinical characteristics of the groups were analyzed by t-test or chi-square test. To evaluate the association between uric acid levels and insulin resistance the Pearson's test and logistic regression were applied. ResultsThe prevalence of insulin resistance was 26.9%. The anthropometric variables, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and biochemical variables were significantly higher in the obese group (p<0.001), except for the high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. There was a positive and significant correlation between anthropometric variables and uric acid with HOMA-IR in the obese and in the control groups, which was higher in the obese group and in the total sample. The logistic regression model that included age, gender and obesity, showed an odds ratio of uric acid as a variable associated with insulin resistance of 1.91 (95%CI 1.40–2.62; p<−0.001). ConclusionsThe increase in serum uric acid showed a positive statistical correlation with insulin resistance and it is associated with and increased risk of insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents.