Blood Adiponectin Concentrations Research Articles

Involvement of the vagus nerve and hepatic gene expression in serum adiponectin concentrations in mice.

Several humoral factors, such as adiponectin and urate, have been suggested to affect metabolic syndromes. Previously, we reported a reduction in blood adiponectin concentrations after a high-fructose diet partially via the vagus nerve in rats. Although a lithogenic diet (LD), i.e., supplementation of a normal control diet (CT) with 0.6% cholesterol and 0.2% sodium cholate, reduced blood adiponectin concentrations, the involvement of the vagus nerve in this mechanism remains unclear. To estimate the involvement of the vagus nerve in the regulation of blood adiponectin concentrations using an LD, male imprinting control region mice that had been vagotomized (HVx) or only laparotomized (Sham) were administered a CT or an LD for 10weeks. Serum adiponectin concentrations in the Sham-LD, HVx-CT, and HVx-LD groups were reduced by half compared with the Sham-CT group. The hepatic mRNA levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), which reportedly stimulates adiponectin secretion from white adipose tissue, were lower in the LD groups compared with the CT groups. HepG2 hepatoma cells showed that various bile acids reduced the mRNA expression of FGF21. Moreover, the LD increased serum urate concentrations and reduced hepatic expressions of the acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1) mRNA and glucokinase, suggesting insufficient regeneration of ATP from AMP. In conclusion, serum adiponectin concentration may be regulated via the vagus nerve in normal mice, whereas a reduction of hepatic Fgf21 mRNA by bile acids may also lower serum adiponectin levels. Moreover, the LD may promote hepatic AMP accumulation and subsequently increase the serum urate concentration in mice.

Cord blood adiponectin and leptin concentrations in monochorionic twins with selective intrauterine growth restriction and their associations with childhood growth trajectories.

Being born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was associated with subsequent health issues later in life. However, the underlying role of adipokines in IUGR is unknown. To measure the adiponectin and leptin concentrations in the cord blood of monochorionic (MC) twins with selective IUGR (sIUGR) and evaluate their associations with childhood growth trajectories. Cord blood samples were collected from 22 pairs of MC twins with sIUGR and 20 pairs of normal MC twins. Adiponectin and leptin concentrations in cord blood were determined by ELISA. Data regarding perinatal outcomes and infantile growth trajectories from birth to 24 months were obtained. Only cord blood adiponectin concentrations were associated with IUGR (β -1.51, 95% CI -2.45, -0.57, p = 0.002), and cord blood leptin concentrations were significantly lower in sIUGR twins compared to normal twins (2.8 ± 1.6 vs. 6.4 ± 3.0, p < 0.001). Adiponectin concentrations were negatively associated with height increments from birth to 6 months (β -0.28, 95% CI -0.51, -0.06, p = 0.015). Leptin concentrations were negatively associated with weight at 6 and 24 months (β -0.12 95% CI -0.22, -0.02, p = 0.002; β -0.18 95% CI -0.33, -0.03, p = 0.019) and weight and height increments from birth to 6 months (β -0.17 95% CI -0.29, -0.06, p = 0.020; β -0.40 95% CI -0.81, -0.01, p = 0.037). Cord blood adiponectin concentrations were negatively associated with IUGR but did not predict childhood growth. Cord blood leptin concentrations were inversely associated with weight and height increments in the first 6 months.

Edible Vitalmelon Fruit Extract Inhibits Adipogenesis and Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity.

Conventional breeding of wild (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino (CM)) and cultivated (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus (CR)) melons is aimed at improving their biological traits. Here, we prepared a nontoxic, bioactive extract of vitalmelon (F1 hybrid) and evaluated its antiadipogenic and antiobesity effects in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced obese C57BL/6 mice. In fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the vitalmelon extract reduced the DMI- (dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and insulin-) induced increases in lipid droplet number and intracellular glucose and triglyceride levels. In addition, the extract inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation by downregulating PPAR-γ and target genes LPL, CD36, HMGCR, and L-FABP. To investigate the inhibitory effects of the vitalmelon extract on lipid metabolism, we measured serum lipid, hormone, and cytokine concentrations; lipolytic activity; lipid accumulation; and adipogenesis in HFD-fed mice treated with the extract. The HFD+vitalmelon-fed mice showed lower blood cholesterol, free fatty acid, sugar, leptin, and insulin concentrations but higher blood adiponectin concentrations than the HFD-fed mice. Moreover, the HFD+vitalmelon-fed mice showed lower abdominal fat levels, smaller fat cells, lower weight, and fewer lipid droplets in the liver tissue than the HFD-fed mice. Therefore, in HFD-fed mice, vitalmelon regulated lipid metabolism through PPAR-γ, highlighting its potential as a promising antiobesity functional food.

Neonatal orally administered curcumin: impact on the metabolic response and renal histology of Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fructose diet until adolescence

BackgroundFructose-rich diets are linked to the epidemic of metabolic syndrome and co-morbidities including nephropathy. Phytochemicals are increasingly being used for medicinal purposes due to their perceived safety compared to conventional drugs. Although previously shown to beneficially programme metabolism, these phytochemicals might have a negative impact on metabolic health when introduced early in life. We investigated whether neonatal administration of curcumin to rats would impact their response in adolescence to a high-fructose diet. Sprague-Dawley pups (n = 128) were administered either 0.5% dimethyl sulphoxide, curcumin (500 mg kg−1), fructose (20%, w/v) or a combination of curcumin and fructose from post-natal day 6 to 21. Each group was then subdivided into two; one had tap water, while the other had fructose (20%, w/v) to drink for 6 weeks.ResultsThere were no differences (p > 0.05) in the fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, plasma insulin and adiponectin concentrations across the groups. The renal corpuscular, glomerular tuft and Bowman capsular areas were similar (p > 0.05) across the treatment groups, in both sexes. Post-weaning fructose alone induced tubular secretions and mesangial proliferation in the kidneys which were prevented by curcumin.ConclusionsDespite the observed benefits in adolescence, the impact of curcumin on renal health beyond adolescence needs to be explored.

Effect of different dry period duration on milk components and serum metabolites, and their associations with the first conception rate in multiparous Holstein dairy cows

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of different dry period (DP) lengths on milk fat to protein ratio (FPR) and metabolic status – blood leptin, adiponectin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations in dairy cows, and their associations with the result of the first timed artificial insemination (TAI). Cows were blocked either to short DP (SDP; 30±2 days; n=72) or conventional DP (CDP; 60±2 days; n=76). Milk FPR was calculated at 30 and 60 days in milk (DIM). Body condition score (BCS) was recorded at –60, –30, calving, and 60 DIM. Blood samples were obtained at –60, –30, –7, calving, +7, +30, and +60 DIM for serum metabolites measurement. TAI was implemented between 65–75 DIM for all cows. Milk FPR and its changes were statistically analysed using an independent sample t test. To assess the impact of time, the pattern of BCS, and serum metabolites on the result of the first AI, repeated measure ANOVA was used. Only FPR-30 DIM revealed significant difference between pregnant and non-pregnant cows in SDP group (P&lt;0.01). Reduced BCS loss was observed in the SDP group and followed by slightly higher probability of pregnancy at first AI (P=0.19). Leptin was not altered by shortening the DP (P≥0.1). Significant differences were observed in blood adiponectin prepartum (P&lt;0.001) and at +7 DIM (P&lt;0.01), as well as in NEFA at +7 and +30 DIM between the two groups (P&lt;0.05). Pregnant cows following the first AI had significantly high postpartum leptin concentrations (P&lt;0.05), high prepartum adiponectin (P≤0.001), and lower NEFA at +7 DIM (P&lt;0.01) in the SDP group. In conclusion, shortening the dry period caused reduced BCS loss postpartum and variations in serum metabolits that favoured the possibility of pregnancy at first AI.

Determinants of cord blood adipokines and association with neonatal abdominal adipose tissue distribution

BackgroundCord blood leptin and adiponectin are adipokines known to be associated with birth weight and overall infant adiposity. However, few studies have investigated their associations with abdominal adiposity in neonates. We examined maternal factors associated with cord blood leptin and adiponectin, and the association of these adipokines with neonatal adiposity and abdominal fat distribution measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an Asian mother–offspring cohort.MethodsGrowing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO), is a prospective mother–offspring birth cohort study in Singapore. Cord blood plasma leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured using Luminex and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay respectively in 816 infants. A total of 271 neonates underwent MRI within the first 2-weeks after delivery. Abdominal superficial (sSAT), deep subcutaneous (dSAT), and intra-abdominal (IAT) adipose tissue compartment volumes were quantified from MRI images. Multivariable regression analyses were performed.ResultsIndian or Malay ethnicity, female sex, and gestational age were positively associated with cord blood leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Maternal gestational diabetes (GDM) positively associated with cord blood leptin concentrations but inversely associated with cord blood adiponectin concentrations. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) showed a positive relationship with cord blood leptin but not with adiponectin concentrations. Each SD increase in cord blood leptin was associated with higher neonatal sSAT, dSAT and IAT; differences in SD (95% CI): 0.258 (0.142, 0.374), 0.386 (0.254, 0.517) and 0.250 (0.118, 0.383), respectively. Similarly, each SD increase in cord blood adiponectin was associated with higher neonatal sSAT and dSAT; differences in SD (95% CI): 0.185 (0.096, 0.274) and 0.173 (0.067, 0.278), respectively. The association between cord blood adiponectin and neonatal adiposity was observed in neonates of obese mothers only.ConclusionsCord blood leptin and adiponectin concentrations were associated with ethnicity, maternal BMI and GDM, sex and gestational age. Both adipokines showed positive association with neonatal abdominal adiposity.

Association between Adiponectin Levels and Abdominal Obesity among a Population of Secondary School Children in Vietnam

Background: The rate of childhood obesity is rising across the world. The relationship between the level of adiponectin, which is a known marker for metabolic syndrome, and Abdominal Obesity (AO) among children are reported in various reports worldwide; however, there has not been such a research in Vietnam. This study aims to investigate adiponectin levels and its association with abdominal obesity among Vietnamese schoolchildren. Methods: We included 821 grade six students from four randomly selected secondary schools in Hanoi for anthropometric measurements and collecting biochemical samples for blood adiponectin, HbA1C, HDL-C, and LDL-C concentration analysis. AO was identified by waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) of ≥ 0.5. Mann-Whitney’s U test was performed to compare abdominal and non-abdominal obesity among boys and girls. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association of AO and body mass index (BMI) with adiponectin levels. Results: Adiponectin levels were lower in boys (7.65 µg/mL) than in girls (8.79 µg/mL). The percentage of boys with adiponectin levels less than the median was 39.64% in the non-AO group and 66.45% in the AO group, while the percentage for girls were 47.01% in the non-AO group and 74.07% in the AO group. When adiponectin levels were below median, the adjusted odd ratios (aOR) of AO and BMI at 95% confidence intervals were 2.89 (1.74-4.89) in boys and 2.55 (1.27-5.12) in girls and 2.73 (1.66-4.49) in boys and 1.96 (1.16-3.31) in girls, respectively. Conclusions: Regardless of sex, among schoolchildren, adiponectin levels are significantly different between abdominal and non-abdominal obesity groups. Adiponectin generates a clearer effect on AO in boys, and the aOR of AO is higher than BMI aOR. These results suggest that preventing AO could improve the levels of adiponectin in schoolchildren, which will consequently prevent metabolic syndrome and non-communicable diseases in the future.

Blood adipocytokine concentration in patients with peripheral artery disease.

Inflammatory responses mediated by adipocytokines may affect both atherosclerosis development and progression, as well as the risk of in-stent restenosis. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between blood leptin, adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations and the 1-year outcome of superficial femoral artery (SFA) stenting. Blood concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and TNF-α were determined in 70 patients undergoing SFA stenting due to intermittent claudication and in 40 patients undergoing carotid artery stenting (CAS). All subjects were followed up for at least 1 year in relation to the occurrence of clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR) or a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE). Patients undergoing SFA stenting and CAS had similar blood adipocytokine concentrations. Patients with diabetes mellitus presented a higher leptin concentration, lower adiponectin-to-leptin ratio, and lower blood adiponectin concentration indexed to fat mass (FM) and to visceral adiposity score (VAS). In Kaplan-Meier analysis, blood concentration of TNF-α indexed to FM and to VAS was higher in patients who underwent TLR and MACE. However, in multifactorial analysis, the severity of atherosclerosis lesions in the femoropopliteal vascular region, estimated in relation to TASC-II classification, was the only predictor of TLR. Circulating adipocytokines did not distinguish patients with different clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. Higher ratios of TNF-α -to-FM and to VAS before SFA stenting were related to TLR and MACE occurrence. Dysregulation in adipocytokine secretion may be a potential mediator of a proatherogenic action of diabetes mellitus in patients with peripheral artery disease.

Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Ameliorates Hyperglycemia and Hepatic Steatosis in Ovariectomized Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

Estrogen deficiency is associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, and increased insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. An efficient therapeutic agent prevents or improves postmenopausal conditions induced by estrogen deficiency. Here, we investigated the effects of aqueous Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. extract on glucose and lipid metabolism in ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Female Sprague-Dawley rats were sham-operated or ovariectomized, and 3 weeks later were assigned to the following groups: sham-operated + HFD (S); ovariectomized + HFD (OVX); and ovariectomized + HFD with 0.5% A. pilosa aqueous extract (OVX + 0.5A) groups. Ovariectomy significantly increased body weight and dietary intake relative to the S group. However, A. pilosa treatment did not significantly affect weight gain or dietary intake. Blood triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels tended to decrease in the A. pilosa-supplemented group. Blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the OVX + 0.5A group than those in the OVX group. Blood adiponectin and insulin concentrations increased significantly after A. pilosa treatment in the ovariectomized group. A. pilosa supplementation tended to decrease liver weights and prevented lipid accumulation. These effects correlated with reduced hepatic expression of lipogenesis-related genes (fatty acid synthase, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase). Therefore, A. pilosa may improve metabolic disorders in ovariectomized rats.

Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation on Body Composition and Vascular Health in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Abstract Objectives Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common female endocrine disorder and a leading cause of female infertility in the US. In addition, PCOS women have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hypertension (HTN) and heart disease. One of the most significant factors associated with HTN is increased circulating angiotensin II (Ang II). Metabolites generated as result of whey protein digestion improve insulin sensitivity, inhibit ACE (an enzyme responsible for production of Ang II) thereby playing an important role in the prevention of HTN and associated cardio-vascular pathologies. These benefits of whey protein ingestion have been demonstrated in normal populations and in individuals with T2DM.The purpose of this study was to examine changes in blood pressure (BP), Ang II and Adiponectin concentrations following 40 days of whey protein supplementation and to examine differences in baseline measurements of between body fat distribution in PCOS women and healthy controls (CON). Methods Women with PCOS and CON consumed 35 g of whey protein for 40 days. Baseline, Day 20 and Day 40 concentrations were measured via plasma and serum collection. Resting BP (Systolic and Diastolic pressures; SBP and DBP respectively) were measured with an electronic monitor were used to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) at baseline, Day 20 and Day 40. DXA was used to estimate body composition and fat distribution (total body fat, trunk fat and Android: Gynoid fat ratio [A: G]) at baseline. Results Preliminary analyses indicates that at baseline SBP was significantly lower in the CON group compared to PCOS. However, DBP and MAP had no significant differences at baseline. The PCOS group also had lower adiponectin levels at baseline when compared to the CON group. Ang II concentrations, as well as Day 20 and Day 40 analysis are currently being evaluated. Conclusions Overall, our results indicate that vascular health is compromised in young women with PCOS compared to health controls. Results from this research, will not only help provide a better understanding of the link between inflammatory markers such as Ang II and the increased risk of HTN commonly seen in women with PCOS, but it also provide a nutritional intervention to help prevent these disorders. Funding Sources Glanbia Nutritionals, Inc., TWU Research Enhancement Program, TWU Human Nutrition Research funds.

Anti‐hypertensive Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common female endocrine disorder and a leading cause of female infertility affecting about 5 million women of reproductive age in the US. It is characterized by metabolic dysfunction, abnormal hormonal pattern, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia and an inflammatory state. In addition, PCOS women have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hypertension (HTN) and heart disease. One of the most significant factors associated with HTN is increased circulating angiotensin II (Ang II). Ang II is a pro‐inflammatory factor produced by adipose tissue and has been implicated in linking obesity, inflammation and IR. Metabolites generated as result of whey protein digestion improve insulin sensitivity, inhibit ACE (an enzyme responsible for production of Ang II) thereby playing an important role in the prevention of HTN and associated cardio‐vascular pathologies. These benefits of whey protein ingestion have been demonstrated in normal populations and in individuals with T2DM. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in blood pressure (BP), Ang II and Adiponectin concentrations following 40 days of whey protein supplementation and to examine differences in baseline measurements of between body fat distribution in PCOS women and healthy controls (CON). Women with PCOS and CON were recruited from Texas Woman’s University (TWU) and asked to consume 35g of whey protein for 40 days. Baseline, Day 20 and Day 40 concentrations were measured via plasma and serum collection. Resting BP (Systolic and Diastolic pressures; SBP and DBP respectively) were measured with an electronic monitor were used to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) at baseline, Day 20 and Day 40. DXA was used to estimate body composition and fat distribution (total body fat, trunk fat and Android: Gynoid fat ratio [A:G]) at baseline. Protocols used in this study were approved by TWU’s Institutional Review Board (IRB). Preliminary analyses indicates that at baseline SBP was significantly lower in the CON group compared to PCOS. However, DBP and MAP had no significant differences at baseline. The PCOS group also had lower adiponectin levels at baseline when compared to the CON group. Ang II concentrations, as well as Day 20 and Day 40 analysis are currently being evaluated. Overall, our results indicate that vascular health is compromised in young women with PCOS compared to health controls. Results from this research, will not only help provide a better understanding of the link between inflammatory markers such as Ang II and the increased risk of HTN commonly seen in women with PCOS, but it also provide a nutritional intervention to help prevent these disorders.Support or Funding InformationGlanbia Nutritionals, Inc., TWU Research Enhancement Program, TWU Human Nutrition Research funds.

Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Tithonia Diversifolia Terhadap Regulasi Kadar Adiponektin pada Diabetes Melitus Tikus Putih Wistar

Diabetes Melitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to lack of insulin secretion or insulin activity resistance. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the kidneys, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. The purpose of this study was to analyze the activity of Adiponektin, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glucose level in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats. All wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, control (D0), induction group (D1), thitonia extract dose 100 mg / kg bw (D2) and catechin dose 10 mg/kg bw (D3) for 7 days. Model diabetes were used by induction of streptozotocin (Stz) at dosage 60 mg / kg bw intraperitoneally (ip) for 7 days. On the 8th day after the treatment, all groups of rats were sacrificed for blood samples for measured levels of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde and Adiponektine protein using Elisa technique, and measure of glucose level with calorimetry technique. Statistical analysis of data to examine differences in treatment and control was conducted by one way Anova test with a 95% confidence level (α=0.05). The results showed that there were differences in glucose levels (p = 0.020) and Adiponektin (p = 0.001) between the control and treatment groups, but there were no differences in level of MDA (p = 0.103) and SOD (p = 0.207 ) between groups. Base on the results of the study concluded that the administration of Tithonia Diversifolia leaf extract could reduce blood sugar and Adiponectin concentrations significantly (p≤0.05) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic on rats.

Adiponectin and human eating behaviour: a Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundAdiponectin plays key roles in regulating appetite and food intake. Altered circulating adiponectin levels have been observed in human eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge eating. In addition, an association between circulating adiponectin levels and human eating behaviour (EB) has been reported. Interestingly, a disturbance in eating behaviour is the defining characteristic of human eating disorders. However, it is unknown whether adiponectin is causally implicated in human EB. We therefore aimed to investigate the causal effect of adiponectin on EB.ResultsMendelian randomization (MR) analysis estimated the influence of blood adiponectin on EB by combining data on the association of adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) variants with adiponectin levels and with three EB factors involving disinhibition, restraint and hunger. Using inverse-variance weighted (IVW) regression method and other complementary MR techniques (weighted median regression, MR Egger and weighted modal regression), the MR analysis revealed a broadly consistent evidence that higher blood adiponectin concentration was significantly associated with increased EB factor disinhibition (beta coefficient for IVW regression [βIVW], 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10, 5.00) but non-significantly associated with increased EB factor restraint (βIVW, 0.17; 95% CI − 1.85, 2.18), and increased EB factor hunger (βIVW, 1.63; 95% CI − 0.75, 4.01).ConclusionsOverall, our findings indicate a causal role of adiponectin levels in eating disinhibition but not in eating restraint and hunger.

Corrigendum.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.33171.].

Blood adiponectin concentration at birth in small for gestational age neonates: A meta-analysis

AimsSmall for gestational age (SGA) is associated with increased rates of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Adiponectin secreted from adipose tissue is implicated in the etiology of death and illness during infancy. SGA is also a likely risk factor for the development of metabolic and clinical complications in adulthood. The present study was performed to determine whether SGA neonates and healthy controls show differences in blood adiponectin concentration at birth. MethodsDatabases were searched to identify English-language studies providing the numbers of SGA neonates, the numbers of healthy controls, and the means and standard deviations (SDs) of blood adiponectin concentrations at birth in both groups. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). A meta-analysis was performed to summarize the standardized mean differences (SMDs) in blood adiponectin concentration between SGA neonates and healthy controls. ResultsThe results summarized from five good quality (i.e., NOS score ≥ 5) studies involving 253 neonates showed that blood adiponectin concentration was significantly lower in SGA neonates than in healthy controls (P = 0.016), and the effect was moderate (i.e., SMD = 0.4–0.7). ConclusionsSynthetic evidence indicated that blood adiponectin concentration at birth is lower in SGA neonates than in healthy controls.

Cord blood insulin, IGF‐I, IGF‐II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin, and their associations with insulin sensitivity, β‐cell function and adiposity in infancy

Vulnerability to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes may originate in early life, but little is known about whether any perinatal biomarkers are predictive of later metabolic health. We sought to assess whether cord blood insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin are associated with metabolic health indicators in infancy. In a prospective singleton birth cohort, we assessed cord blood insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations in relation to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell function (HOMA-β), fasting proinsulin-to-insulin ratio, BMIz-score, and the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (an indicator of adiposity) in infants at age 1year (n=185). Adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics, one standard deviation (sd) increase in cord blood adiponectin was associated with an 11.1% (95% confidence interval 1.8-19.5%) decrease in HOMA-β (P=0.02) and a 13.6% (1.8-26.8%) increase in proinsulin-to-insulin ratio (P=0.02), indicating worse β-cell function in infants at age 1year. One sd increase in cord blood insulin was associated with a 0.5 (0.1-1.0)mm increase in skinfold thickness (P=0.01). One sd increase in cord blood ghrelin was associated with a 0.2 (0.02-0.3) decrease in BMIz-score (P=0.02) and a 0.5 (0.1-0.9)mm decrease (P=0.02) in skinfold thickness. Cord blood IGF-I and IGF-II were not associated with the observed metabolic health indicators at age 1year. The study is the first to show that cord blood adiponectin may be negatively predictive of β-cell function, whereas cord blood ghrelin may be negatively predictive of adiposity in infancy.

Effect of Agrimonia Pilosa Ledeb. on glucose tolerance and hepatic steatosis in ovariectomized rats fed high fat diet

Estrogen deficiency is associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, and increased insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. Development of an efficient therapeutic agent without side effects is needed to prevent or improve postmenopausal symptoms and diseases induced by estrogen deficiency. This study was performed to investigate the effects of water extract from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. on glucose and lipid metabolism in ovariectomized rats fed high fat diet. Female Sprague Dawley rats were sham operated or ovariectomized and after 3 weeks, assigned to the following groups: sham‐operated + high fat diet(S); ovariectomized + high fat diet (OVX); ovariectomized + high fat diet with 0.1% A. pilosa water extract (OVX+0.1A); ovariectomized + high fat diet with 0.5% A. pilosa water extract (OVX+0.5A). In our results, ovariectomy significantly increased body weight and dietary intake compare with sham group (p&lt;0.05), however there was no significant difference in weight gain and dietary intake by A. pilosa treatment. Blood triglyceride, total‐cholesterol, and LDL‐cholesterol showed a tendency to decrease in A. pilosa supplemented groups. In glucose metabolism, we observed the blood glucose levels of the OVX+0.1A and OVX+0.5A groups were lower than those of the OVX group (p&lt;0.05). Blood adiponectin concentration was also increased significantly by A. pilosa treatment in ovariectomized group (p&lt;0.05). Additionally, we investigated the suppressive effect of A. pilosa aqueous extract on hepatic lipid accumulation. These effects were accompanied by reduced hepatic tissue expression of steatosis‐related genes. These data suggest that A. pilosa improves glucose tolerance and hepatic steatosis in ovariectomized rats.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by a research project of the National Institute of Agricultural Science of the Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea (project no. PJ008554), and by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (No. 2017R1C1B5018328).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Associations of neonatal adiponectin and leptin with growth and body composition in African American infants.

Cord blood adiponectin and leptin concentrations are associated with birth weight and adiposity. Birth size and rate of infant weight gain are associated with future obesity risk. However, it is unclear whether biomarkers reflecting the intrauterine environment are predictive of infant prospective body composition change. To examine whether cord blood adiponectin and leptin are predictive of neonatal adiposity and fat mass (FM) accrual to 3months of age. Participants (n=36) were healthy African American infants. Leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured in umbilical cord blood. At 2weeks and 3months, infant body composition was assessed via air displacement plethysmography. Weight-for-length z-scores (WLZ) were calculated using World Health Organization standards. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations of cord blood adiponectin and leptin with birth WLZ; WLZ, FM and fat-free mass at 2weeks, and the conditional change in these variables from 2weeks to 3months (body composition at 3months adjusted for body composition at 2weeks). Adiponectin was positively associated with FM at 2weeks (r=0.45, P<0.01), but inversely associated with conditional FM change from 2weeks to 3months of age (r=-0.38, P<0.05). Leptin was not significantly associated with infant body composition. Adiponectin may be a marker for FM accrual in African American infants, a relatively understudied population with a high long-term obesity risk. Mechanistic studies are needed to determine whether adiponectin directly influences infant growth or is simply a maker reflective of other ongoing biological changes after birth.

Maternal and Cord Blood Adiponectin Concentrations in Small for Gestational Age: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Adiponectin, which may have a growth-promoting effect through its insulin-sensitizing action, is thought to play a key role in fetal growth. This study was performed to determine whether maternal and/or cord blood adiponectin concentrations differ between small for gestational age (SGA) and healthy controls. Methods: Databases were searched to identify good quality English language studies providing the number of SGA and healthy controls, and the means and standard deviations of maternal or cord blood adiponectin concentration in both groups. A meta-analysis was performed to summarize the standardized mean differences (SMDs) in maternal and cord blood adiponectin concentrations between SGA and healthy controls. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in maternal blood adiponectin concentration between SGA and healthy controls (n = 8, p = 0.951). However, cord blood adiponectin concentration was significantly lower in SGA than in healthy controls (n = 6, p = 0.028), and the effect was large (i.e., SMD >0.7). Conclusions: Maternal blood adiponectin concentration is not low in SGA compared with healthy controls. However, SGA shows lower cord blood adiponectin concentration than healthy controls.

Metabolic Profiling of Adiponectin Levels in Adults: Mendelian Randomization Analysis.

Adiponectin, a circulating adipocyte-derived protein, has insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, and cardiomyocyte-protective properties in animal models. However, the systemic effects of adiponectin in humans are unknown. Our aims were to define the metabolic profile associated with higher blood adiponectin concentration and investigate whether variation in adiponectin concentration affects the systemic metabolic profile. We applied multivariable regression in ≤5909 adults and Mendelian randomization (using cis-acting genetic variants in the vicinity of the adiponectin gene as instrumental variables) for analyzing the causal effect of adiponectin in the metabolic profile of ≤37 545 adults. Participants were largely European from 6 longitudinal studies and 1 genome-wide association consortium. In the multivariable regression analyses, higher circulating adiponectin was associated with higher high-density lipoprotein lipids and lower very-low-density lipoprotein lipids, glucose levels, branched-chain amino acids, and inflammatory markers. However, these findings were not supported by Mendelian randomization analyses for most metabolites. Findings were consistent between sexes and after excluding high-risk groups (defined by age and occurrence of previous cardiovascular event) and 1 study with admixed population. Our findings indicate that blood adiponectin concentration is more likely to be an epiphenomenon in the context of metabolic disease than a key determinant.