Abstract
BackgroundAdiponectin plays key roles in regulating appetite and food intake. Altered circulating adiponectin levels have been observed in human eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge eating. In addition, an association between circulating adiponectin levels and human eating behaviour (EB) has been reported. Interestingly, a disturbance in eating behaviour is the defining characteristic of human eating disorders. However, it is unknown whether adiponectin is causally implicated in human EB. We therefore aimed to investigate the causal effect of adiponectin on EB.ResultsMendelian randomization (MR) analysis estimated the influence of blood adiponectin on EB by combining data on the association of adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) variants with adiponectin levels and with three EB factors involving disinhibition, restraint and hunger. Using inverse-variance weighted (IVW) regression method and other complementary MR techniques (weighted median regression, MR Egger and weighted modal regression), the MR analysis revealed a broadly consistent evidence that higher blood adiponectin concentration was significantly associated with increased EB factor disinhibition (beta coefficient for IVW regression [βIVW], 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10, 5.00) but non-significantly associated with increased EB factor restraint (βIVW, 0.17; 95% CI − 1.85, 2.18), and increased EB factor hunger (βIVW, 1.63; 95% CI − 0.75, 4.01).ConclusionsOverall, our findings indicate a causal role of adiponectin levels in eating disinhibition but not in eating restraint and hunger.
Highlights
Adiponectin plays key roles in regulating appetite and food intake
If adiponectin serum levels are altered in eating disorders, the genetic variant associated with adiponectin concentration should be associated with eating behaviour. We investigated this assumption through the use of a number of complementary Mendelian randomization (MR) techniques to examine the causal nature of the association between blood adiponectin level and threefactor eating behaviour involving restraint, disinhibition and hunger in Central European (CEU) population
Sensitivity analysis While we considered our MR approach unlikely to be biased by horizontal pleiotropy given the functional relationship of Adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) to adiponectin levels, yet, we investigated the presence of potential bias, by running a number of sensitivity analyses involving weighted-median regression, MR Egger and weighted modal regression that provide causal estimates under less stringent assumptions than the traditional MR approach
Summary
Altered circulating adiponectin levels have been observed in human eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge eating. A disturbance in eating behaviour is the defining characteristic of human eating disorders It is unknown whether adiponectin is causally implicated in human EB. Human circulating adiponectin is a well-described 30 kDa adipocytokine implicated in a wide range of antiinflammatory [1], insulin-sensitizing [2] and eating disorder [3] pathways. Polymorphisms of the ligand adiponectin gene, ADIPOQ, have been linked with a range of important clinical parameters such as body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [22,23,24]. Studies have shown that serum adiponectin secretion in patients with bulimia nervosa
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