Blocking Activity Research Articles

Molecular characterization and bioinformatic analysis of SGU protein in Anopheles culicifacies as target for transmission blocking activity.

In tropical countries, malaria transmission is the major health issue. To eradicate malaria, health communities depend on the control measure that affects economy and environment of the countries. To overcome these burdens, there is a great need to develop vaccine against malaria, but there is no vaccine to control malaria effectively. Transmission blocking vaccine (TBV) is the best alternative approach to control malaria, which inhibits the malaria transmission. Mosquito-based TBVs, blocks the transmission of Plasmodium developmental stages in mosquito. There are some potential candidate antigens for mosquito-based TBV, e.g., AgCPB1, AnAPN1, AgFREP1, etc. AcSGU is one of the most potential candidates for TBVs. AcSGU protein is glycol-anchored protein in Anopheles culicifacies which is highly expressed after blood feeding. In the present study acsgu gene was amplified from genomic DNA, sequenced (GenBank id: MN402758) and characterised. The sequence of acsgu (gene and protein) was analysed by different immuno-informatics tools to confirm its potentiality as a candidate antigen. The target protein was cloned, isolated and immunised for immunogenic response analysis.The acsgu gene is single exonic whichencodes for AcSGU protein with single functional MBF2 domain. It is conserved in most of the Anopheles species. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed the stability and immunogenic nature of the protein. Protein-Protein interaction revealed effective interaction of AcSGU with Pf47 and TLR4 molecules. AcSGU protein was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) by using expression vector pLATE51. The immunogenic response in AcSGU protein was remarkable in the rabbit. This study confirmed that AcSGU protein is the potential candidate for transmission blocking vaccine to generate anti-midgut immunity against plasmodium. It can be used as a candidate for the development of multistage targeting vaccines against malaria.

Synthesis, molecular modeling, DFT studies, and enantioseparation of tetrahydro-4H-chromene derivatives with calcium channel blocking activity

Synthesis, molecular modeling, DFT studies, and enantioseparation of tetrahydro-4H-chromene derivatives with calcium channel blocking activity

Land–air interaction maintaining the tripole pattern of anomalous Eurasian blocking activities during the Meiyu season

Land–air interaction maintaining the tripole pattern of anomalous Eurasian blocking activities during the Meiyu season

Synthetic lignin derived from ferulic acid for UV-blocking sunscreen.

Conventional lignin, a dehydrogenated polymer derived primarily from hydroxycinnamic alcohol monomers, exhibits relatively low antioxidant and ultraviolet (UV)-blocking activities due to its structural imperfection. Herein, we demonstrated that the dehydrogenated polymer of ferulic acid (an unconventional lignin precursor) (FAL) had excellent antioxidant and UV-blocking properties. Structural characterization showed that FAL contains abundant dihydrobenzofuran and butyrolactone structures, free phenolic hydroxyl groups, and cinnamic acid end groups. Such structural characteristics endow FAL with much higher antioxidant activity and broader and stronger UV absorptivity (especially UVA) than conventional lignins. Our investigation showed that FAL could significantly improve the UV-blocking property of commercial SPF30 and SPF50 and render a relatively light color. These versatile properties make the FAL a potential ingredient for application in sunscreen products. This work is enlightening not only for exploring better antioxidant and UV-blocking polymers from the dehydrogenated polymers of phenolic compounds but also for biosynthesizing more advantageous lignin in plants.

An alternative formation mechanism for strike-slip fault in stable intracratonic basin

The cratonic strike-slip fault is a kind of fault developed by strike-slip motion in relatively stable tectonic settings. Compared to strike-slip faults developed in an active tectonic settings, cratonic strike-slip faults have small-scale characteristics, weak activity and are difficult to identify without high-quality 3D seismic data. To date, there have been few in-depth investigations of this kind of strike-slip fault, leading to a poor understanding of its characteristics and genetic mechanisms. In this study, we extensively investigated the cratonic strike-slip faults discovered in recent years in the Ordos Basins of China via 3D seismic data, and conducted comparative analyses with similar features observed in other intracratonic basins and active tectonic settings. This study suggests that cratonic strike-slip faults have some special characteristics, such as small displacement and low maturity even when they have been active during several orogenic processes, vertical stratified structural style, and decoupling with the basin periphery structures in terms of trending direction and kinematics. This paper proposed an alternative formation mechanism for cratonic strike-slip faults. The cratonic strike-slip faults nucleate from fractures induced by regional compressive stress instead of being directly inherited from preexisting faults or basement faults. These fractures experience brittle shearing movement under various structural processes, such as plane-differential compression, oblique compression, block rotation, and finally evolve into long strike-slip faults. The development of cratonic strike-slip faults probably record the special stress transmission within the stable craton, the weak in-plane tectonic stresses in the intracratonic basin, which mainly operate at shallow depths. This formation mechanism can provide a new perspective for the understanding of brittle deformation on the earth's surface, and help to elucidate the occurrence of earthquake activity in stable blocks.

Unveiling Wide Spectrum Therapeutic Implications and Signaling Mechanisms of Valsartan in Diverse Disorders: A Comprehensive Review.

Valsartan is an orally active non-peptide angiotensin receptor antagonist, an effective and well-tolerated anti-hypertensive drug. Besides its antihypertensive action, it has clinical implications in many other disorders, like heart failure (HF), arrhythmia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetic complications (DM), atherosclerosis, etc. Besides angiotensin receptor blocking activity, valsartan reduces circulating levels of biochemical markers, such as hs-CRP, which is responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. Moreover, valsartan also acts by inhibiting or inducing various signalling pathways, such as inducing autophagy via the AKT/mTOR/S6K pathway or inhibiting the TLR/NF-kB pathway. The current review exhaustively discusses the therapeutic implications of valsartan with specific emphasis on the mechanism of action in various disorders. The article provides a detailed spectrum of the therapeutic profile of valsartan and will likely be very useful to researchers working in the relevant research areas.

Enhancing 4‐D Landslide Monitoring and Block Interaction Analysis With a Novel Kalman‐Filter‐Based InSAR Approach

AbstractIn recent years, Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) has become widely utilized for slow‐moving landslide monitoring due to its high resolution, accuracy, and extensive coverage. By integrating data from various orbits/platforms and monitoring sources, one‐dimensional (1‐D) line‐of‐sight (LOS) InSAR measurements can be explored to infer three‐dimensional (3‐D) movements. However, inconsistencies in observation times among different orbits and monitoring sources pose challenges in accurately capturing dynamic 3‐D movements over time (referred to as 4‐D). In this study, we propose a novel method, termed KFI‐4D that incorporates spatiotemporal constraints into the traditional Kalman filter. This enhancement transforms the underdetermined problem of 4‐D movement acquisition into a dynamic parameter estimation problem, enabling precise monitoring of landslide movements. The KFI‐4D method was evaluated using both synthetic data sets and real data from the Hooskanaden landslide, demonstrating an improvement exceeding 50% in root mean square errors (RMSEs) compared to conventional methods. Additionally, the high‐resolution characteristics of InSAR‐derived 4‐D movements allow for the analysis of strain invariants, providing insights into block interactions and landslide dynamics. Our findings reveal that strain invariants effectively indicate the distribution and activity of landslide blocks and slip surfaces as well as their response to triggers. Notably, abnormal signals identified in strain invariants prior to the catastrophic event at Hooskanaden suggest potential for early warning of landslides. The future integration of data from advanced satellites, such as NISAR, ALOS4 PALSAR3, and Sentinel‐1C, is expected to further enhance the KFI‐4D method's capabilities, improving temporal resolution and early warning potential for landslide monitoring.

THE IMPACT OF THE PREDICTION-OBSERVATION-EXPLANATION MODEL ON PRESCHOOLERS’ UNDERSTANDING OF GEAR CONCEPTS THROUGH BLOCK PLAY

The complexity of gear concepts, often misunderstood by young children, highlights the need for educational frameworks beyond simple play. To examine the effects of using the prediction, observation, and explanation (POE) model in building block activities, a true experimental design was implemented. A total of 49 preschoolers were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, which engaged with building blocks embedded with the POE model, or a control group, which followed a building instruction guide. Data were gathered through pretests, posttests, and two-week delayed tests administered to all participants. The theoretical framework for this study was based on the POE model, emphasizing the importance of prediction, observation, and explanation in the learning process. The results revealed that the POE model had positive impacts on fostering young children’s acquisition of gear concepts. Specifically, gear speed and gear direction were identified as the most challenging concepts for preschoolers to grasp. The results highlight the critical role of children's reflection in learning these concepts. The participants’ common naive conceptions about gear function, gear speed, and gear direction were identified. The implications of these results highlight the importance of incorporating reflective practices in early childhood education to enhance concept acquisition and address misconceptions. Keywords: science education, gear concepts, building blocks, alternative conceptions, early childhood education

A comprehensive analysis of the major specificities of anti-human T lymphocyte porcine immunoglobulin (p-ATG).

Anti-human T lymphocyte porcine immunoglobulin (p-ATG) is a potent immunosuppressive agent derived from porcine sources used in various immunotherapy applications. It is compared with similar products derived from other species, such as rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (r-ATG) and ATG-Fresenius (ATG-F), which have distinct biological and therapeutic properties. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms of action and comparative efficacy of p-ATG in relation to r-ATG and ATG-F through a comprehensive in vitro analysis. A comparative analysis of p-ATG, r-ATG and ATG-F was performed, focusing on E rosette inhibitory potency, lymphocyte toxic potency, blocking activities of 24 CD molecules, and flow quantitative potency. Flow cytometric analysis was used to quantify these characteristics and assess the potency of the immunoglobulins. p-ATG exhibited lower E rosette inhibitory and lymphocyte toxic potencies compared to r-ATG but was significantly more potent than ATG-F at equivalent concentrations. At protein concentrations above 12.5µg/mL, p-ATG showed slightly lower potency than r-ATG and much higher potency than ATG-F in flow cytometry assays. Both p-ATG and r-ATG exhibited similar killing effects on lymphocytes within the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), including CD3 + T cells, with a dose-dependent response. Notably, p-ATG displayed more pronounced blocking activities against CD8, CD99, and TCR α/β compared to r-ATG. p-ATG offers certain advantages over r-ATG and ATG-F, particularly in its ability to inhibit specific CD molecules and its overall potency in immunosuppressive assays, providing valuable insights for assisting clinical decision-making regarding the selection of ATG types based on patient-specific needs and treatment objectives.

Artemisinin-resistant malaria.

SUMMARYThe artemisinin antimalarials are the cornerstone of current malaria treatment. The development of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum poses a major threat to malaria control and elimination. Recognized first in the Greater Mekong subregion of Southeast Asia nearly 20 years ago, artemisinin resistance has now been documented in Guyana, South America, in Papua New Guinea, and most recently, it has emerged de novo in East Africa (Rwanda, Uganda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and eastern DRC) where it has now become firmly established. Artemisinin resistance is associated with mutations in the propeller region of the PfKelch gene, which play a causal role, although the parasites' genetic background also makes an important contribution to the phenotype. Clinically, artemisinin resistance manifests as reduced parasiticidal activity and slower parasite clearance and thus an increased risk of treatment failure following artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). This results from the loss of artemisinin activity against the younger circulating ring stage parasites. This loss of activity is likely to diminish the life-saving advantage of artesunate in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria. Gametocytocidal and thus transmission blocking activities are also reduced. At current levels of resistance, artemisinin-resistant parasites still remain susceptible at the trophozoite stage of asexual development, and so, artemisinin still contributes to the therapeutic response. As ACTs are the most widely used antimalarial drugs in the world, it is essential from a malaria control perspective that ACT cure rates remain high. Better methods of identifying uncomplicated hyperparasitemia, the main cause of ACT treatment failure, are required so that longer courses of treatment can be given to these high-risk patients. Reducing the use of artemisinin monotherapies will reduce the continued selection pressure which could lead potentially to higher levels of artemisinin resistance. Triple artemisinin combination therapies should be deployed as soon as possible to protect the ACT partner drugs and thereby delay the emergence of higher levels of resistance. As new affordable antimalarial drugs are still several years away, the control of artemisinin resistance must depend on the better use of available tools.

A landscape-based approach to design flower blocks may reduce mammalian predator activity and protect ground-nesting farmland birds

High predation rates threaten many ground-nesting farmland birds and are difficult to address through conventional measures such as lethal predator control or fencing. Landscape-based approaches for conservation measures promise an alternative by reducing predator - bird encounters, but require detailed knowledge of landscape effects on predation risk. Different habitat elements attractive to predators could have opposing effects on neighbouring nesting habitats, with implications for conservation: Increased predation risk due to higher predator activity (A) or reduced predation risk by distracting predators (B). Here we focus on the placement of conservation measures using flower blocks targeted at Grey Partridges in a Central European Farmland. Based on a three-year camera trap dataset, we investigated effects of landscape structure and composition on mammalian predator activity within flower blocks at two scales (100 m and 500 m radius around the camera) with generalized linear mixed models. Length of linear edge structures, i.e., field block borders, was most important, with a greater availability of linear edge structures leading to a decrease in predator activity at both scales (hypothesis B). Conversely, predator captures at both scales increased with increasing extensive vegetation area (i.e., permanent grassland, flower blocks and fallows) and in proximity to roads, indicating that these may attract predators and increase predator densities (hypothesis A). Our results suggest that a landscape-based approach can mitigate predation risk for ground-nesting birds in flower blocks and analogous conservation measures. Highly structured, small-scale agricultural landscapes seem to be particularly important for reducing mammalian predator activity in flower blocks.

Relationships Between the Wintertime Atmospheric Blocking and Cold Surges Over Eurasia Revealed by Clustering

AbstractA unified clustering framework based on pattern correlation is used to identify eight blocking regimes over Eurasia and surrounding oceans during the winter months (December–March) of 1948–2021. The regimes are labeled based on their centers of action, which are located over the West Atlantic, Greenland, the East Atlantic, Scandinavia, the Ural Mountains and Siberia, the Okhotsk Sea, the Bering Strait, and the North Pacific. It should be noted that the classification is almost insensitive to the time period but mainly depends on the percentage of different blocking events. The spatial distributions of cold surges differ substantially among these eight regimes. Due mainly to the cold advection downstream of the centers of blocking activities, cold surges can be observed over parts of the Eurasian continent. Possible relationships between the eight blocking regimes and large‐scale modes of climate variability, including the Arctic Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, are explored. Not only contemporary connections but also the predictive value of large‐scale modes is discussed.

Prescription Pattern of Beta Blockers in Patients Diagnosed with Heart Failure

This study will be helpful to detect the dosage, frequency and duration of beta blockers which is prescribed for heart failure patients that is followed the guideline. The goal of the study was to describe the prescription pattern of beta blockers in patients diagnosed with heart failure. Hypothyroidism, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients are very prone to get Heart failure. Beta blockers should be prescribed, respective with the symptoms that occurred specifically to a particular patient. This study helped to detect the parameters of prescribing beta blockers in different symptoms and co morbidities. A Total of 39 patients, among them It was observed that (46.05%) patients having heart failure were from age group 48-57, followed by (2.5%) of 78-87 age group, of which the males (58.96%) proportion where seems more than the females (41.04%). The prescription pattern for heart failure patients were found as 100% Beta adrenergic blockers, such as metoprolol-65%, bisoprolol-22%, Carvedilol-15% were given. It is evident that the beta blockers are mainly prescribed according to the symptoms, carvedilol exhibits a more pronounced BP lowering effect as a consequence of its α1- receptor blocking activities and thus causes more frequent dizziness and hypotension. In patients predisposed to symptomatic hypotension, metoprolol succinate may be the more desirable whereas in patients with uncontrolled hypertension, carvedilol may be preferred. A selective β1-blocker such as metoprolol succinate is a reasonable option for patients with reactive airway disease.

Allergen immunotherapy using recombinant Culicoides allergens improves clinical signs of equine insect bite hypersensitivity.

Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an IgE-mediated allergic dermatitis of horses caused by bites of Culicoides spp., sharing some common features with human atopic dermatitis. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) using Culicoides whole-body extracts has limited efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate AIT with a pool of major Culicoides recombinant allergens in a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. The IBH lesion score was assessed during a pre-treatment year and first treatment year (May-October) in 17 horses and in May and July of a second treatment year. Nine horses were immunized subcutaneously 3× with a combination of nine r-allergens (20 μg each/injection) in alum and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Eight horses received a placebo. The immunization was repeated twice the following year. The specific antibody response to one of the AIT Culicoides r-allergens was assessed. In the first treatment year, the decrease in average IBH lesion score was significantly larger in the AIT compared to the placebo group, with 67% of the AIT group and 25% of the placebo horses reaching >50% improvement of the average IBH lesion score. The response to the AIT was enhanced in the 2nd treatment year when 89% of the AIT vs. 14% of the placebo horses showed an improvement (p ≤ 0.01). IgG antibodies of all subclasses were induced, with IgG4/7 showing the most significant differences between groups. The post-AIT sera showed IgE blocking activity. AIT using only a few injections of small amounts of r-allergens in alum and MPLA as immunomodulators seems a promising approach for the treatment of insect bite allergy.

Porcine ex-vivo intestinal mucus has age-dependent blocking activity against transmissible gastroenteritis virus

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes high mortality in young piglets (< 3 days of age). With aging, the susceptibility/morbidity/mortality rates drop. We previously hypothesized that the age-related changes in the intestinal mucus could be responsible for this resistance. Hence, this study investigated the effect of porcine intestinal mucus from 3-day and 3-week-old pigs on the free mobility of the virulent TGEV Miller strain, and on the infection in swine testicle (ST) cells. Single particle tracking (SPT) revealed that TGEV had significantly higher diffusion coefficients in 3-day mucus compared to 3-week mucus. TGEV and charged and uncharged control nanoparticles diffused freely in 3-day mucus but were hindered by 3-week mucus in the diffusion model; TGEV mimicked the diffusion behavior of negatively charged carboxylated particles. Inoculation of ST cells with TGEV in the presence of 3-week mucus resulted in a significantly lower average number of infected cells (30.9 ± 11.9/5 fields) compared with 3-day mucus (84.6 ± 16.4/5 fields). These results show that 3-week mucus has a significant TGEV-blocking activity compared to 3-day mucus in free diffusion and infection of the underlying susceptible cells. Additionally, a label-free proteomics analysis revealed an increased expression of mucin 13, known for negatively regulating the tight junctions in intestinal epithelium, in 3-day-old pigs. In 3-week-old pigs, a higher expression of mucin 2, a type of secreted mucin which is known for inhibiting coronavirus infection, was observed. Concludingly, this study demonstrated a protective effect of 3-week mucus against viral infections.

Self Organizing Map based Land Cover Clustering for Decision-Level Jaccard Index and Block Activity based Pan-Sharpened Images

Self Organizing Map based Land Cover Clustering for Decision-Level Jaccard Index and Block Activity based Pan-Sharpened Images

Monitoring and stopping Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy: Contribution of IgE blocking activity

BackgroundHymenoptera venom allergy involves strong public health issues and has an undeniable impact on quality of life. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has shown a long-term efficacy in this severe and potentially lethal allergy. However, no biomarker can predict the effectiveness of this treatment. ObjectivesWe evaluate the contribution of IgE blocking activity, a functional biomarker carried out in our center using flow cytometry, to predict the efficacy of AIT. MethodsThis retrospective study from 1985 to 2022 describes in detail the demographic, clinical and biological characteristics of patients who benefited from AIT with Hymenoptera venom at the University Hospital of Limoges. The outcome measure used was the presence of anaphylactic reaction (Grade I to IV according to Ring and Messmer) in case of a new sting after discontinuation of AIT. ResultsOur study, mainly composed of patients allergic to Vespula wasp, did not emphasize the interest of IgE blocking activity in the prediction of a relapse after a new sting. However, this inhibition showed a significant correlation with the amount of IgG4 antibodies. ConclusionThere is no biomarker that can helps decision of stopping allergen immunotherapy. However, low levels of IgE blocking activity may suggest a likelihood of relapse. sIgG4, in correlation with IgE blocking activity, could be useful for monitoring treatment response. Additional studies are necessary to gain a thorough understanding of the composition of inhibitory antibodies.

Cd loop fusion enhances the immunogenicity and the potential transmission blocking activity of Plasmodium falciparum generative cell specific 1 (GCS1) antigen

TBVs are suggested to inhibit parasite transmission from humans to Anopheles mosquitoes. For the transmission of Plasmodium parasite, a variety of factors are included in gametes fusion phase. In this step, conserved male-specific generative cell specific 1 antigen is necessary for fusion of cytoplasmic membranes of micro- and macro-gametocytes and zygot formation. The partial blocking activities of elicited antibodies against either the HAP2-GCS1 domain or the cd loop of this antigen have been recorded to hinder the transmission of Plasmodium species in Anopheles mid-gut. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate if the cd loop-fusion can enhance the quantity and quality of humoral and cellular immune responses against Plasmodium falciparum GCS1 in comparison to non-fusion antigen (without cd loop), in the adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted mouse groups. The immunogenicity of two constructs of P. falciparum generative cell specific 1 antigen, a fusion protein composed of cd loop and HAP2-GCS1 domain (cd-HAP) and another recombinant PfGCS1 containing solo HAP2-GCS1 domain (HAP2) were assessed to impede Plasmodium gametocytes integration before zygote formation. The antibodies profiling, titer, and avidity of induced antibodies were measured by the immunized mice sera, and the released cytokines (IL-5, TNF, and INF-γ) were analyzed in the supernatants of stimulated splenocytes. Furthermore, the inhibitory potency of the elicited antibodies against HAP2 and cd-HAP was measured during oocyst development by Standard Membrane Feeding Assay (SMFA). The comparative results in the present study showed the higher titer of IgG antibodies and IgG2a subclass, avidity, and transmission-reducing activity (TRA = 72.5 %) when mice were immunized by cd-HAP rather than HAP2. Moreover, our findings confirmed intensified Th1-directed immune responses in group 4 received cd-HAP/Poly(I:C). These findings declared the potential ability of cd loop fusion (cd-HAP) to upsurge humoral and cellular immune responses. However, the immune responses may switch to stronger Th1-type using alternative formulations. Explicitly, the cd-HAP-based vaccine may enhance the overall efficiency of immune responses and present a promising implementation in aiming malaria transmission.

Chiral superficially porous stationary phases for enantiomeric separation of condensed 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives

1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) scaffold occupies a prominent position among all heterocyclic compounds owing to its versatile pharmacological properties, particularly its well-known calcium channel blocking activity. In the quest of developing new calcium channel blockers, fifty seven 5-oxo-hexahydroquinoline (HHQ) derivatives carrying DHP framework in a condensed ring system were recently synthesized as racemic mixtures. Due to their potential as drug candidates, enantiomers arising from the asymmetric center at the C-4 position of the HHQ ring were separated. Four modern columns packed with 2.7 µm superficially porous particles bonded with a chiral selector were used. The chiral selectors were three macrocyclic glycopeptide selectors: vancomycin, teicoplanin, and a macrocyclic derivative called nico. The fourth bonded selector was the dinitrobenzamido-tetrahydrophenanthrenyl derivative called Whelko. The four chromatographic modes were assayed with the mobile phase compositions: reversed phase with acetonitrile/buffer 30/70 %v/v, normal phase with hexane/ethanol 80/20 %v/v, and subcritical fluid chromatography with CO2/methanol 80/20 %v/v at 25 °C. The WhelkoShell column was the most effective in separating this set of 57 compounds. Several enantioresolution factors passed 20 with enantioselectivity ratios higher than 4. Molecular modeling showed that the compounds had a T-shape that fitted well the molecular structure of the WhelkoShell selector in the normal or subcritical modes. Additionally, seven compounds had a second chiral center. The NicoShell column was able to separate all four stereoisomers of these compounds in the reversed phase mode. The preparative production of pure enantiomers of these compounds would be straightforward using the WhelkoShell column in the subcritical mode.

Non-small cell lung cancer sensitisation to platinum chemotherapy via new thiazole-triazole hybrids acting as dual T-type CCB/MMP-9 inhibitors

Cisplatin remains the unchallenged standard therapy for NSCLC. However, it is not completely curative due to drug resistance and oxidative stress-induced toxicity. Drug resistance is linked to overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aberrant calcium signalling. We report synthesis of novel thiazole-triazole hybrids as MMP-9 inhibitors with T-type calcium channel blocking and antioxidant effects to sensitise NSCLC to cisplatin and ameliorate its toxicity. MTT and whole cell patch clamp assays revealed that 6d has a balanced profile of cytotoxicity (IC50 = 21 ± 1 nM, SI = 12.14) and T-type calcium channel blocking activity (⁓60% at 10 μM). It exhibited moderate ROS scavenging activity and nanomolar MMP-9 inhibition (IC50 = 90 ± 7 nM) surpassing NNGH with MMP-9 over −2 and MMP-10 over −13 selectivity. Docking and MDs simulated its receptor binding mode. Combination studies confirmed that 6d synergized with cisplatin (CI = 0.69 ± 0.05) lowering its IC50 by 6.89 folds. Overall, the study introduces potential lead adjuvants for NSCLC platinum-based therapy.