Blockchain For Internet Research Articles

Towards Scalable and Secure Blockchain in Internet of Things: A Preference-Driven Committee Member Auction Consensus Approach

Blockchain technology is acclaimed for eliminating the need for a central authority while ensuring stability, security, and immutability. However, its integration into Internet of Things (IoT) environments is hampered by the limited computational resources of IoT devices. Consensus algorithms, vital for blockchain safety and efficiency, often require substantial computational power and face challenges related to security, scalability, and resource demands. To address these critical issues, we propose a novel model that significantly enhances the security and performance of blockchain in IoT environments. Our model introduces three key innovations: (1) a bidirectional-linked blockchain system that strengthens security against long-range attacks by exploiting dual reference points for block validation; (2) the integration of user preferences into the Committee Member Auction (CMA) consensus algorithm, optimizing miner selection to balance resource efficiency with security; and (3) a comprehensive performance and frequency analysis that demonstrates the system’s resilience against double-spend, long-range, and eclipse attacks. The proposed model not only reduces block validation delays but also enhances overall system performance, as evidenced by simulations comparing its effectiveness with existing CMA algorithms. These advancements have the potential to significantly impact the deployment of blockchain in resource-constrained IoT environments, offering a more secure and efficient solution.

Clustering man in the middle attack on chain and graph-based blockchain in internet of things network using k-means

Network security on internet of things (IoT) devices in the IoT development process may open rooms for hackers and other problems if not properly protected, particularly in the addition of internet connectivity to computing device systems that are interrelated in transferring data automatically over the network. This study implements network detection on IoT network security resembles security systems from man in the middle (MITM) attacks on blockchains. Security systems that exist on blockchains are decentralized and have peer to peer characteristics which are categorized into several parts based on the type of architecture that suits their use cases such as blockchain chain based and graph based. This study uses the principal component analysis (PCA) to extract features from the transaction data processing on the blockchain process and produces 9 features before the k-means algorithm with the elbow technique was used for classifying the types of MITM attacks on IoT networks and comparing the types of blockchain chain-based and graph-based architectures in the form of visualizations as well. Experimental results show 97.16% of normal data and 2.84% of MITM attack data were observed.

Clustering man in the middle attack on chain and graph-based blockchain in internet of things network using k-means

Network security on internet of things (IoT) devices in the IoT development process may open rooms for hackers and other problems if not properly protected, particularly in the addition of internet connectivity to computing device systems that are interrelated in transferring data automatically over the network. This study implements network detection on IoT network security resembles security systems from man in the middle (MITM) attacks on blockchains. Security systems that exist on blockchains are decentralized and have peer to peer characteristics which are categorized into several parts based on the type of architecture that suits their use cases such as blockchain chain based and graph based. This study uses the principal component analysis (PCA) to extract features from the transaction data processing on the blockchain process and produces 9 features before the k-means algorithm with the elbow technique was used for classifying the types of MITM attacks on IoT networks and comparing the types of blockchain chain-based and graph-based architectures in the form of visualizations as well. Experimental results show 97.16% of normal data and 2.84% of MITM attack data were observed.

Critical Concerns of Deploying Blockchain in Internet of Things Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain are both recognized as cutting-edge, popular technologies. In contrast to IoT, which pertains to the spread of linked equipment via supplying information over the Internet, blockchain offers innovative data storage and management avenues. Even as blockchain demands real-time data application and IoT specifies mechanisms to securely store and handle data overflows, a combination of the two seems promising. Blockchain, a technology created with the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, could meet the needs of the IoT. However, combining blockchain with the IoT might present a multitude of issues due to the features of blockchain and IoT technology. Although many articles have been released on the blockchain and the IoT, the concerns with this combination are still vague and dispersed. In light of this, this study seeks to give an overview of the problems that have the biggest impact on blockchain-based IoT by reviewing the pertinent peer-reviewed articles. This article also addresses some suggestions for lessening the impact of these concerns. The study considered peer-reviewed articles published within the last five years, focusing on topics related to blockchain and IoT integration. We identified 44 articles for this review. The study's significance is that it not only expands the scholarly understanding of this complex intersection between blockchain and IoT but also provides actionable insights that can drive innovation and enhance the reliability and security of IoT ecosystems in practical settings.

A learning-based efficient query model for blockchain in internet of medical things

A learning-based efficient query model for blockchain in internet of medical things

Enhancing Privacy-Preserving Localization by Integrating Random Noise With Blockchain in Internet of Things

Enhancing Privacy-Preserving Localization by Integrating Random Noise With Blockchain in Internet of Things

Proxy Re-Encryption for Secure Data Sharing with Blockchain in Internet of Medical Things

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is crucial in our daily health monitoring and assisting doctors in treatment. However, the existing schemes mainly use cloud servers to solve the storage of large amounts of data generated by smart devices, ignoring the guarantee mechanism of ciphertext integrity, which may result in data being tampered with or replaced in data sharing. To address this issue, we propose a secure data sharing scheme named Proxy Re-Encryption for Secure Data Sharing with Blockchain in Internet of Medical Things (PRE-IoMT). Specifically, we propose a new proxy re-encryption data sharing approach by introducing identity hash during the key generation phase to realize the binding of public key and user identity, thus enhancing the security of data sharing in PRE-IoMT. Moreover, we adopt BlockChain transactions to design a pairing function ciphertext check mechanism, which can effectively prevent the ciphertext stored in the cloud server from being tampered with. We add the user to the accumulator by invoking the BlockChain smart contract to realize the management and fast query of users. Finally, we conduct the performance analysis experiments on the four-stage computation of proxy re-encryption, communication overhead, storage overhead, transmission delay, and the delay of BlockChain transactions, compared with existing schemes, our scheme improves the computation efficiency of encryption, re-encryption, decryption, and re-decryption by about 23.8%, 71.4%, 48%, and 15.3% respectively. The security proof also exhibits that PRE-IoMT can resist IND-ID-CPA.

Cache Optimization Methods Involving Node and Content Sharding of Blockchain in Internet of Vehicles

Blockchain stands out in addressing the data security requirements of the Internet of Vehicles. However, blockchain has storage pressure that cannot be met by most existing nodes. The emergence of Mobile Edge Computing allows nodes closer to the users to undertake the caching and computation process. Although sharding can alleviate the storage pressure on blockchain nodes, frequent cross-shard communication can affect the overall performance of the blockchain. In this paper, combining the features of traffic flow with strong regional similarity as well as inter-node correlation, we propose two sharding methods based on the current Vehicle–Infrastructure–Clouds three-tier service model. The proposed Content Sharding method can optimize node caching and improve the cache-hitting ratio. The proposed node sharding method can effectively reduce the system service delay by assisting nodes to cache the whole blockchain together across the network.

Application of blockchain in internet of vehicles towards improvement of smart transportation systems - a convergence survey

Application of blockchain in internet of vehicles towards improvement of smart transportation systems - a convergence survey

Consensus mechanism for software-defined blockchain in internet of things

This article aims to discuss the consensus mechanism of software-defined blockchain in the Internet of Things, analyze the characteristics of the traditional consensus mechanism algorithms, on the basis of comparing the advantages of each model, the traditional consensus mechanism algorithm is improved. Later, a supervisable consensus scheme based on improved DPOS-PBFT (Delegated proof of stake-Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance) was proposed. In the context of the development of the Internet of Things technology, the decentralized distributed computing paradigm is used to improve the blockchain smart contract technology, and the DPOS blockchain consensus mechanism is optimized based on the DPOS protocol of the credit model. In addition, through the dynamic grouping algorithm of credibility, the research ranks the credit level of the consensus nodes of the blockchain network, thus further realizing the supervision of the Internet of Things system. The results of the case analysis show that the success rate of the mechanism algorithm can still be maintained at about 97% after 3000 user requests, the maximum delay remains below 8s after 3000 user requests, the minimum delay is always around 3s, the average delay is 2.38s, the overall performance of the algorithm is superior. It can ensure the final consistency of data transmission of each node in the Internet of Things, the research on the blockchain consensus mechanism in the Internet of Things has practical reference value.

LightPoW: A trust based time-constrained PoW for blockchain in internet of things

Blockchain has been widely used in the Internet of Things (IoT) to address security problems such as DDoS and Sybil. However, how to design a lightweight Proof-of-Work (PoW) for the IoT without compromising security is still a problem. To solve this problem, we propose a lightweight PoW for blockchain in IoT. Firstly, we present Heterogeneity Considered Trust Mechanism (HCTM) for IoT nodes, which evaluates the trust value according to capacity and quality, and makes the trust evaluation more reasonable. Then, we present Trust based Time-Constrained PoW (TBTC-PoW). We allocate reasonable time windows to the consensus nodes according to the computing resources, trust values and mining difficulty, which reduces the energy consumption and improves the security of PoW. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that our method has a lower energy consumption and higher security.

Relationship between Enterprise Financing Structure and Business Performance Assisted by Blockchain for Internet of Things Financing Mode.

Financing structure is an important and very complex issue in the financial theory and the rights and obligations of relevant stakeholders of enterprises are also concentrated in the financing structure. Therefore, the financing structure has a significant impact on the value of enterprises. A reasonable financing structure is conducive to standardizing the behavior of enterprises and improving the value of enterprises. The change of corporate financing structure is often used as a signal to external investors about the company's future income expectations, especially because the financing structure has a certain impact on the company's performance, which makes the problem of financing structure more valued by the theoretical and financial circles. For the empirical information about company financing, this paper explores the influencing elements of the company's running overall performance assisted with the aid of the blockchain, and the net of matters provides a chain model and constructs the operating performance indicators according to the comprehensive score. We select the commercial credit financing rate, short-term loan financing rate, long-term loan financing rate, debt financing rate, equity financing rate, and endogenous financing rate. The control variables are total capital, ownership concentration, and average age of the company. The conclusion is drawn by regression analysis. Commercial savings financing rate, fairness financing fee, and endogenous financing fee are positively correlated with the working performance; short-term loans and average age of the company are negatively correlated with the operating performance; and long-term loan financing rate, bond financing rate, and equity concentration are not significantly correlated with the operating performance.

Toward Cross-Domain Dynamic Accumulator Authentication Based on Blockchain in Internet of Things

The authentication problem is one of the most significant challenges in the applications of Internet of Things (IoT), and the relationship authentication among smart devices is an effective solution to tackle cross-domain issue. In this article, we first abstract a general undirected graph from the authentication relationship among the smart devices in IoT. Then, we formulate the authentication problem into a signature transitivity problem by incorporating accumulator knowledge and a standard digital signature scheme. As a consequence, the legality of authentication is well-verified by computing the signature and witness of the related edges without worrying about whether the devices belong to the same administrative domain or not. Finally, the efficiency and online time of authority are solved by exploring the blockchain technology, which also leads to the assurance of an online 24-hour third party. The results of analysis and comparison show that the proposed scheme CroDA can well address the practical authentication issue.

Rules of Smart IoT Networks within Smart Cities towards Blockchain Standardization

Motivation. Standardization in smart city applications is restricted by the competitive pressures of proprietary innovation and technological compartmentalization. Interoperability across networks, databases, and APIs is essential to achieving the smart objectives of technology-supported urban environments. Methodology. The issues that smart cities face, as well as the usage of blockchain in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, are discussed in this research paper. Problem Statement. The study shows the obstacles to the establishment of an IoT-driven smart city agenda, including system security, dispersed node interoperability, data resource management, and scalability of a diverse IoT network. Results. To resolve these challenges, this research proposes a working infinite loop model for establishing a standardized, intermediary cloud-based blockchain for IoT networking within smart cities. The blockchain intermediary function will resolve critical gaps in the existing, distributed IoT-based smart cities’ standards, drawing connections between nodes, users, and service providers that are enabled through autonomous, immutable, and nonrepudiated transactions.

Novel Vote Scheme for Decision-Making Feedback Based on Blockchain in Internet of Vehicles

Obtaining timely and accurate traffic information is one of the most important problems in intelligent transportation system, which will make vehicles run smoothly, avoid road congestion, save road running time and reduce vehicle energy consumption. In the current Internet of Vehicles system, the traffic management center can learn from the feedback information of all vehicles to improve the ability of decision-making and traffic command. However, the existing feedback mechanism does not respond to the spatial-temporal characteristics of data in time, due to the lack of communication capability of the current equipment. So, it cannot meet the requirements of ultra-low delay, high reliability and high security in the Internet of Vehicles. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a blockchain-based proxy vote and revocation scheme for decision feedback in Internet of Vehicles, which allows the intelligent system to ignore the unevenness and heterogeneity in the 6G technology. In addition, blockchain technology notarizes the vote data of vehicles and outsources microservices. Secondly, we use the attributes of decision-related nodes instead of their identities to enable anonymous vote. Smart contracts can automatically expand the scalability of outsourced microservices. Finally, the security proof of the proposed scheme ensures the security and consistency of outsourced microservices. The simulation results also show that our scheme greatly improves the efficiency of voting feedback.

Comparative study on hash functions for lightweight blockchain in Internet of Things (IoT)

Over the last few years, there has been a great interest in the Internet of Things (IoT). This is mainly because the IoT interacts directly with people's everyday lives in critical applications, such as in smart homes and healthcare applications. IoT devices typically have a resource-constrained architecture, rendering them vulnerable to cyberattacks. Accordingly, smart devices and stored data need to be secured through lightweight and energy-efficient security solutions, which have been identified as the main challenge facing adoption of IoT systems. To address this problem, a disruptive technology (blockchain) has been foreseen by the industry and research community as being able to deliver secure, fast, reliable, and transparent solutions for IoT systems. Hence, this work investigates the adoption of lightweight blockchain technology, mainly as a method of securing IoT systems. Because hashing plays a major role in creating a robust blockchain structure, we select a number of different hash techniques to be executed on a Raspberry Pi device. In summation, this work provides a numerical study to evaluate the performance of well-known hash functions that can be used for lightweight blockchain-based IoT.

An Intelligent Transaction Migration Scheme for RAFT-Based Private Blockchain in Internet of Things Applications

The integration of multi-access edge computing (MEC) and RAFT consensus makes it feasible to deploy blockchain on trustful base stations and gateways to provide efficient and tamper-proof edge data services for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, reducing the latency of storing data on blockchain remains a challenge, especially when an anomalytriggered data flow in a certain area exceeds the block generation speed. This letter proposes an intelligent transaction migration scheme for RAFT-based private blockchain in IoT applications to migrate transactions in busy areas to idle regions intelligently. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can apparently reduce the latency in high data flow circumstances.

Research on Privacy Protection Based on Block Chain in Internet of Things Network

The block chain technology has brought a dramatic change in the Internet of Things network, especially in personal privacy protection, due to the structural characteristics of decentralized, smart contract and immutability. This paper starts with the analysis of characteristics of block chain technology, further analyses the privacy protection problems in IOT network, then propose a personal data management system model to solve the problem.

Security challenges of blockchain in Internet of things: Systematic literature review

AbstractSince security is the most important issue in the Internet of things (IoT) and blockchain (BC), this article aims to identify, analyze, and organize the literature about security in the IoT and BC context up to August 2020 and proposes an agenda for future research. The 39 related articles have been ranked into three main categories, smart city, data management and information, and architecture and framework. The findings showed that the distinctive technical aspects of BC might impressively find a solution for privacy and security problems encountering the IoT development, supply distributed storage, transparency, trust, and other support for IoT. It is conducted to form a valid, impressive, and secure distributed IoT network and supply a beneficial guarantee for the security of IoT users. Since the devices of IoT are simply reachable, a BC‐depended solution can be executed, which may certify the confidentiality and safety of the info preserved in the devices. In addition, BC technology facilitates the secure sharing of IoT datasets and secure IoT systems. However, blockchains require more computational strength and high bandwidth and are not perfectly proper for many resource‐restricted IoT devices.

A Review of Blockchain in Internet of Things and AI

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a new technology that enables both virtual and physical objects to be connected and communicate with each other, and produce new digitized services that improve our quality of life. The IoT system provides several advantages, however, the current centralized architecture introduces numerous issues involving a single point of failure, security, privacy, transparency, and data integrity. These challenges are an obstacle in the way of the future developments of IoT applications. Moving the IoT into one of the distributed ledger technologies may be the correct choice to resolve these issues. Among the common and popular types of distributed ledger technologies is the blockchain. Integrating the IoT with blockchain technology can bring countless benefits. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive discussion of integrating the IoT system with blockchain technology. After providing the basics of the IoT system and blockchain technology, a thorough review of integrating the blockchain with the IoT system is presented by highlighting benefits of the integration and how the blockchain can resolve the issues of the IoT system. Then, the blockchain as a service for the IoT is presented to show how various features of blockchain technology can be implemented as a service for various IoT applications. This is followed by discussing the impact of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) on both IoT and blockchain. In the end, future research directions of IoT with blockchain are presented.