Block Supplementation Research Articles

Clinical experience with the peribulbar block for ophthalmologic surgery.

The peribulbar block is a safe and reliable alternative to the retrobulbar block. In this clinical report, we describe the anatomy of the orbit and the technique involved in performing the block. The technique is not new, and modifications from the original paper by Mandel and Davis are few but significant. Complications include peribulbar hemorrhage, perforation of the globe and intravascular injection. In our experience of 2600 peribulbar blocks, we have seen five patients with minor peribulbar hemorrhage. Supplementation of the block was required in 3% of the patients.

Effect of urea-molasses-mineral block supplementation on postpartum ovarian activity in Zebu cows

Sixteen multiparous Zebu cows ( Bos indicus) were randomly allocated to two nutritional treatment groups to determine the effect of urea-molasses-mineral block (UMMB) supplementation on body weight gain and resumption of ovarian cyclicity after calving. Supplementation of UMMB increased body weight by 4.8% (6.75 ± 1.86 kg) during the 3 month period after calving. In the control group, a loss of body weight was observed (7.1% and 9.19 ± 3.05 kg) in the same period. Analysis of milk progesterone showed that UMMB supplementation initiated ovarian cyclicity between Days 14 and 44 (25.50 ± 3.39) postpartum. Behavioural oestrus was within 35–84 days (67.63 ± 5.52). In the control group, ovarian cyclicity began between Days 60 and 125 postpartum and behavioural oestrus within 145–196 days. There was a significant difference ( P < 0.001) between the two groups in the interval of resumption of ovarian cyclicity of cows and for calving to first postpartum oestrus.

Brachial Plexus Anesthesia for Outpatient Surgical Procedures on an Upper Extremity

We retrospectively reviewed 543 brachial plexus blocks performed on 526 outpatients. Most (98%) of the blocks were performed by means of the axillary approach. Various techniques were used, including paresthesia, transarterial fixation, nerve stimulation, or a combination of techniques; a high success rate was achieved with each of them. Only 7% of the blocks were incomplete and thus necessitated either general anesthesia or block supplementation with thiopental sodium and nitrous oxide. No persistent neurologic deficit was ascribed to the anesthetic technique. This review indicates that brachial plexus block, especially with use of the axillary approach, is a safe and effective option for outpatient surgical procedures on an upper extremity.

Brachial Plexus Anesthesia for Outpatient Surgical Procedures on an Upper Extremity

We retrospectively reviewed 543 brachial plexus blocks performed on 526 outpatients. Most (98%) of the blocks were performed by means of the axillary approach. Various techniques were used, including paresthesia, transarterial fixation, nerve stimulation, or a combination of techniques; a high success rate was achieved with each of them. Only 7% of the blocks were incomplete and thus necessitated either general anesthesia or block supplementation with thiopental sodium and nitrous oxide. No persistent neurologic deficit was ascribed to the anesthetic technique. This review indicates that brachial plexus block, especially with use of the axillary approach, is a safe and effective option for outpatient surgical procedures on an upper extremity.

Supplementation of sheep grazing wheat stubble with urea, molasses and minerals: quality of diet, intake of supplements and animal response

Supplements of urea, molasses and minerals were offered for 15 weeks to mature crossbred wethers grazing wheat stubble at Condobolin in central New South Wales. The sheep were then grazed without supplements on a phalaris-subterranean clover pasture for a further five weeks. On the wheat stubble, dead crop residues amounted to more than 4000 kg DM ha-1 and constituted 95% or more of the available plant material throughout the experiment. Diets selected by the sheep contained significant amounts of grain or green plant material only during the first six weeks, while the proportion of dead plant material increased from 66% to 98% of the diet as the experiment progressed. Supplementation had no effect on diet selection. All sheep gained some weight during the first six weeks of stubble grazing, and thereafter lost weight. This loss was reduced from 0.66 kg week-1 to 0.47 kg week-1 with a mineral block supplement, and to 0.37 kg week-1 with supplements of a mineral/urea block, or molasses or molasses/urea licks. Significant differences in mean liveweight occurred between unsupplemented sheep and those offered a mineral/urea block, or a molasses lick. These differences were reduced by half after five weeks on green pasture, due to compensatory gain. Supplementation had no effect on wool production, or on the amount of dead plant material utilized for animal production, which amounted to a mean of about 10% of the quantity initially available. Mean intakes of supplement by groups were close to the desired amounts, i.e. 10 g urea or 50 g molasses sheep-1 day-1, or both, but for all supplements intake varied widely among individual sheep, with the coefficient of variation exceeding 40% in more than half of the recordings. Apart from special circumstances where reduced rates of weight loss may be important, it seems that little benefit will be gained from feeding urea, molasses or mineral supplements to sheep grazing crop stubbles.

Urea-salt block supplementation of adult Merino wethers grazing wheat stubble in Western South Australia

Blocks containing 30 and 35 per cent urea were offered to adult Merino wethers grazing wheat stubble during summer and autumn of 1965. Two groups of sheep were supplemented with two different urea-salt blocks while a third group had no supplement. Urea consumption from the two blocks was 5.3 and 7.2 g per sheep per day. Supplemented sheep had a significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) apparent herbage consumption, but showed less selectivity in grazing for a high protein diet. Supplemented sheep had significantly higher (Pt0.05) liveweights, but four months after the experimental period there were no significant liveweight differences. Supplementation had no effect on wool production. Although the sheep had ad libitum access to the blocks no cases of urea toxicity were reported.

A Sample of a Scattered Group

City directory and block supplement techniques are used as the sample design for a scattered metropolitan population. The problems arising out of varying selection rates within dwelling units are handled by the use of a screening phase in the field and subsequent stratification of dwelling units by number of eligible respondents. The results of this design point up the feasibility of using a city directory technique to sample widely scattered groups with relatively small increases in sample variances.