Blindly Research Articles

The Effect of Clothing Weight on the Range of Lower Limb Muscle Activities during the Execution of Archery Skills in Blind People

The Effect of Clothing Weight on the Range of Lower Limb Muscle Activities during the Execution of Archery Skills in Blind People

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method Validation for Identifying and Quantifying Rebamipide in Ethosomes.

Introduction The research aimed to develop a robust, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method for the quantitative assessment of rebamipide encapsulated in ethosomes. Rebamipide, a quinolinone derivative, holds promise as a therapeutic agent for dry eye, but challenges such as low bioavailability and vision clouding post-installation have prompted innovative approaches. Encapsulation in ethosomes, lipid-based nanovesicles, offers a potential solution to enhance ocular bioavailability. Materials and methods The study focused on creating a specific, linear, accurate, precise, and robust HPLC method, addressing entrapment efficiency (%EE), drug content, and drug release of rebamipide in prepared ethosomes. Statistical validation followed International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) specifications. The method's parameters were evaluated within a concentration range of 4-24 µg/ml, with recovery rates indicating accuracy and low % relative standard deviation (RSD) values confirming precision. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for rebamipide were determined. Results After preparing the ethosome dosage form by film hydrating method for rebamipide, the rebamipide entrapment efficiency in ethosomes was established at 76% ± 7, while the drug content was found to be 93% ± 6. The drug release process demonstrated zero-order kineticsand five different models of kinetics were applied for a comprehensive analysis. The method exhibited excellent system suitability, specificity, and linearity. Recovery rates for rebamipide ranged from 90% to 100%, and repeatability was confirmed by low %RSD values. The LOD and LOQ for rebamipide were determined to be 1.04 μg/mL and 3.16 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion The developed HPLC method proved suitable for the quantitative determination of rebamipide in ethosomes, offering rapid and accurate analysis. The results underscore the method's specificity, accuracy, and precision within the specified concentration range. Overall, the validated method contributes to the advancement of ocular drug delivery systems, providing a reliable analytical tool for pharmaceutical research.

Comparing Frequency Spectrum of Ground Reaction Forces in Blind and Healthy Participants With Open and Closed Eyes During Walking

Background and Aims This study aimed to compare the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces in blind and healthy participants with open and closed eyes during walking. Methods This study was quasi-experimental. The statistic samples comprised 15 blind men with a mean age of 25.22±6.33 years and 15 healthy men with a mean age of 27.22±5.31 years. They were selected by available sampling. A foot scan (RS Scan International, Belgium) device was used to measure the foot pressure values while walking. Variables of foot pressure were recorded at a sampling frequency of 300 Hz. For data analysis, we used the paired t test to compare the within-group means and the independent t test to compare the between-group means in SPSS software, version 24. Results The results showed that the frequency content with 99.5% power was greater in the blind group than in the healthy group with open eyes in the vertical direction, first metatarsal, and lateral and medial heel parts (P<0.05). Also, the frequency content with 99.5% power was greater in the healthy group with closed eyes than those healthy ones with open eyes (P<0.05). The frequency content with 99.5% power (P=0.004) and numbers of essential harmonics (P=0.003) in the vertical direction in the blind group were respectively 9.84% and 13.51% less than the healthy group with closed eyes. The number of essential harmonics (P=0.002) in the vertical direction in the healthy group with closed eyes was 20.61% greater than those healthy ones with open eyes. The frequency content with 99.5% power in the vertical direction in the blind group was less than that of the healthy group with closed eyes (P=0.023). Conclusion Considering the increase in frequency with 99.5% power and the number of essential harmonics in different areas of the soles of the foot in the blind group and healthy group with closed eye, it is recommended that physiotherapists, motion analysts, and rehabilitation specialists design a special rehabilitation protocol for blind people and those who lost their vision due to an accident.

The development of methodological foundations in studying the emotional sphere of blind people in the works of Russian scholars in the pre-war period

Researching the emotional sphere of a person is one of the fundamental tasks in modern science, involving a wide range of methods and approaches. Analyzing the emotional sphere of blind and visually impaired individuals presents a particular complexity due to the limitations and peculiarities of their sensory perception of the surrounding reality. This article covers the development of the conceptual foundations for researching the emotional sphere of people with visual impairments in the context of the work of Russian scientists. The first scientific discussions in Russia about the need for specialized analysis of the psychological aspects of blindness were expressed in the editorial article of the journal "Russian Blind" in the 1880s. While the development of foreign tiflopsychology as an independent science, related to the organization of education for children with visual impairments in special schools, began in Paris at the end of the 18th century. In the process of forming this area of knowledge, Russian researchers face the lack of methodological foundations for systematic research of the emotional sphere of visually impaired individuals. As a result, scientists propose various approaches to analyzing the emotional sphere of the blind. Some scientists try to use a metaphysical-based approach to study the emotional processes of the blind, while others suggest studying this area within the framework of a materialistic approach. As a result of such contradictions, two directions for studying the emotional sphere emerged - a mechanistic approach based predominantly on biological factors and the theory of supercompensation, explaining changes in the emotional sphere of the blind based on their social experience.

Patient Satisfaction from Services Provided at Low Vision Clinic in Tertiary Care Hospitals- A Cross-Sectional Study

Patients have always been the main stakeholders in the modern world of medicine. Objective: To assess the level of satisfaction of people with low vision with the provision of low vision services at Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar. Moreover, to compare the satisfaction level of people with low vision concerning the degree of vision impairment. Methods: An interviewer-administered, questionnaire (PSQ-18), was used to collect data from 125 low-vision patients at a low-vision clinic. The survey used Likert's five-point rating scale to measure satisfaction with LV services. The data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: The results of the study demonstrated that the vast majority of study participants (n = 62, 50%) were delighted with the low vision care they received, followed by thirty-eight (30.4%) participants who remained satisfied, whereas twelve (9.6%) patients were dissatisfied. Male participants were more likely to be satisfied (94%) than female participants (63%). Amongst the total study participants, the proportion of participants with moderate vision impairment was approximately doubled as compared to those with severe vision impairment. Conclusions: The study found that moderate vision impairment participants were more satisfied than those with severe impairment, indicating an inverse relationship between satisfaction and the degree of vision impairment. 99% of participants were satisfied with the technical quality of the services provided.

Physical rehabilitation of the visually impaired and its implications for tactile modelling

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of tactile models in improving the health of visually impaired people. The main objective of the intervention is to improve mobility, muscle strength, flexibility and physical fitness. Longitudinal study, this study was approved by the research ethics committee “Naraina Medical College and Research Centre (NMCRC)” Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Convenience sampling was conducted over a three-week period from December 2021 to January 2022. The physical rehabilitation of the visually impaired (PP-PVI) process includes physical assessment, language selection, design structure and visually impaired language. A longitudinal study was conducted with youth and young adults with visual impairment. They received treatment twice a week for 12 months and their quality of life was assessed before and after treatment. Quality of life was assessed using the 30-item short form health questionnaire (SF-30). Mean scores improved in all domains except the quality of life questionnaire after PP-PVI. PP-PVI has proven to be a valuable, easy-to-understand, and reliable clinical tool. This product is for people with visual impairment. Implications for Professionals: PP-PVI exercise improves many aspects of your body and performance. This plays an important role in ensuring independence for people with low vision. Physical therapy is effective in improving visual and tactile motor skills. Physical therapists can help improve the overall function and quality of life of people with these problems through targeted exercises and activities.

Impact of vision impairment on discharge destination for patients with hip fracture

IntroductionVision impairment (VI) due to low vision or blindness is a major sensory health problem affecting quality of life and contributing to increased risk of falls and hip fractures (HF). Up to 60% of patients with hip fracture have VI, and VI increases further susceptibility to falls due to mobility challenges after HF. We sought to determine if VI affects discharge destination for patients with HF. Materials and methodsCross-sectional analysis of 2015 Inpatient Medicare claims was performed and VI, blindness/low vision), HF and HF surgery were identified using ICD-9, and ICD-10 codes. Patients who sustained a HF with a diagnosis of VI were categorized as HF + VI. The outcome measure was discharge destination of home, skilled nursing facility (SNF), long-term care facility (LTCF) or other. ResultsDuring the one-year ascertainment of inpatient claims, there were 10,336 total HF patients, 66.82% female, 91.21% non-Hispanic white with mean (standard deviation) age 82.3 (8.2) years. There was an age-related increase in diagnosis of VI with 1.49% (29/1941) of patients aged 65–74, 1.76% (63/3574) of patients aged 75–84, and 2.07% (100/4821) of patients aged 85 and older. The prevalence of VI increased with age, representing 1.5% (29/1941) of adults aged 65–74, 1.8% (63/3574) of adults aged 75–84, and 2.1% (100/4821) of adults aged 85 and older. The age-related increase in VI was not significant (P = 0.235). Patients with HF were most commonly discharged to a SNF (64.46%), followed by ‘Other’ (25.70%), home (7.15%), and LTCF (2.67%). VI was not associated with discharge destination. Male gender, Black race, systemic complications, and late postoperative discharge significantly predicted discharge to LTCF with odds ratios (95%CI) 1.42 (1.07–1.89), 1.90 (1.13–3.18), 2.27 (1.66–3.10), and 1.73 (1.25–2.39) respectively. ConclusionsThe co-morbid presence of VI was not associated with altered discharge destinations to home, skilled nursing facility, LTCF or other setting.

Daily Functionality of People with Low Vision: The Impact of Visual Acuity, Depression, and Life Orientation-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Low vision (LV) has a significant negative impact on the activities of daily life as well as on the psychological health of patients. The objective of this study is to investigate psychological, clinical, and demographic factors that may impact the daily functionality of patients with LV. A convenience sample of 53 patients, meeting the WHO criteria for LV, was recruited. Questionnaires on daily functionality, depression, and life orientation (in terms of optimism/pessimism) were administered along with a semistructured personal interview. Key Findings. The main results revealed a significant negative correlation between daily functionality and depression (r = -0.423, p < 0.001). Conversely, there is a positive correlation between daily functionality and visual acuity (r = 0.415, p < 0.001), while years since diagnosis were negatively correlated with depression (r = -0.345, p < 0.001). Depression seems to be a moderate predictor of a person's daily functionality (β = -0.389, p < 0.002), followed by visual acuity (β = -0.344, p = 0.006), explaining the 31.1% of the total variance. The study supports a correlation between daily functionality and both depression and visual acuity. Optimism as a personality characteristic did not factor into the prediction model for daily functionality, but it showed a strong correlation with lower levels of depressive symptoms. This highlights the potential for developing coping strategies for chronic disease management. Recommendations. The study could serve as a useful guide and may urge clinicians to pay attention to the psychological evaluation of these patients, supporting their unique emotional needs. Mental health professionals can use patients' positive resources to provide appropriate counseling and embrace the coping skills that encourage their engagement in activities of daily life.

Vision plays a calibrating role in discriminating threat-related vocal emotions.

The ability to reliably discriminate vocal expressions of emotion is crucial to engage in successful social interactions. This process is arguably more crucial for blind individuals, since they cannot extract social information from faces and bodies, and therefore chiefly rely on voices to infer the emotional state of their interlocutors. Blind have demonstrated superior abilities in several aspects of auditory perception, but research on their ability to discriminate vocal features is still scarce and has provided unclear results. Here, we used a gating psychophysical paradigm to test whether early blind people would differ from individually matched sighted controls at the recognition of emotional expressions. Surprisingly, blind people showed lower performance than controls in discriminating specific vocal emotions. We presented segments of nonlinguistic emotional vocalizations of increasing duration (100-400 ms), portraying five basic emotions (fear, happy, sad, disgust, and angry), and we asked our participants for an explicit emotion categorization task. We then calculated sensitivity indices and confusion patterns of their performance. We observed better performance of the sighted group in the discrimination of angry and fearful expression, with no between-group differences for other emotions. This result supports the view that vision plays a calibrating role for specific threat-related emotions specifically. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Access all areas: multisensory science exhibitions tailored toward blind, low-vision and diverse-needs communities.

Monash Sensory Science is a scientific outreach initiative specifically tailored to members of the community who are blind, have low vision and have diverse needs. The purpose of this initiative is to showcase Australian science and encourage greater participation in science from these often-overlooked communities. This article presents our experience in establishing Monash Sensory Science at Monash University and inspiring other institutions to launch similar outreach events.

Interpreting the Blind Man's Garden through a Post-Colonial Lens of Ideological Racism

This research paper explores the novel The Blind Man's Garden through the lens of ideological racism, offering a critical analysis within the framework of post-colonialism. Written by Nadeem Aslam, the novel delves into the complex dynamics of power, identity, and the consequences of Western imperialism in the post-9/11 era. By examining the characters, plot, and themes, this paper aims to unravel the layers of ideological racism prevalent in the narrative and contextualize them within the broader spectrum of post-colonial literature. The term ‘colonialism’ is all about manipulation and oppression over the people of third world countries but post-colonialism, on the other hand is the ‘reaffirmation of colonialism’ through the narratives of colonized people. Now- a-days, post-colonialism is related to trans-nationalism which is all about diaspora and hybridity. This paper explains the same traces of hybridity and diasporic culture through the narration of different characters portrayed in the novel. Moreover, this paper also gives a clear glance of Nadeem Aslam’s novel The Blind Man’s Garden as the traces of colonialism and imperialism through the lens of ideological racism in the light of Post-Colonial theory as explained by Edward Said (1978) and Bhabha (1994). The Blind Man’s Garden, presents pain, loss and grief of Pakistani community which they suffer at the hands of colonizers after being colonized. The researcher has selected the above- mentioned text to find out the traces of post colonialism to show the basic cause of all the sufferings which Asian community had with them since long after the period of colonialism. For this purpose the researcher has used the qualitative approach to analyze the basic elements of post-colonial literature through the lens of ideological racism in the selected text. The findings of the study indicate that the selected novel exactly explains the perspectives of Post-Colonial theory with reference to ideological racism by highlighting the issues of otherness, third -space hybridity, diasporic feelings and marginality among the aboriginals portrayed in the novel.

Pedestrian-Accessible Infrastructure Inventory: Enabling and Assessing Zero-Shot Segmentation on Multi-Mode Geospatial Data for All Pedestrian Types.

In this paper, a Segment Anything Model (SAM)-based pedestrian infrastructure segmentation workflow is designed and optimized, which is capable of efficiently processing multi-sourced geospatial data, including LiDAR data and satellite imagery data. We used an expanded definition of pedestrian infrastructure inventory, which goes beyond the traditional transportation elements to include street furniture objects that are important for accessibility but are often omitted from the traditional definition. Our contributions lie in producing the necessary knowledge to answer the following three questions. First, how can mobile LiDAR technology be leveraged to produce comprehensive pedestrian-accessible infrastructure inventory? Second, which data representation can facilitate zero-shot segmentation of infrastructure objects with SAM? Third, how well does the SAM-based method perform on segmenting pedestrian infrastructure objects? Our proposed method is designed to efficiently create pedestrian-accessible infrastructure inventory through the zero-shot segmentation of multi-sourced geospatial datasets. Through addressing three research questions, we show how the multi-mode data should be prepared, what data representation works best for what asset features, and how SAM performs on these data presentations. Our findings indicate that street-view images generated from mobile LiDAR point-cloud data, when paired with satellite imagery data, can work efficiently with SAM to create a scalable pedestrian infrastructure inventory approach with immediate benefits to GIS professionals, city managers, transportation owners, and walkers, especially those with travel-limiting disabilities, such as individuals who are blind, have low vision, or experience mobility disabilities.

Developing cortex is functionally pluripotent: Evidence from blindness

How rigidly does innate architecture constrain function of developing cortex? What is the contribution of early experience? We review insights into these questions from visual cortex function in people born blind. In blindness, occipital cortices are active during auditory and tactile tasks. What ‘cross-modal’ plasticity tells us about cortical flexibility is debated. On the one hand, visual networks of blind people respond to higher cognitive information, such as sentence grammar, suggesting drastic repurposing. On the other, in line with ‘metamodal’ accounts, sighted and blind populations show shared domain preferences in ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOTC), suggesting visual areas switch input modality but perform the same or similar perceptual functions (e.g., face recognition) in blindness. Here we bring these disparate literatures together, reviewing and synthesizing evidence that speaks to whether visual cortices have similar or different functions in blind and sighted people. Together, the evidence suggests that in blindness, visual cortices are incorporated into higher-cognitive (e.g., fronto-parietal) networks, which are a major source long-range input to the visual system. We propose the connectivity-constrained experience-dependent account. Functional development is constrained by innate anatomical connectivity, experience and behavioral needs. Infant cortex is pluripotent, the same anatomical constraints develop into different functional outcomes.

Ocular Chemical Burns: Epidemiological Trends in a Colombian Medical Center.

Ocular chemical burns are a significant cause of visual impairment. This study aims to characterize the ocular chemical burns in a southwestern Colombia referral center and identify associated factors with low vision. A retrospective cohort study was carried out based on the review of medical records of patients diagnosed with chemical eye burns who consulted the emergency ophthalmology service between January 2016 and December 2019. Descriptive statistics were performed. Associations with low vision (Best-Corrected Visual Acuity, ≥20/70 in Snellen chart) in the last follow-up appointment were identified using a multivariate logistic regression with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). About 219 eyes affected by chemical burns were identified from 174 patients with a mean age of 39 years (SD ± 20), of which 57.5% (n = 100) were men. We ran a multivariate model adjusted by sex, eye wash, type of chemical, and Dua's classification. We found that the odds of low vision for patients without eyewash before the consult were 3 times the odds of those who had it (adjusted OR [aOR] = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.3-9.4) and almost 5 times for those with Dua's classification >1 (aOR = 4.7, 95% CI = 1.7-12.9). The ocular chemical burns reported in this study occurred more in young people of productive age. Acids were the principal causal agent. The association between lack of early management and the severity of the chemical burn with low vision has been highlighted. Ocular burns remain a relevant cause of consultation on the ophthalmology service in Cali, and prevention strategies are required.

THIRD EYE FOR BLIND PEOPLE

This device includes a pair of glasses and an obstacle detection module fitted in it in the center, a processing unit, an output device i.e. a beeping component, and a power supply. The Obstacle detection module and the output device is connected to the processing unit. The power supply is used to supply power to the central processing unit. The obstacle detection module basically consists of a ultrasonic sensor, processing unit consist of a control module and the output unit consists of a buzzer. The control unit controls the ultrasonic sensors and get the information of the obstacle present in front of the man and processes the information and sends the output through the buzzer accordingly. These Ultrasonic Smart Glasses for Blind people is a portable device, easy to use, light weight, user friendly and cheap in price. These glasses could easily guide the blind people and help them avoid obstacles. Keywords – Smart Glasses; Ultrasonic Sensors

Reconsidering Luria's speech mediation: Verbalization and haptic picture identification in children with congenital total blindness

Current accounts of behavioral and neurocognitive correlates of plasticity in blindness are just beginning to incorporate the role of speech and verbal production. We assessed Vygotsky/Luria's speech mediation hypothesis, according to which speech activity can become a mediating tool for perception of complex stimuli, specifically, for encoding tactual/haptic spatial patterns which convey pictorial information (haptic pictures). We compared verbalization in congenitally totally blind (CTB) and age-matched sighted but visually impaired (VI) children during a haptic picture naming task which included two repeated, test-retest, identifications. The children were instructed to explore 10 haptic schematic pictures of objects (e.g., cup) and body parts (e.g., face) and provide (without experimenter's feedback) their typical name. Children's explorations and verbalizations were videorecorded and transcribed into audio segments. Using the Computerized Analysis of Language (CLAN) program, we extracted several measurements from the observed verbalizations, including number of utterances and words, utterance/word duration, and exploration time. Using the Word2Vec natural language processing technique we operationalized semantic content from the relative distances between the names provided. Furthermore, we conducted an observational content analysis in which three judges categorized verbalizations according to a rating scale assessing verbalization content. Results consistently indicated across all measures that the CTB children were faster and semantically more precise than their VI counterparts in the first identification test, however, the VI children reached the same level of precision and speed as the CTB children at retest. Overall, the task was harder for the VI group. Consistent with current neuroscience literature, the prominent role of speech in CTB and VI children's data suggests that an underlying cross-modal involvement of integrated brain networks, notably associated with Broca's network, likely also influenced by Braille, could play a key role in compensatory plasticity via the mediational mechanism postulated by Luria.

CHALLENGES FACED BY VISUALLY IMPAIRED STUDENTS APPEARING FOR BOARD EXAMINATION

The world is yet to be brighter for the visually impaired children. Visual impairment means being with low vision or no vision. The life and world of visually impaired children are totally different than those with vision. Braille language enables the visually impaired student to read and write in their schools. Talking library enables learning further. However, they face challenges in appearing for board examination. The researcher was interested in knowing the challenges faced by them and to find out strategies to overcome the challenges. The researcher adopted Explanatory Research design and Conative model of Mary Goodyear (2013) for Focused Group Discussion. The methodology adopted in conducting focused group discussion was based on Krueger and Casey’s, (2000) model. The researcher selected samples from a particular school for the visually impaired in Madurai. By adopting census method, all the visually impaired students appearing for board examination were selected for the study. By using the focused group script, which is a tool for data collection, the challenged faced by the respondents were identified. They were exam fear, difficulty in recalling, particularly the steps and formula in Maths, no career guidance or lack of motivation, non – conducive family atmosphere, less number of revisions and exam preparation programs teaching mnemonics, and ill health of parents during examination. The researcher had suggested strategies to overcome challenges faced by the visually impaired students appearing for the board exam.

Blink of innocence: A study of paediatric ocular trauma at a tertiary eye care centre in South India

To assess the prevalence of ocular trauma and extent of visual loss in paediatric patients at a tertiary care eye hospital in South India.A retrospective study was conducted on all children of age group 15 years and younger, of both genders, sustaining ocular injuries and seeking care within the ophthalmology outpatient department of a tertiary eye care hospital. The study spanned for a duration of six months. The demographic profile of the participants was recorded, detailed history was taken, followed by standardised ocular evaluation. Orbital imaging was done where deemed necessary. An eye was considered blind due to trauma if best corrected visual acuity for distance was worse than 3/60 due to trauma. Patients with pre-existing low vision in the affected eye were excluded in the study.50 children were included in the study. The mean age upon initial presentation manifested was 9.8 years. The demographic distribution revealed a predilection for children within the age group of 11 to 15 years, constituting 38% of the sampled populace, with the subsequent demographic tier of 5-10 years encompassing 36%. Noteworthy differentials emerged between rural and urban cohorts, with rural representation at 64% and urban at 36%. The predominant ocular injuries were categorized as 72% closed globe injuries and 18% open globe injuries. Operative interventions were administered to 54% of the cases, while the remaining 46% were subject to conservative therapeutic modalities. Within the subset of closed globe injuries necessitating surgical intervention (36%), specific pathologies included lid tear, canalicular tear, and traumatic cataract.Ocular trauma in paediatric population can lead to permanent blindness and visual handicap. It also affects the social, emotional and psychological development of the child. Most of these injuries can be prevented by supervision of children during play, educating the children, family members and teachers regarding ocular health and hygiene.

The Relationship between Characteristics and Underlying Eye Disorders with Optical Aid Selection and Visual Acuity Status Differences in Children with Low Vision Before and After Optical Aid Selection

Background: Low vision is a vision disorder that can have a significant impact on a person's independence, especially in children. According to WHO data from 2019, 246 million people suffer from low vision. Ophthalmologists must prioritize low-vision services such as refractive correction and low-vision assessment. This study aims to learn more about the relationship between characteristics and underlying eye disorders with optical aid selection, as well as differences in visual acuity status in children with low vision before and after optical aid selection.&#x0D; Methods: This study was an analytic observational retrospective cohort using medical records of children with low vision in RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. This study analyzed the relationship between characteristics (gender, age, education level, intervention history) and underlying eye disorders with optical aid selection using the Chi-Square test, while visual acuity status differences before and after optical aid selection were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test.&#x0D; Results: There were no relationships between characteristics (gender, age, education level, intervention history) and underlying eye disorders with optical aid selection (p &gt; 0.05). There were differences in visual acuity status before and after optical aid selection (p &lt; 0.05) with a minimum decrease of 0.1 logMAR which means an increase in visual acuity in all 72 samples of children with low vision after optical aid selection.&#x0D; Conclusion: These data provide new evidence of essential links between visual acuity status before and after optical aid selection. However, characteristics (gender, age, education level, intervention history) and underlying eye disorders were not associated with optical aid selection.

MANAGEMENT APPROACH OF LOW VISION IN RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA: WHAT SHOULD WE DO?

Introduction : Retinitis pigmentosa is a chronic and progressive disease throughout patient’s life. Management low vision in retinitis pigmentosa patients are to maximize their remaining vision and provision of visual aids, it can be financial dan social burden.&#x0D; Case Illustration : A 56-year-old man came with blurred vision in his both eyes for 12 years. The patient had cataract surgeries and IOLs implantation in 2022. Ophthalmologic examination revealed the right eye was 4/40 and the left eye was 3/60. Funduscopic examination revealed the bone spicule appearance, blood vessel attenuation, and waxy disc pallor in both eyes. Contrast sensitivity test decreased and Farnsworth hue test showed mild to severe. Humphrey visual field examination showed peripheral visual field defect, therefore patient diagnosed with low vision caused by retinitis pigmentosa with bilateral pseudophakia and his Low Vision Quality of Life was intermediate.&#x0D; Discussion : Treatment includes pharmacological treatment with supplementation, optical or non-optical treatment, and rehabilitation. Spectacles clarified distant and near vision with Best Corrected Visual Acuity 6/30 with photochromic lenses, for adapting the light and gave addition lens +5.00 in both eyes. Rehabilitation enhances his head tracking, scanning, and habitual spotting skills. Lighting and typoscope would help his daily reading activities as well.&#x0D; Conclusion : Low vision requires several management approach, patient with visual impairment can get low vision aids to optimize his visual function based on his needs. Managing low vision in patient with visual impairment has to be considered from multiple aspects.