Bilimbi Research Articles

Phenol Coefficient Test Combination Infusion of Cananga odorata – Averrhoa bilimbi L. Against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi in Vitro

Cananga odorata (kenanga) flowers and Averrhoa bilimbi L. (belimbing wuluh) fruit are plant parts that contain relatively the same antibacterial compounds, namely flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Both of these plants can be developed as an alternative natural antiseptic preparation, which is made in the form of a combination infusion. The effectiveness of an antiseptic preparation is measured by the coefficient value of the phenol antiseptic substance compared to 5% phenol against several standard test bacteria. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the combination infusion of Cananga odorata flower - Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Salmonella typhi ATCC 19430 based on the in vitro phenol coefficient test. The phenol coefficient test method was carried out conventionally. The coefficient value close to 1 can be said that the antiseptic preparation has good activity and is equivalent to the phenol coefficient value as a comparison. The results showed that the mean coefficient of the phenol coefficient of the combination infusion of Cananga odorata flower - Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit was 0.91 against S. aureus and 0.83 against S. typhi. The conclusion of this study, the antibacterial activity of the combination infusion of Cananga odorata flower - Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit against Staphylococcus aureus obtained a higher phenol coefficient value than Salmonella typhi.

The Effect of Giving Boiled Water of Star fruit Wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi L) on Blood Decrease in Hypertension Patients at Pusong Lama Banda Sakti Lhokseumawe

The control and improvement of hypertension sufferers are increasing every year because of the highest cost of medicines relatively and lifestyle changes. It’s needed special treatment as an alternative to getting medicine in order to decrease the number of hypertension cases and also be overcome by using herbal medicine, namely boiled water star fruit. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving boiled water of star fruit Wuluh on reducing blood pressure in patients with hypertension in Pusong Lama Village, Banda Sakti District, Lhokseumawe City in 2018.
 This study used a quasi-experimental style with a one-group pretest-posttest style while not a sway cluster. Sampling is taken by purposive sampling as several as twenty-five individuals. The analysis is employed the t-dependent check (paired t-test).
 In the t-dependent take a look at (paired t-test) it had been found that there was a way of giving stewed water carambola Wuluh (Averrhoa Averrhoa bilimbi L) on the pressure in patients with high blood pressure in Pusong Lama Village, Banda Sakti District, Lhokseumawe with p-value = 0.000 or count table (9.252 1.711) on systolic blood pressure while on the diastolic blood pressure variable. It is known that t-count table (7.856 1.711) or p (value) = 0.000<0.05. Based on the results of this study, it is all over that there's a major and powerful impact when giving stewed water carambola (Averrhoa Averrhoa bilimbi L) on reducing pressure in hypertensive patients in Pusong Lama Village, Banda sakti District, Lhokseumawe. It is recommended to those with hypertension to reduces the risk of hypertension by using herbal medicines, one of which is by using boiled water star fruit where the costs relatively cheap and it is recommended to do regularly checking their blood pressure to avoid the risk of stroke.

Effect of novel natural feed additive containing Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate, wheat bran, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance and meat characteristics of broilers.

Background and Aim:In the post-antibiotic era, consumer demand for healthy and safe meats has prompted poultry producers to seek alternative effective feed additives. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel natural feed additive based on a mixture of Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate, wheat bran, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth rate, internal organ weight, and breast meat characteristics of broilers.Materials and Methods:A total of 280 1-day-old chicks were divided into one control (CNTRL; feed without additives) and three treatment groups: NOV25, feed with 2.5 g/kg novel additive; NOV50, feed with 5.0 g/kg novel additive; and NOV100, feed with 10 g/kg novel additive. The body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured weekly. On day 35, the chickens from each group were slaughtered, and their internal organs and breast meat samples were collected.Results:The BW of broilers in NOV100 was greater (p=0.016) than that in the other groups. The FCRs in the treatments groups were lower (p<0.001) than that in the control group. Elevated levels of the novel additive increased (p=0.051) the relative weight of the duodenum. The pH values in the breast meat of broilers receiving the novel additive were higher (p<0.001) than that in control. The C20:3n-6 of the NOV100 breast meat was lower (p=0.012) than that of NOV25 and NOV50, but it did not differ from that of the control. The unsaturated fatty acid-to-saturated fatty acid ratio in the breast meats of the treatments was higher (p=0.032) than that in control. The L-tyrosine content in NOV50 breast meat was higher (p=0.036) than that in CNTRL and NOV100 but did not differ from that in NOV25.Conclusion:The proposed feed additive improved the live BW and FCR of broilers and the physical and nutritional qualities of broiler breast meat.

Comparative analysis production of fruit and sunti acid using the Hayami method

Agroindustry sector has a role important to improve the economic society level of Aceh, Indonesian. The opportunities in business to develop agroindustry from Averrhoa bilimbi L. was a relative major potential included the fruit candy and sunti acid. This study aims to calculated added value of fruit candy and sunti acid using the hayami method. The result was obtained primary and secondary data. The primary data were obtained directly results of interviews with business actors using questionnaires. Furthermore, the secondary data were obtained from literature review studies. The data was collected using the observation, interviews, and documentation. The average added value obtained by fruit candy of each kilogram was found the output value in Rp.150,000 Whereas, the sunti acid was a lower value in Rp. 65,000 This means that a kilogram was used can provide added value of Rp. 11,250 from fruit candy and Rp. 15,625 from sunti acid. The added value ratio was used to quantify the advancement achieved for productivity from A. bilimbi in agroindustry to involve the additional value from local products. Then, the highest profit until 60% in sunti acid product, and 44.44% in fruit candy. The retribution for the owner of the production factor was found the value the entrepreneur profit to 9.76% (Rp. 51,250/kg) for fruit candy and 26.37% (Rp.35,625/kg) for sunti acid. The descriptive data analysis method was expected to suggest the development of agroindustry based on the local commodity product, mainly the fruit candy and sunti acid to supported the food security.

Sensory criteria assessment of fruit from Averrhoa bilimbi L. with comparison of Eckenrode and Fuzzy Eckenrode method

The fruit candy made of processed products made from the natural fruit of Averhoa bilimbi L. whose production was abundant, recently a few to utilization. The main objective of this study was to examine the assessment of sensory criteria fruit candy from A. bilimbi with comparison of eckenrode and fuzzy eckenrode method. The results showed fruit candy contains a higher value of colour (0.239), wherein the aroma (0.169), taste (0.183), texture (0.211), and the overall acceptance (0.197) using the eckenrode method. On the other hand, based on the fuzzy eckenrode method were shown the value of colour (0.224), taste (0.187), aroma (183), texture (0.2110 and overall acceptance (0.195). Although the comparison from eckenrode and fuzzy eckenrode method appear quite stable for criterias of sensory. Finding the optimum value for an aroma in the perception of colour from fruit candy higher to eckenrode than fuzzy method. The eckenrode method provided a dynamic space in a high-level decision-making system to differ significantly. Therefore, the eckenrode method was a quite simple method to establish decisions for weighting a more definite critera in decision making in sensory assessment to develop a natural product from A. bilimbi.

Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) Leaf Powder as the Natural Repellent Against Meat Fly (Genus sarcopaga)

Efforts are often made to control meat flies with chemical insecticides, but they harm humans, the environment, and other organisms. We use belimbing wuluh leaf as a natural repellent in controlling meat flies. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of belimbing wuluh leaf powder as a natural repellent and the number of effective doses against meat fly. Using 15 samples at each dose of 1 gr, 2 gr, 3 gr, 4 gr, 5 gr, negative control without powder, positive control with Top Killer powder, performed four repetitions every 10 minutes of observation for 60 minutes. Kolmograv-Smirnov normality test, P-value 0.200 0.05 means that the data for each group is normally distributed. Variant test, P-value 0.066 0.05, so there was a group that had homogeneous data variants, an ANOVA test resulted in a Sign value of 0.001. There is an effect of the belimbing wuluh leaf powder dose as the repellent of meat flies. The 5-gram dose is the most effective as a natural repellent of meat flies (Genus Sarcopaga).

High Potential of Averrhoa bilimbi Leaf Waste as Porous Activated Carbon Source for Sustainable Electrode Material Supercapacitor

The energy cost-effective/free-environmental pollution concerns have an interest in bio-waste materials for the production of porous activated carbon, especially as electrode material for electrochemical energy storage devices such as li-ion batteries and supercapacitors. In this study, Averrhoa bilimbi leaf wastes were selected as a porous activated carbon source for sustainable electrode material supercapacitor. Porous activated carbons were prepared by chemical activation of 0.5 ml−1 sodium hydroxide solution at an optimum temperature of 800 °C pyrolyze in an environment of N2 and CO2 gases. The monolith coin shape of activated carbon is maintained by optimizing the self-adhesive properties of the precursor without the addition of adhesive materials. All coin monoliths feature a turbostratic to highly amorphous carbon structure. Furthermore, the relatively high monolith dimensional shrinkage of 42.00% initiated the development of a better pore framework carbon. In symmetric supercapacitors, electrochemical behavior confirmed a high specific capacitance of 149.04 F/g at a constant density of 1.0 A/g. Moreover, the maximum energy density was found of 10.50 Whkg−1 at an optimum power density of 116.35 W/kg in an aqueous electrolyte of 1 ml−1 Na2SO4. With bio-recycled waste, relatively easy preparation, and high electrochemical properties, porous activated carbon based on Averrhoa bilimbi leaf has great potential as a sustainable electrode material for supercapacitor energy storage applications.

Activity of Fruit and Leave Juice of Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) against Dandruff-Causing Fungi

Research has been carried out on the activity test of fruit and leave juice of starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L. ) against dandruff-causing fungi. It is found that the average diameter of inhibition for the fruite juice of starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L. ) are 38.26 mm, 35.53 mm, and 32.17 mm, while the leave juice of starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L. ) are 29.01 mm, 27.66 mm, and 25.57 mm for 100%, 75%, and 50% of concentrations respectively. Based on statistical calculations there is no significant difference between the concentrations of 100%, 75%, and 50% where Fcount &lt; Ftable.

Effectiveness of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract on spermatogenic cells of mice (Mus Musculus L.) hyperglycemia

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract on sperm quality of diabetic mice. This research is a pure experimental (true experimental) with a post-test-only control group design approach. This research was conducted by giving Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract as a treatment for 42 days in male mice. Sperm quality parameters observed included viability, abnormalities, motility in sperm. In all variables, the results of the data showing a normal distribution with a p-value &gt; 0.05 were then carried out with a parametric test using one-way ANOVA. Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract can increase the number of spermatogenic cells in male mice with hyperglycemia.

Anti- blight effect of green synthesized pure and Ag-doped tin oxide nanoparticles from Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract towards Xanthomonas oryzae-the leaf blight pathogen of rice

Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract is a novel substitute for conventional chemical or physical methods. A simple green synthesis of pure and Ag-doped tin oxide nanoparticles from the fruit extract of Averrhoa bilimbi and their antibacterial activities have been demonstrated in this work. Silver has been doped into tin oxide for a perceived enhanced antibacterial activity. Techniques like UV-DRS, XRD, FTIR, and TEM were used to characterize the green synthesized nanoparticles. An average crystalline particle size of 2.6 nm was observed in XRD studies. Apart from the structural elucidation, the zeta potential values of the particles were also done. The antibacterial activity of pure and doped nanoparticles against the bacterial leaf blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae was tested adopting standard assays employed in antimicrobial analysis. A significant advantage of using the biosynthesized SnO2 and its silver-doped variant was noticed in all the assays carried out. The impact of nanoparticle in the cellular protein leakage and the stress-induced enzyme release was carried out using Bradford’s method and DPPH assay respectively. Based on the biofilm inhibition studies, the inhibitory effect of the nanoparticles towards xanthomonadin and exopolysaccharide formation was reaffirmed. The DNA cleavage analysis carried out also was found to be a proof of the bactericidal effect of the nanoparticles. Overall results point to a promising use of Ag-doped SnO2 nanoparticles against the leaf blight disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae in rice.

Leaching Basalt Rock using Averrhoa Bilimbi Extract

&lt;p&gt;This research was conducted to determine the effect of solid/liquid ratio (s/v), temperature, and stirring Speed on per cent extraction of iron using oxalic acid from Averrhoa bilimbi. The variation of the solid/liquid (s/v) is 10%, 15% and 20 (%), the temperature variations used are 30, 60 and 90 &lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C, while the variation of the stirring Speed uses 200, 400 and 600 rpm. Some basalt rock samples are put into the reactor and leached using an oxalic acid solution from Averrhoa bilimbi. Within a certain period of time, the filtrate was taken and analyzed for Fe content using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The residue was analyzed using XRF and XRD. The results showed that the highest percentage of iron extraction for basalt rock leaching experiments using oxalic acid from Averrhoa bilimbi was achieved at a temperature of 90&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C, 10% of solid/liquid ratio, 400 rpm stirring speed and 120 minutes of leaching time with a percent iron extraction of 65.90%. XRD analysis results showed that the compounds formed in the residual leaching were Anorthite, Ferrosilite, Cristobalite and quart low.&lt;/p&gt;

The Utilization of Juice Morinda citrifolia and Averrhoa bilimbi as a Latex Emulsifier Agent

The area of rubber land in Indonesia currently reaches 3,672,213 ha which can produce 3,229,861 tons/year. The price of rubber in Indonesia is currently cheap because of low-quality latex. The low quality of latex is caused by the large production costs, one of which is the price of latex clotting material which is relatively expensive. Therefore, this studied aims to find a good alternative to latex coagulant but at low cost. Latex clumping material used in this research were noni juice and star fruit. The treatment in this study used noni juice and star fruit juice concentration of 5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml, and 20 ml, respectively. The results showed the weight of latex with noni emulsifying agents increased by 45.58% while the administration of star fruit juice was not much different, amounting to 45.70%. However, the final weight of latex given by the emulsifying agent in the form of star fruit was higher than Noni with the difference at the highest weight reached 4.23 grams. The fastest latex clumping time at 20 ml star fruit concentration is 1.18 minutes. Based on research results noni juice and star fruit potential as a latex clot.

Optimization of extraction and quantification of Flavonoids from Averrhoa bilimbi fruits using RP-HPLC and its correlation between total flavonoids content against antimicrobial activity.

The present study was conducted to evaluate Averrhoa bilimbi fruits flavonoids extraction and quantification analysis through RP-HPLC and its comparison study on total flavonoids concentration versus antimicrobial activity analysis based on minimum inhibitory concentrations. Optimization of extraction was carried out using three different methods; among all methods the ultrasonic conventional assistant extraction (UCAE) showed an excellent recovery of flavonoids with solid phase elution. UCAE was performed with ethanol using different solvents ratio, the total flavonoid content was quantified through spectrophotometrically (850 ± 25 mg/kg) and flavonoids (myricetin and luteolin) were quantified by RP-HPLC. Optimized yield of myricetin and luteolin were presented in A. bilimbi fruits 336 ± 15 and 231 ± 18 mg/kg, respectively. Antimicrobial activity examined against E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis species using spectroscopically. The extracted sample with known quantity of total flavonoids content (10–200 µg/mL) used against E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis, MIC results shows 55.6 ± 6, 31 ± 3 and 28 ± 2 µg/mL respectively. Higher flavonoid content plays major role on antioxidant activities, which were evaluated and compared with commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) employing superoxide anion scavenging activity and total reducing power IC50 value results shows 100 and 175 µg/mL, respectively. The maximum yield of flavonoid content results shows method suitability of flavonoids extraction and quantification.

Comparative Study of Averrhoa Bilimbi, Ricinus Communis and Saraca Asoca Leaf Extracts on Dandruff Causing Fungus and Bacterial Strains

Dandruff is a major condition faced by most of the individuals which is characterised by the itchy scalp with white flakes. It is believed that this happens due to many environmental effects. The main organism involved in the cause of dandruff is a fungal species called Malassezia. In this study the phytochemical, antifungal and antibacterial activity of different leaf extracts were analysed. The efficacy of the leaf extracts from Averrhoa Bilimbi, Ricinus Communis and Saraca Asoca were tested on dandruff causing fungus and bacterial strain of E. coli and Bacillus for the study. This comparative study was mainly aimed at using the leaf extracts to check if they could inhibit the growth of fungus and bacterial strains. The antifungal and antibacterial activity wereactivities were carried out using the zone of inhibition method with different concentrations of leaf extracts.

THE FORMULATION OF PEEL-OFF MASK FROM THE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF BILIMBI LEAVES (Averrhoa blimbi L.) AS ANTI-ACNE TREATMENT

This research aims to formulate and assess the efficacy of the peel-off mask as an anti-acne of ethanol extract from bilimbi leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). The method used was an experiment, evaluating the extract through the inhibition test of Staphylococcus epidermis bacteria with the paper disk diffusion method. The peel-off mask formulation added the extract with a concentration of 7% (F1), 9% (F2), 11% (F3), and without using extract (F0). The Peel-off mask preparation testing includes the detection of scents, colours, irritation checks, and the determination of peel-off anti-acne mask efficacy. This study was carried out at Akafarma of Banda Aceh and the Chemistry laboratory of FKIP Unsyiah. The findings of the inhibition zone for Staphylococcus epidermis bacteria at extract concentrations of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% were 15 mm, 12 mm, 11 mm and 10 mm, respectively. The four peel-off mask formulas were gel, homogeneous, brown, with the distinctive scent of bilimbi leaves, and did not irritate the volunteers’ skin. The average decline in acne before and after using the mask for any formula (F0, FI, FII, and FIII) was 19.64%, 22.63%, 28.75% and 50%, respectively. The peel-off mask of ethanol extract of bilimbi leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) is effective as an anti-acne treatment.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Obat Kumur Ekstrak Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) Terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus mutans Penyebab Karies Gigi

Dental caries is a disease of the oral cavity caused by Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The mouthwash used continuously will cause side effects. So it is necessary to develop mouthwash preparations from natural ingredients, one of the plants is wuluh starfruit leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) which contain flavonoids, tannins and saponins as antibacterial agents. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the formulas for the mouthwash of wuluh starfruit leaves extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) which can affect the bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Research using the disc diffusion method, mouthwash made in 3 formulas, namely FI, FII, FIII with concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20%, which were placed on TSA media that had been overgrown with Streptococcus mutans bacteria incubated and the diameter of the inhibition zone (zone). clear). The results of the research on formula I (10%) on the first day get an average of 4.3 mm and day 14 get an average of 4 mm, this includes the classification of weak inhibition zones (less than 5 mm), formula II (15% ) get an average of 6.3 mm and day 14 get an average of 6 mm including the classification of moderate inhibition zone (5mm-10mm), formula III (20%) gets an average of 9.5mm and day 14 gets an average an average of 9.2 mm including the moderate inhibition zone classification (5mm-10mm), while the positive control (Povidone Iodine 1%) got an average of 13.8 mm and the 14th day got an average of 13.5 mm including the strong inhibition zone classification (more than 10mm) and negative control haven't drag zone. Based on the results of the data above, the formula of wuluh starfruit leaves mouthwash (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) can inhibit Streptococcus mutans bacteria.

Averrhoa bilimbi fruit filtrate as the source and growth medium for lactic acid bacteria

The study aimed to investigate the potential of Averrhoa bilimbi fruit filtrate as the source and growth medium for lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The ripe A. bilimbi fruit was thoroughly washed, drained, blended and filtered using cheesecloth. The fresh filtratewas stored in the freezer and used as control (T0). Another fruit filtrate was placed in an anaerobic jar and spontaneously incubated at room temperature (±25°C) for 4 days (T1). The rest of the filtrate was put in an anaerobic jar, added (1 g/100 mL) with shrimp paste (as a source of LAB) and incubated at room temperature for 4 days (T2). The number of LAB, pH values and antioxidant activity of the fruit filtrates were then determined. Results showed that fresh filtrate of A. bilimbi fruit contained substantial numbers of LAB (6.69 log cfu/mL), and after 4 days of spontaneous-anaerobic incubation the numbers of LAB increased significantly (25.2 log cfu/mL). The addition of shrimp paste further increased the LAB populations (30.4 log cfu/mL) in the incubated-fruit filtrate. pH values were substantially lower in T2 than that in T0 and T1. The antioxidant activity (percentage of inhibition of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl Hidrazil [DPPH]) did not differ among the groups. In conclusion, the ripe A. bilimbi fruit could be a good source and growth medium for LAB.

Roles of Averrhoa bilimbi Extract in Increasing Serum Nitric Oxide Concentration and Vascular Dilatation of Ethanol-Induced Hypertensive Rats.

The considerably high incidence of cardiovascular disease in Indonesia has attracted scientists to investigate various plant and fruit extracts as preventive agents. Averrhoa bilimbi (AB) is rich in bioactive constituents that may be effective in preventing indicators of hypertension. This study evaluated the roles of AB extract in increasing serum nitric oxide (NO) concentration and vascular dilatation in ethanol-induced hypertensive rats. A total of 24 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided equally into 4 treatment groups (n=6): P0 (control group, administered placebo); P1 [administered captopril 3 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally]; P2 (administered AB extract at 20 g/kg BW); and P3 (administered AB extract at 40 g/kg BW). The AB extract was obtained from fresh AB macerated in 96% ethanol and was subjected to bioactive compounds identification using thin layer chromatography. After pretreatment with ethanol for 15 days, treatments were administered daily for 14 days. All rats were measured for tail blood pressure by the tail-cuff method and NO concentrations by avidin-horseradish peroxidase sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. All rats were sacrificed to collect blood vessels for histopathology. The results showed that AB extracts contained flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, essential oils, and anthraquinone. Treatment with AB extract at a dose of 40 mg/kg BW significantly increased NO concentrations (P<0.05). Histopathological analysis showed that AB extracts inhibited endothelial pyknosis, intimal body, and adventitial leukocyte infiltration of posterior vena cava blood vessels. These results suggest that the protective effect of AB extracts is associated with NO concentration in the blood by inhibiting blood vessel dysfunction.

Antifungal Activity of Aqueous Plant Extracts and Effects on Morphological and Germination of Fusarium Fruit Rot Pathogens

Fusarium fruit rot caused by fusarium species pathogens can be considered a threat to economic loss. The use of synthetic antifungals to control the pathogens has failed to the development of resistance of pathogens. Previous studies reported that plant extracts may contain various bioactive constituents that are able to control pathogen growth. Hence, the aims of this study are to examine the inhibition activity of some plant fresh extracts on mycelial growth and morphological changes of Fusarium oxysporum, F. proliferatum, and f. solani, causal agents of Fusarium fruit rot. Aqueous extract of selected plants was evaluated for their inhibition activity against all the three fusarium pathogens under in vitro condition using poisoned food bioassay. Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract demonstrated a highly significant effect against mycelial growth of the pathogens with fungal inhibition percentage of 80.51% for F. oxysporum, 61.28% for F. proliferatum and 58.97% for f. solani. The results showed that the highest formation of 100% extract has lowered the conidia concentration and germination percentage of F. oxysporum (35.43%), F. proliferatum (47.61%), and f. solani (38.67%) compared to the control. Significant shriveled mycelia were observed via scanning electron microscope (SEM) on the pathogens treated with a. bilimbi extract, indicating morphological changes occurred in the cell membrane compared to the control in which the mycelia were in normal form. This innovation, which can be prepared and applied at home, has the potential as an eco-friendly and a benign approach to control fruit rot pathogen.

Utilization Of Fruits, Leaves, And Petioles Extract Of Bilimbi (Averrrhoa Bilimbi Linn.) In Detergent Synthesis

Bilimbi ( Averrhoa bilimbi Linn .) contains saponins which are natural surfactants. Due to their cleaning properties, saponins can be developed as raw materials for detergent production. The synthesis of detergent with the addition of fruits, leaves, and petioles extract of the bilimbi has been successfully carried out. A series of tests, namely organoleptic, pH, foam stability and quantity, hedonic, and detergency tests, were performed to evaluate the quality of detergents. From the organoleptic test, it was found that the addition of the extract caused the detergent to change color to brownish, with a slight increase in density and a slight decrease in pH, and relatively did not change the phase and fragrance of the detergent. The addition of extract did not increase the quantity of foam produced but could increase the stability of the resulting foam. The hedonic test shows a relatively good level of panelist preference. The detergency from the stain removal test shows that the detergent has fairly good detergency.