Karanja Biodiesel Blends Research Articles

Analysis and optimisation of emissions and fuel economy of biodiesel fuelled CI engine using Taguchi technique

The objectives of the present work are to examine the combined effect of engine operating and injection parameters and to optimise these parameters for better fuel economy, performance, and reduced emissions. The fuels used were diesel and biodiesel blends of Jatropha and Karanja biodiesel. The results indicate that diesel gives higher thermal efficiency at low loads, however, the 20% jatropha blend was slightly more efficient, at high loads. It was observed that the BSFC increases when the EGR is varied from 0% to 20%. Even though the smoke opacity increases with increased EGR, advanced injection at 28o BTDC decreases smoke. Increased EGR also reduced NOx emissions by up to 11%. Blending also has a significant impact on the output parameters. Taguchi analysis was applied to optimise the performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine and set of input values were obtained for the optimum performance under different conditions.

Performance and Emission Characteristics for Karanja Biodiesel Blends Assisted With Green Hydrogen Fuel and Nanoparticles

Abstract Extensive efforts are being made to produce and use a variety of alternative energies in order to meet the rising global energy demand. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the mass fuel burnt, emissions, and performance properties of biodiesel made from non-edible karanja oil along with hydrogen and nanoparticles in a standard diesel engine. Upon experimental evaluation, it was determined that the transesterified karanja oil retained all of its vital physicochemical properties within the specified tolerances. The emission and performance characteristics of karanja biodiesel blended with nanoparticles and hydrogen fuel were assessed at different engine loads ranging from 0% to 100%. The uniform amount of nanoparticles and hydrogen was incorporated into test fuels. Al2O3 nanoparticles of 50 ppm were used in this study and hydrogen of 5 L/min was supplied to the engine. K20NH test fuel had the maximum brake thermal efficiency and less brake-specific fuel consumption compared to the other fuel blend. The emissions were considerably reduced on karanja oil, nanoparticles, and hydrogen-blended biodiesel except for nitrogen emission compared with conventional diesel fuel. In this study, the utilization of karanja, nanoparticles, and hydrogen-blended biodiesel showed a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to reduced emission and enhanced performance characteristics.

Optimizing biodiesel blends with green hydrogen fuel: A study on combustion duration, fuel mass burnt, engine performance and emissions

Although the combustion of petroleum-based fuels currently satisfies the majority of our energy needs, rapid industrialization has spurred the utilization of alternative energy sources to meet the growing demand for electricity. With the global population on the rise and increasing awareness of the dangers of climate change, there is a greater need to find sustainable and eco-friendly fuels. Utilizing biodiesel derived from non-edible sources is the most efficient and appealing option for meeting energy needs while mitigating environmental impacts. This paper focuses on the preparation and experimental analysis of biodiesel from Karanja oil. Various blends of Karanja biodiesel and regular diesel were produced and stirred to create KB10 (Diesel 90% + Karanja Biodiesel 10%) and KB20 (Diesel 80 % + Karanja Biodiesel 20%). Hydrogen was incorporated into the biodiesel to enhance fuel characteristics, delivered at a rate of 5 L per minute. The emissions and combustion results of the biodiesel blends were compared to those of pure diesel. At full load condition, KB10H5 reported the minimum combustion duration of 25.8°CA with mass fraction burnt of 17.8%. However, the biodiesel blend with 10% and 20% reported the reduced BTE. Highest brake power has been observed at 4.95 kW. The combination of Karanja biodiesel and hydrogen improves fuel quality and reduces the harmful gases emissions such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. It is crucial to ensure that the operation is both efficient and comfortable, and this approach achieved both objectives. In addition, hydrogen energy can also be applied to the railway transportation industry, as a new direction for the green and low-carbon development of intercity transportation, driving the virtuous cycle and innovative development of the hydrogen energy-related industrial chain.

Effect of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle as Additive with Diesel Karanja Biodiesel Blend on Performance of Diesel Engine

The research study was conducted to produce biodiesel from Karanja oil (Pongamia pinnata) to evaluate the performance and compare the efficiency of samples involving conventional diesel, B10(10% biodiesel and 90% conventional diesel), B10MgO5(10% biodiesel, 85% conventional diesel and 5% Magnesium Oxide), and B10MgO10(10% biodiesel, 80% conventional diesel and 10% Magnesium Oxide), tested with the diesel engine. The production process undergoes a two-step transesterification process since the free fatty acid (FFA) percentage is more than 4%. The titration process reduces the FFA by using Ethanol and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH). Apart from that, the pre-treatment of oil for acid and base transesterification use methanol as a reactant with the presence of Sulfuric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide ((NaOH) as a catalyst. Moreover, Karanja Biodiesel undergoes three characterization tests: Bomb Calorimeter Test, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Diesel Engine Performance Testing. From the Bomb Calorimeter test, the highest calorific value was recorded by conventional diesel with 45.5815 MJ/kg, followed by B10MgO10 and B10MgO5. While the smallest value was obtained by B10 with 38.7741 MJ/kg. The inclusion of MgO as an additive increases the calorific value for biodiesel. Throughout FT-IR analysis, four fuel samples were evaluated from the wavelength range from 600 to 4000 . The oxidation process that happens due to the presence of magnesium oxide introduces a new bond at the B10MgO5 and B10MgO10 that is the O-H bond. Meanwhile, the performance of the diesel engine is analyzed at the speed of 1400 rpm until 2200 rpm with an interval of 200 rpm. Conventional diesel has a higher brake horsepower (BHP) value at the speed of 2200 rpm. While Karanja biodiesel with 10% Magnesium Oxide as additives has a greater BHP value among other samples from the speed of 1400 to 1600 rpm. Next, the addition of MgO reduces fuel consumption in the blended Karanja biodiesel samples.

EFFECT OF KARANJA BIODIESEL BLENDS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE

Extensive research is being conducted to create and use a wide range of alternative fuels to accommodate the world's growing energy needs. The objective of this experimental investigation was to analyze the effects of Karanja biodiesel blends on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine vis-a-vis neat diesel. Important physical parameters of Karanja oil were examined experimentally after transesterification and determined to be within acceptable limits. BTE of Karanja biodiesel blends was about 3-8% lower than diesel. For Karanja biodiesel blends, BSFC was about 2-9% higher than diesel but exhaust gas temperature and volumetric efficiency were lower. Emissions characteristics such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide were also analyzed for various tested fuels. Karanja biodiesel blends resulted in lesser CO and HC formation. Nonetheless, NOx emissions were around 10% greater than diesel. Peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and maximum rate of pressure rise versus crank angle were among the combustion characteristics parameters considered in this study. Combustion analysis revealed that for Karanja biodiesel blends heat release rate and peak cylinder pressure were lower than for neat diesel. Findings indicate that Karanja biodiesel can be considered a viable diesel engine fuel.

Effect of hybrid blends of raw tyre pyrolysis oil, karanja biodiesel and diesel fuel on single cylinder four stokes diesel engine

Recycling is the need of time and tyre pyrolysis is a process of recycling waste tyre to yield oil. A lot of research has been conducted on blending of diesel to produce oil but due to higher sulphur content and higher exhaust emission limits, use of tyre pyrolysis oil can be very beneficial. In the present study, our focus is on hybrid blends of oil generated, karanja biodiesel and diesel. One of the major problems with biofuel is the lower calorific value, but pyrolysis oil has higher calorific value. Hence the decision was made to blend karanja biodiesel and pyrolysis oil. The blends prepared are tyre pyrolysis (TP) 10%, karanja biodiesel (KB) 20% and diesel 70% called as TP10KB20. Similarly, TP20KB10 was also done. Further, equivalent blends of individual fuel source (TPO30 and KB30) are done and compared. Experimental investigation of hybrid blends (TP10KB20, TP20KB10) and equivalent source blend (TPO30, KBD30 and diesel) fuel are done on single cylinder CI engine. It was observed that performance and combustion of TP10KB20 and TP20KB10 were superior than any other individual blend and diesel. However, emission of TP20KB10 limits it use. Further, TP10KB20 has given superior performance, combustion and emissions characteristics compared to diesel and other blends.

Experimental assessment of combustion performance in low-displacement stationary engines operating with biodiesel blends and hydroxy

The global energy demand has motivated the investigation of profitable and environmentally friendly fuels. In the present study, the effect of hydroxy gas in blends of Karanja biodiesel and microalgae biodiesel (Chlorella protothecoides) was investigated. Therefore, the combustion characteristics, fuel consumption, overall efficiency, and emissions of biodiesel blends are addressed. For the development of the experimental tests, a low-displacement stationary diesel engine (300 cc displaced volume) was used, in which three different volumetric flows of hydroxy gas are injected while variating the engine load between 1 and 9 Nm. The results showed that oxygen enrichment due to the presence of hydroxy gas improved the combustion process of the KOME5MCP5 biodiesel blend since it improves the pressure and the heat released rate by 6.98% and 9.73%, respectively. Also, the hydroxy gas addition to the KOME5MCP5 biodiesel blend leads to maximum efficiency of 35.98%. Moreover, CO2, HC emissions, and smoke opacity can be reduced by 9.10%, 10.21%, and 7.56%, respectively, with the addition of hydroxy gas. In general, hydroxy gas fuel substitution emerges as a promising solution to reduce greenhouse emissions while enhancing the overall efficiency of the engine.

Comparative performance analysis of diesel engine fuelled with hydrogen enriched edible and non-edible biodiesel

In the present study, a comparative analysis of enrichment of hydrogen alongside diesel fuel and two different sources of biodiesel namely rice bran oil is an edible oil, and karanja oil being non-edible is tested. Hydrogen at a fixed flow rate of 7 lpm is inducted through the intake manifold. A total of six fuel samples are considered: diesel (D), hydrogen-enriched diesel (D + H2), hydrogen-enriched 10, and 20% rice bran biodiesel blend (RB10 + H2 and RB20 + H2), and hydrogen-enriched 10 and 20% karanja biodiesel blend (KB10 + H2 and KB20 + H2). Results indicate that enrichment of hydrogen improves combustion and results in 2.5% and 1.6% increase in the brake thermal efficiency of diesel fuel and rice bran biodiesel, respectively. For karanja biodiesel the increment is negligible. Fuel consumption of the D + H₂ is 6.35% lower and for RB10 + H₂ and KB10 + H₂ it is decreased by 2.9% and 1.3%, respectively. The Presence of hydrogen shows the 4–38% lower CO emissions and 6–14% lower UHC emission due to better combustion. The blends RB10 + H₂ and KB10 + H₂ produce up to 6–13% higher NOx emission and that for the blends RB20 + H₂ and KB20 + H₂ it goes up to 25%. Overall rice bran oil is found to provide better performance than karanja biodiesel.

Selection of Karanja Biodiesel Blend for Engine Performance by using TOPSIS and VIKOR Method

Demand for energy is increasing due to the development of industries, expanding urbanization, and population growth which further increases the use of fossil fuel in large amount. This also affects an environmental pollution and engine sector too. In internal combustion (IC) engines, alternative fuel blends has one of the most important decision for balancing a number of opinions and criteria for making different strategic decision by an engine expert. Choice of alternative sources of suitable blending of biodiesel and biodiesel plays an important role in engine sector. In this paper, discuss the Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques is used for selecting the best alternative blend of Karanja methyl ester biodiesel to fulfil the demand in IC engine sector. Optimization was done by using of VIKOR (Visekriterijimsko Kompromisno Rangiranje) and TOPSIS (technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution) techniques. The parameter considered for optimization includes brake thermal energy, brake specific fuel consumption at different load at different compression ratio as input. Emission parameters as carbon mono oxide un burnt hydrocarbon, carbon di-oxide, oxygen and oxides of nitrogen was also determined. A productive examination of the procedure and positioning of choices can be accomplished for enhancement blends choice through TOPSIS and VIKOR techniques. Starting with normalized and weighted normalized decision matrix, positive and negative ideal solution, the distance of alternative from positive and negative ideal solution was calculated and closeness coefficient of alternative in the form of ranking of alternative was done. It was found that a mix B75 was the most appropriate blend for Karanja biodiesel for best use in CI engine without influencing the emission and performance parameters.

Experimental investigation of diesel engine fuelled with different alkyl esters of Karanja oil

The rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and limited reserves of petroleum based fuels have left mankind in pursuit of alternatives to diesel. There have been stringent regulations generated by authorities around the world regarding vehicular emissions from internal combustion engines. To this end, researchers have been exploring different sources of alternative fuels such as biodiesel produced from non-edible oil sources such as Karanja, Jatropha accompanied by the alcohol fuels, methanol, ethanol, butanol and propanol. This work has experimentally investigated the impacts of various blends of Karanja biodiesel with a chain of fewer alcohols (ethanol, 2-propanol, methanol, 1-butanol and 1-pentanol) to identify the potential of higher alcohols in the production of biodiesel and application to the diesel engine. The results showed that the brake thermal efficiency was decreased by 3.3%, while an increased brake specific fuel consumption was recorded for KOPnE20 by 11.75% compared to the mineral diesel fuel, which could be attributed to the higher calorific values of the respective fuels. The emission results indicated that the carbon dioxide emission increased by 32.25% while the nitrogen of oxide emission decreased by 6.72% for KOPnE20 compared to the diesel fuel at full load condition.

Effect of TiO2 nano-additive on performance and emission characteristics of direct injection compression ignition engine fueled with Karanja biodiesel blend

ABSTRACT Biodiesel is gaining popularity as an environment-friendly fuel and prominent replacement to the common diesel fuel for compression ignition (CI) engine. Biodiesel from Pongamia Pinnatta was produced and its performance and emission characteristics were evaluated in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticle additive. The physical parameters and calorific value of biodiesel-blended oil in the presence and absence of TiO2 nanoparticles were compared. The fuel was prepared by sonicating the mixture after addition of nano-TiO2 particles. The emissions of CO, HC, and NOx are also compared in both with and without nanoparticle blends. Reduction in the emission of gases in the blend containing TiO2 nanoparticles was observed. Engine parameters such as brake thermal efficiency(BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC) regarding various loads in a single cylinder test engine were also studied. It was observed that the BTE and BSFC increase by 1.72% and 3.57%, respectively, compared to biodiesel blend.

Performance pattern study on compression ignition engine running with biodiesel and tert-butanol blends

In this study, the effects of tert-butanol on the engine performance of Karanja biodiesel/tert-butanol blends were examined. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, diesel engine using various blends of Karanja biodiesel and tert-butanol (TB10KBD90, and TB20KBD80) and Biodiesel (KBD). Experimental results show that the tert-butanol and biodiesel blends (TB10KBD90 and TB20KBD80) have slightly and lesser Brake specific fuel consumption (0.3–0.5%) and elevated Brake thermal efficiency (0.7–0.9%) when compared to neat Karanja biodiesel (KBD) at all testing conditions. Further, the Exhaust gas temperature lowered significantly (0.6–0.8%) by adding tert-butanol to base fuel (BD100).

Experimental and empirical analysis of an IC engine operating with ternary blends of diesel, karanja and roselle biodiesel

In the present study biodiesel is derived from karanja and roselle oil by transesterification process and different ternary blends is prepared with conventional diesel fuel with different proprtions B1 (D50KB45RB5), B2 (D50KB40RB10) and (D50KB30RB20). The test were performed at different compression ratio (15.5, 16.5, 17.5, 18.5), engine load (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100) to evaluate the engine characteristics and compared the result with diesel fuel. Blend B1 showed lower brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature by 1.48% and 1.38%, while on other side brake specific fuel consumption increased by 4.13% compare to diesel fuel. Blend B1 shows lower nitrogen of oxide emission by 15.3, while increased in carbon dioxide emission by 1.92% compared to diesel fuel. Additionally, an empirical model was also derived using an artificial neural network to characterize the operation behavior. For various operating conditions, the network was able to predict outputs satisfactorily with high r and r2 value of 0.9863 ± 0.192 and 0.8894 ± 0.0374 respectively. Further investigations showed that the engine variables displayed significantly high empirical dependencies among themselves and therefore suggests for plausible empirically reduced models. These results will provide guidance for prediction of multivariable response of IC engine.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE SUITABILITY OF KARANJA (Pongamia pinatta) BIODIESEL BLENDS FOR ENGINE APPLICATION

It is now an established fact that bio-energy has the potential to augment a major part of the projected renewable energy provisions of the future. As the resources of petroleum are depleting with the increasing demand for fuels, bio-energy has come up as an effective means to supplement this energy demand as well as to mitigate the problem of environmental pollution. In respect of engine derived energy, biofuels viz. biodiesel is gaining prominence as alternative diesel fuel for its good quality exhaust, biodegradability and sustainability. Many feedstocks for biodiesel production have been investigated and experimented with. The feedstock characteristics, which are spatially varying, have a considerable effect on the biodiesel characteristics as well as the engine performance. In this study, fuel characteristics of bio-oil extracted from locally available Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) were evaluated and compared with petroleum diesel. Various fuel properties were evaluated according to ASTM standards. An experimental study was then undertaken to investigate the performance of a diesel engine using blends (B5, B20, B40, B60) of the extracted bio-oil. A comparative study of the engine performance, using different blends of the bio-oil and diesel, in terms of fuel power, indicated power, brake power, frictional power, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, relative efficiency, mean effective pressure, fuel consumption, specific fuel consumption, air consumption and specific output, was carried out. It was observed that the use of the biodiesel blends resulted in engine performance comparable to pure diesel, which suggests the suitability of Karanja biodiesel blends for engine application.

Performance evaluation of a biodiesel fuelled transportation engine retrofitted with a non-noble metal catalysed diesel oxidation catalyst for controlling unregulated emissions

In present study, engine exhaust was sampled for measurement and analysis of unregulated emissions from a four cylinder transportation diesel engine using a state-of-the-art FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) emission analyzer. Test fuels used were Karanja biodiesel blend (B20) and baseline mineral diesel. Real-time emission measurements were performed for raw exhaust as well as exhaust sampled downstream of the two in-house prepared non-noble metal based diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) and a baseline commercial DOC based on noble metals. Two prepared non-noble metal based DOCs were based on Co-Ce mixed oxide and Lanthanum based perovskite catalysts. Perovskite based DOC performed superior compared to Co-Ce mixed oxide catalyst based DOC. Commercial noble metal based DOC was found to be the most effective in reducing unregulated hydrocarbon emissions in the engine exhaust, followed by the two in-house prepared non-noble metal based DOCs.

Comparison of jatropha and karanja biofuels on their combustion characteristics

ABSTRACTBiofuel blends produced from Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil were evaluated for their combustion properties. Two kinds of blends (regular diesel with Jatropha and Karanja oil) were prepared at 20% volume to the diesel and tested as alternative fuels in single cylinder (vertical), water-cooled, direct injection diesel engine at the rated speed of 1500 rpm. The performance of the engine in terms of thermal efficiency at full load for diesel was 30%. For Jatropha and Karanja biodiesel blends, the thermal efficiencies were 29.0% and 28.6%, respectively. The maximum cylinder pressure and ignition delay for biodiesel fuel blends are very close to that of regular diesel. Prolonged combustion was observed for Karanja oil blend in comparison to Jatropha oil blend. The combustion pattern also reveals the slow burning characteristics of vegetable oils and this study indicates that the blended biofuels have combustion characteristics that are similar to regular diesel fuels.

A qualitative correlation between engine exhaust particulate number and mass emissions

Diesel particulate are designated as ‘carcinogenic’. In this study, a novel approach has been adopted to determine the relationship between particle mass and particle number emissions from a four-cylinder naturally aspired water-cooled transport diesel engine, which is fuelled by mineral diesel and 20% (v/v) Karanja biodiesel blend (B20) under different engine operating conditions. This approach involves establishing a relationship between particle number-mass emissions by mapping the inclination of identified particulate size concentrations for their dominating contribution towards either particle number or particulate mass. Established relationship is found to be dependent on engine operating condition. Experiment were performed on (i) raw engine exhaust, (ii) exhaust from a commercial diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC1) and (iii) exhaust from two in-house prepared DOCs (named as DOC2 and DOC3). Prepared DOCs were coated with Co-Ce mixed oxide and lanthanum perovskite based catalysts. Results obtained by applying this approach exhibited nearly similar particulate emission characteristics for test fuels, mineral diesel and B20. This technique can therefore be successfully adopted for particulate characterization.

Spray characteristics, engine performance and emissions analysis for Karanja biodiesel and its blends

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of blending ratio of Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) on spray characteristics and to analyze the engine performance and exhaust emissions of Karanja biodiesel blend vis-a-vis baseline diesel. Spray characteristics were analyzed using injection rate and spray visualization experiments for the following injection pressures: 50, 100 and 150 MPa. Engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics were also investigated at various engine operation conditions.From a comparison of the spray evolution of Karanja biodiesel 40% (v/v) blend (KB40) vis-a-vis baseline diesel, the spray shape revealed a narrower and deeper penetrating spray development process for KB40. However, at an ambient pressure of 4 MPa, which is considered to be similar to the cylinder pressure of a test engine, KB40 exhibited a spray evolution behavior (spray penetration and shape) closely resembling that of diesel. In the engine experiment, lower max torque, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust gas temperature, in addition to higher brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were observed for biodiesel blend compared to diesel due to lower heating value of Karanja biodiesel.

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using complementary blending of castor and karanja biodiesel

The performance and emissions of blends of karanja and castor biodiesel with conventional diesel in an unmodified single-cylinder DI diesel engine was studied. Different combination of biodiesel and diesel (castor 5% + karanja 5% + diesel 90%, castor 5% + karanja 10% + diesel 85%, castor 10% + karanja 5% + diesel 85%, castor 5% + karanja 15% + diesel 80%, castor 10% + karanja 10% + diesel 80% and castor 15% + karanja 5% + diesel 80%) were studied under varying load from 0 to 100%. The results revealed that BTE slightly decreased while BSFC increased with increasing biodiesel concentration in fuel blends. Unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke reduced with increasing biodiesel content in fuel blends. An increasing concentration of castor biodiesel resulted in higher emissions. The blend containing castor 5% + karanja 10% + diesel 85% was found most suitable for a DI diesel engine in the context of performance and emission.

Evaluation of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fueled with karanja biodiesel and diethyl ether blends

ABSTRACTIn this experimental study, karanja biodiesel was prepared by two step transesterification process using potassium hydroxide as catalyst. This extracted biodiesel was used to determine performance, emission and combustion characteristics of different karanja oil diesel blends with 10% diethyl ether (DEE) at different loading conditions in an unmodified single cylinder, four-stroke compression ignition (CI) engine at 1500 rpm. Performance parameters evaluated are brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) while the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) were calculated at 20, 40, 60, 80% and full load conditions. Combustion characteristics evaluated were in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate at full load condition. The results of the investigation have been compared with that of diesel. BTE and BSFC of biodiesel blends were found to be greater than diesel. Reduction in NOX and CO2 was observed at full load condition while there was an increase in HC emission on intermittent basis. Peak in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate of B10DEE10 and B20DEE10 were found to be greater than that of diesel at full load condition.