Bleaching Products Research Articles

Effectiveness of liquid rubber dam in improving dental isolation: An in vitro study

A liquid rubber dam is used as a gingiva protector and to ameliorate the sealing quality around the tooth. No information about the mechanical properties of liquid rubber dam and its efficiency in tooth isolation was reported in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the morphological changes after contact with different solutions, microleakages, bond strength to enamel, and mechanical properties of two different liquid rubber dams (Top dam “TD” and OpalDam™ “OD”). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphological changes. Compression strength and viscosity tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties. A shear bond strength test was performed to evaluate the bond strength of liquid rubber dams to enamel. Solubility was performed to investigate the effect of water after 90 min of contact. Finally, the microleakage tests were performed by using methylene blue. Data were statistically analyzed. No presence of methylene blue was detected after 30, 60, and 90 min of immersion for both dams, giving both products a good sealing ability in time. SEM demonstrated morphological changes of the materials’ surfaces after contact with bleaching and phosphoric acid products. TD demonstrated higher bond strength to enamel as well as higher compression strength at 90 min compared to OD. However, TD demonstrated higher solubility than OD, which facilitates its deposition in layers. The shear viscosity of the TD was higher than that of the OD material by about a factor of 60. Within the limitations of the present study, liquid rubber dam can ensure the sealing ability. TD seems to be more resistant and has higher bond strength to tooth structure compared to OD.

Pengaruh Social Media Marketing dan Brand Ambassador Terhadap Minat Beli Pada Produk Scarlett Whitening

The study explores how consumer interest in purchasing Scarlett bleach products is influenced by the interaction between social media marketing and brand ambassadors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential impact of brand ambassadors and social media marketing on consumer interest in purchasing Scarlett Whitening products. Using purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling technique, 54 students who had purchased Scarlett products were respondents in total. Google Forms distributed questionnaires are used in the data collection method. The findings of the study showed that the t-value was 1.129 < 2.008 and that the social media marketing variable had a negative and insignificant impact on the variable that measured interest in buying Scarlett bleaching products, with an effect of 0.267 > 0.05. At 0.000 < 0.05 and 1 count 5.292 > t table 2.008, The Brand Ambassador variable has been proven to have a positive and rather significant effect on the variable of Scarlett Whitening's buying interest in products.

Effect of Various Vital Bleaching Systems on Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction.

Objective To evaluate the clinical behavior of different bleaching products - the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), carbamide peroxide (CP), and titanium dioxide bleaching systems. Methods Three bleaching systems with different concentrations (H2O2 15%, 38%, CP 15%, 35%, and titanium dioxide 20% H2O2) were used. Sixty participants with discolored teeth were enrolled and equally divided into six groups. Each group was rendered the assigned bleaching protocol against the control group, which received plain dentifrice polishing.Each case was evaluated immediately, two weeks, three months, six months, and one year after the bleaching treatment. The clinical evaluation was made for color change by (shade guide and digital images with L*a*b* parameters), tooth sensitivity, gingival irritation, and participants' satisfaction. Results All bleaching systems showed color improvement after bleaching regimens with significant effect showed by in-office titanium dioxide 20% H2O2 followed by 38% H2O2 with Δ=10.26 and Δ=6.52, respectively, when compared to other bleaching techniques. Higher sensitivity was recorded in group III with 50% of the participants reporting postoperative sensitivity. Higher gingival irritation was recorded in group IV (15% CP) where 60% of the patients reported gingival irritation. Thirty-five of the 60 participants (58.5%) recorded that the treatment whitened their teeth "moderately" and "a lot" while seven participants recorded "a slight" difference. There was a highly significant difference in participants' satisfaction between all bleaching groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion It is evident that there is a development of dental sensitivity and gingival irritation irrespective of the bleaching system used. The color assessment showed that the desired result can be achieved with variable levels of patientsatisfaction with excellent overall results with the titanium dioxide system.

Investigation on the stability and durability of PVDF membranes under prolonged exposure to household bleach cleaning agents

This study delves into the impact of aging on PVDF membranes due to exposure to various NaOCl-based household bleach products, namely Bayclin, Proclin, and Soclin, over different durations (0, 1, 3, and 5 days). The primary objective is to assess the influence of household bleaches as cleaning agents on the stability and durability of PVDF membranes. Our findings underscore that prolonged exposure to NaOCl-based cleaning agents induces changes in pore structure, morphology, mechanical strength, and flux performance of the membranes owing to oxidation by hypochlorite. However, these alterations are mitigated when using household cleaning agents, particularly Soclin and Proclin. For instance, after 5 days, membranes aged with NaOCl exhibited an enlargement of pore size up to 0.2 mm, whereas those aged with Soclin (MS) and Proclin (MP) only experienced an enlargement to 0.12 mm from the original pore size of 0.05 mm. This increase in pore size is undesirable as it adversely affects the selectivity performance of the membranes. Additionally, the hydrophilicity of membranes was found to be better maintained when aged with household products compared to pure NaOCl, as evidenced by the higher water contact angle observed in MP and MS membranes. Furthermore, the flux recovery ratio (FRR) exhibited an upward trend with prolonged aging duration, with Bayclin showing the highest FRR of 180 %, closely to that of pure NaOCl at nearly 190 %, among the other two products. This significant increase in FRR is undesirable as it results from the enlargement of pore morphology caused by damage from exposure to hypochlorites which is stronger in the chemical-grade NaOCl compared to the household bleach products. In summary, this study highlights that household bleaches, especially Soclin and Proclin, present a promising option in terms of stability for prolonged use. These results are crucial for identifying chemicals that are not only more efficient in the cleaning process but also less damaging to the membranes with good stability in long-term use.

Cytotoxicity of Bleaching Products: A Systematic Review

The high demand for aesthetic treatments among the population has resulted in a wide array of bleaching products available on the market. It is imperative to investigate the potential adverse effects these products may have on dental health. The objective of this systematic review is to assess, based on available experimental in vitro studies in the scientific literature, whether bleaching products exhibit cytotoxic properties against pulp stem cells and fibroblasts. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across the Medline, Scopus, and Lilacs databases using the search formula ((Tooth whitening) OR (bleaching agent)) AND cytotoxicity AND ((stem cell*) OR fibroblast). Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 articles were deemed suitable for full analysis. The most utilized assay in the evaluated studies was the MTT cell viability assay. Fibroblasts emerged as the most scrutinized cell type due to the potential adverse effects of bleaching, such as invasive cervical resorption, which primarily affects the periodontal ligament where fibroblasts are located. It was observed that as the concentration of hydrogen peroxide increases, so does the cytotoxicity of the product. Additionally, other factors such as application time, activation methods, and the type of peroxide used also play a significant role. Bleaching products have been shown to exert cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts. Further exploration of the impact of bleaching agents on dental pulp stem cells is warranted to better understand their implications for these cells.

A triphenylamine-based carbohydrazide hydrazone fluorescent probe for selective detection of hypochlorite and sensing acidic gases.

Hypochlorous acid and its hypochlorite are important reactive oxygen species in the body, and are involved in various physiological processes related to immunity; their rapid detection is of great significance. Here, we synthesized a fluorescent probe (TPAS) by condensation of 4-(diphenylamino)benzaldehyde, carbohydrazide, and salicylaldehyde, which can be used for the detection of ClO- in water and sensing of acidic gas in its solid state. The probe showed strong selective recognition of ClO- in acetonitrile and good tolerance to interference ions. There were good linear responses between the intensity of absorbance and fluorescence and the amount of ClO-. The TPAS solid and its paper strips can emit red fluorescence when exposed to volatile acidic vapours. After being treated with NH3, the red fluorescence can be restored to yellow. The response process of TPAS to ClO- and acid gases was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, it can be utilized in analyzing ClO- in commercially available bleaching products; the detection results were basically compatible with the labelled values. In addition, the probe is biocompatible and can be applied for imaging ClO- in zebrafish.

Technological possibilities for adding value on defective skins: Practical valorization of leather products with chromium and dyeing spots

In this study, decolorization via a bleaching operation was carried out on chrome and dye spotted skins with several bleaches to valorize the defective leather materials. Sodium perborate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium thiosulfate, sodium percarbonate, and oxalic acid were applied as bleaching agents in production. Sodium perborate by itself was applied and combined with other bleaching agents. Combined processes were also supported with an emulsifier agent for uniform distribution and deeper penetration of bleaching agents into the fibers. Color changes and differences on leather products were determined by Konica Minolta CM-3600d test apparatus spectrophotometrically before and after the applications. Bleached leathers were processed again, re-dyed, and finished after the bleaching operations. Then, bleaching performances of the single and combination applications were also evaluated for the leather strength indicators by analyzing tensile and tear strength of the final products as well as chromium (VI) oxidation of basic chromium (III) salts used in tanning. Antibacterial properties of the final bleached products were also investigated. As a result, sodium perborate was found to provide the most effective and safe bleaching without any physical and chemical deformation by creating antibacterial activity on leather.

Isolation, Modification, and Characterization of Local Indonesia's Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose for Dye‐Adsorbent Application

AbstractCellulose and its derivatives have been widely used in various applications. Cellulose can be isolated from sugarcane bagasse waste. This research aims to isolate and modify the sugarcane bagasse cellulose to improve its characteristics and usability. Cellulose was isolated using the alkalization and bleaching method, wherein the alkalization processes the biomass was immersed in a sodium hydroxide solution and bleached using hydrogen peroxide. Cellulose modification was performed using alkali treatment and etherification stages with monochloroacetic acid in an isopropanol solvent. The β‐(1,4)‐glycosidic vibration absorption on both the bleaching products at 896 cm−1 confirmed pure cellulose, while a carbonyl group at 1610 cm−1 in the modified cellulose product confirmed the pure CMC product. The CMC obtained had lower thermal stability in the interval 241.35–299.87 compared to cellulose as its source, indicating an increase in the amorphous region. According to experimental findings from the MB adsorption investigation, citric acid‐crosslinked sugarcane bagasse derivatives of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were more effective adsorbents for removing MB than commercial CMC with the same formulation (2 : 1). The study‘s findings also indicated that an increase in the percentage of MB degradation was correlated with an effect of adsorbent dose and contact time.

Efeitos de dentifrícios contendo carvão ativado no esmalte dental: uma revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT The increased demand for white teeth has intensified the commercialization of new bleaching products, particularly those that can be accessed easily, do not require the direct supervision of a dentist, and are affordable. Among these new products, several dentifrices publicized as bleaching products have been developed, most recent of them being the activated charcoal toothpaste, which entered the market promising to whiten teeth. While it is portrayed as a healthy and ecological product, there is a paucity of scientific evidence supporting its alleged benefits. Therefore, this literature review aimed to evaluate activated charcoal containing oral hygiene products on their bleaching ability and effects on enamel. After analyzing several in vitro studies on the subject, it can be concluded that these products do not have a bleaching effect per se, but act by removing the extrinsic pigments from the teeth. However, most of the products containing activated charcoal could have abrasive effects on the surface of the enamel. Therefore, it is suggested caution about the indication of these dentifrices, especially for individuals predisposed to dental wear, such as gingival recession, reduced salivary flow, and high risk of caries or dental erosion.

Can discolored dental composites be bleached in depth?

Previous in vitro studies determined the whitening effects of bleaching products on stained resin composite surfaces. This in vitro study aimed to verify the effectiveness of a whitening system on composite resin previously subjected to pigmentation, specifically examining the depth of whitening effectiveness within the material structure. A commercially available nano-filled composite resin was used. Specimens were stained using a coffee-based solution and a 10% carbamide peroxide-based gel was employed as the whitening agent. The pigment's penetration and the effect of the bleaching gel were evaluated by measuring color (CieLab values) from the outer edge to the inner part of the specimens. Color measurements were taken at 14 points, starting from 0.1 mm from the external perimeter up to 3.0 mm. Analysis of variance tests showed a statistically significant difference between the Control Group (CG), Pigmentation Group, and Whitening Group. The whitening agent was effective up to 1.5 mm in depth, with Whiteness index (W) values not statistically different from those of CG up to 0.5 mm in depth. Whitening agents on nano-filled resin composite previously pigmented appear effective in restoring the W to values similar to the original, particularly in the superficial layers of the sample.

Gas-Phase and Surface-Initiated Reactions of Household Bleach and Terpene-Containing Cleaning Products Yield Chlorination and Oxidation Products Adsorbed onto Indoor Relevant Surfaces.

The use of household bleach cleaning products results in emissions of highly oxidative gaseous species, such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and chlorine (Cl2). These species readily react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as limonene, one of the most abundant compounds found in indoor enviroments. In this study, reactions of HOCl/Cl2 with limonene in the gas phase and on indoor relevant surfaces were investigated. Using an environmental Teflon chamber, we show that silica (SiO2), a proxy for window glass, and rutile (TiO2), a component of paint and self-cleaning surfaces, act as a reservoir for adsorption of gas-phase products formed between HOCl/Cl2 and limonene. Furthermore, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) shows that the gas-phase reaction products of HOCl/Cl2 and limonene readily adsorb on both SiO2 and TiO2. Surface-mediated reactions can also occur, leading to the formation of new chlorine- and oxygen-containing products. Transmission Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of adsorption and desorption of bleach and terpene oxidation products indicates that these chlorine- and oxygen-containing products strongly adsorb on both SiO2 and TiO2 surfaces for days, providing potential sources of human exposure and sinks for additional heterogeneous reactions.

Immunohistochemical Localization of Substance P in Pulp Tissue After In-Office Bleaching Technique in Rats

Currently in-office bleaching procedure is the most frequently used in dentistry which represents the most traditional way to modify the color of teeth. The objective of the study is to investigate the pulp response to in-office bleaching procedure with two different concentration of bleaching products by immunohistochemical assessment for Substance P which represent main neuropeptide located in the sensory nerves of the pulp. Twenty four male albino rats were randomly divided equally into two groups. The right maxillary molars were subjected to a single in-office bleaching session with 40% of hydrogen peroxide (Opalescence Boost, UT, USA) (group A) and with 30% of hydrogen peroxide (Philips Dash, USA) (group B). The left maxillary molars in both groups received no treatment used as (negative control). the pulp response were evaluated in 1st day (n=6) and 7th day (n=6) after bleaching procedure. The upper jaws were processed for H&amp;E stain and immunohistochemical localization of substance P. At 1st day there was high mean value of dental pulp cells that positively expressed for substance P antibody in both bleached groups and mostly in 40% bleached group (group A 30.133, group B 27.267) than control group (10.358) with significant p value (0.013) while at 7th day this expression was reduced in both groups(mean value of group A was 15.300 while the group B was 11.400). In conclusion the higher the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in bleaching products the further damage to the pulp represents in neurogenic inflammation which explain the increasing in substance P expression.

Rampant online marketing of teeth whitening products: Evaluation of online information, labelling accuracy and quantitative analysis of high peroxide content gels

Background/Purpose: Online vendors seize the advantage of the high demand on home-use, do-it-yourself dental bleaching products. The study aims to present the uncontrolled online market of dental products and provide evidence of consumer safety risks associated with the utilization of high peroxide content bleaching products without dentist's supervision, and also to identify misleading and insufficient information on content and compromised product quality. Materials and methodsA complex risk-based methodology was used including website content evaluation focusing on ingredients, precautionary statements and directions for use provided by online retailers. Bleaching products were test procured in which packaging and labels were documented and assessed. Quality control was performed using the permanganometric method per the official European Pharmacopoeia. ResultsOne (16.7%) of six test procured peroxide gels was not delivered. Another arrived without enclosed description or instructions. The ingredient list was incomplete or missing for all (100%) online products, however, it was listed on the label or in enclosed documentation in four out of five (80%) samples. Precautionary statements were scarcely (16.7%) disclosed online, contrarily, safety claims were emphasized by most (83.3%) websites. Contraindications and adverse effects were mentioned in the majority (80%) of the delivered product labels. One sample contained no active principle, in two sample’ peroxide content exceeded the label's claim by 5.2–9.0% while in another two it was below the concentration indicated on the labels by 79.9–80.7%. ConclusionsDissimilarity in regulations elicits an opportunity for consumers to purchase inappropriately labeled, questionable quality, high peroxide content dental products without information regarding ingredients, application and risks. The uncontrolled market, easy access and unsupervised application of high peroxide-content teeth whiteners imply patient safety issues.

Isolation, Modification and Characterization of Cellulose from Corn Husk Waste of Puncak‐Bogor

AbstractCellulose and its derivatives are important industrial raw materials for their advantages, including abundance, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and good mechanical and thermal properties. This study aims to isolate and modify cellulose from corn husk waste of Puncak‐Bogor, Indonesia for improving the characteristics and usability of corn husk cellulose. The cellulose of corn husk was isolated with the delignification and bleaching process, by using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), respectively. The modification of cellulose was carried out using alkaline and etherification stages with monochloroacetic acid (MCA) in an isopropyl alcohol solvent. The presence of a peak at 898 cm−1 on the bleaching product confirmed the β‐(1,4)‐glycosidic bond of pure cellulose, while the peak at 1612.49 cm−1 on the modified cellulose product confirmed the carbonyl group of carboxymethyl cellulose. Cellulose isolated from corn husk has a crystallinity index of 76.4 % (2nd bleaching product), while CMC is 29.97 %. Cellulose (2nd bleaching product) starts to decompose at 271.8 and finishes at 642.63 °C, while CMC shows a lower decomposition temperature of 248.47 and 628.17 °C. Based on the results, it can be concluded that cellulose and CMC from Puncak‐Bogor's corn husk waste were obtained through the isolation method and modification stages in this research, respectively.

Household bleach products as high-performance and cost-effective cleaning agents for membrane fouling

It has been widely known that polymeric membrane such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is very prone to fouling that occurs during the filtration process. In the same light, membrane cleaning has also been popularly used as a mean to remove foulants which accumulated on or inside the membrane. In this paper, the utilization of domestic bleach, which is affordable and easily found in the nearest markets, as the membrane cleaning agent is discussed. The performance evaluation is conducted on three kinds of commercial domestic bleaches, namely Bayclin, Proclin, and Soclin. In order to study deeper about those product potentials, the performance is compared with the pure sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) which has been known as a common chemical cleaning agent, and distillate water. The results show that the bleach products work excellence in cleaning the fouled membrane which confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis results, in which membranes cleaned with the bleaches have cleaner surface compared to that cleaned with distillate water. Interestingly, the positive outcome can also be seen in the flux recovery ratio (FRR) of the membranes after cleaning which managed to recover up to 95% of the lost flux. Overall, all three bleach products showed closely similar performance as the original NaOCl, and showed far better performance than distillate water. This result emphasizes that the domestic bleaches are highly promising to be membrane chemical cleaning agents, replacing the common chemicals. This work makes a significant contribution toward giving reasonably priced options for alternative methods of cleaning membranes.

Structural Impact of Selected Retinoids on Model Photoreceptor Membranes

Photoreceptor membranes have a unique lipid composition. They contain a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids including the most unsaturated fatty acid in nature, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6), and are enriched in phosphatidylethanolamines. The phospholipid composition and cholesterol content of the subcellular components of photoreceptor outer segments enables to divide photoreceptor membranes into three types: plasma membranes, young disc membranes, and old disc membranes. A high degree of lipid unsaturation, extended exposure to intensive irradiation, and high respiratory demands make these membranes sensitive to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, all-trans retinal (AtRAL), which is a photoreactive product of visual pigment bleaching, accumulates transiently inside these membranes, where its concentration may reach a phototoxic level. An elevated concentration of AtRAL leads to accelerated formation and accumulation of bisretinoid condensation products such as A2E or AtRAL dimers. However, a possible structural impact of these retinoids on the photoreceptor-membrane properties has not yet been studied. In this work we focused just on this aspect. The changes induced by retinoids, although noticeable, seem not to be significant enough to be physiologically relevant. This is, however, an positive conclusion because it can be assumed that accumulation of AtRAL in photoreceptor membranes will not affect the transduction of visual signals and will not disturb the interaction of proteins engaged in this process.

Effects of Over-The-Counter Bleaching Products on the Color and Surface Roughness of Nanohybrid Composite

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı; diş hekimi kontrolünde olmayan ağartma ürünlerinin renklendirmeye maruz bırakılmış nanohibrit kompozit rezinin renk ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerine etkilerinin değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, nanohibrit kompozit rezin olan Clearfil Majesty Esthetic (Kuraray Medical INC, Okayama, Japan) kullanılarak 40 adet (n=10) örnek hazırlandı. Örneklerin bir hafta yoğun çay solüsyonunda bekletildikten sonraki renk ve yüzey pürüzlülük ölçümleri yapıldı ve rastgele olarak 4 gruba ayrıldı: 1.Grup Listerin Advance White, 2. Grup Signal White Now Pen, 3. Grup Dr.White sprey, 4. Grup 3D Crest Whitestrips. OTC ürünleri, üretici firmaların önerisine göre uygulandı. Daha sonra tekrar yüzey pürüzlülük ve renk ölçümleri yapıldı. Verilerin analizinde tek yönlü ANOVA testi, Tukey HSD testi ve Paired Samples t testi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Bu çalışmada kullanılan diş hekimi kontrolünde olmayan ağartma ürünlerinin tümü kompozit rezin yüzeyleri üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede ağartma sağladı ve pürüzlülüğe sebep oldu (p&amp;lt;0.05). Sonuç: Çalışmada kullanılan ürünlerin tümünün nanohibrit bir kompozit rezin yüzeyleri üzerinde ağartma sağladığı fakat pürüzlülüğe de sebep olduğu için kullanırken dikkatli olunması gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.

Evaluation of applicability of micro-segmental analysis to hair treated with heat and haircare products.

Micro-segmental analysis (MSA), which enables the measurement of detailed drug distributions in hair by segmenting a single hair strand at 0.4mm intervals, is indispensable for estimating the day of drug ingestion. However, haircare with dryers and various products can influence drug concentrations in hair. Therefore, the applicability of MSA to hair that was treated with heat or various haircare products was evaluated. Reference hair strands containing drugs consistently along the hair shafts were collected from patients who ingested four hay-fever medicines (fexofenadine, epinastine, cetirizine, and loratadine) daily for 4months. The hair strands were divided into eight 4mm regions from the proximal end, and each region was placed on an electric hot plate at 100-200°C or soaked in haircare products, such as shampoo and bleaching agent. The hair regions were subjected to MSA. Moreover, after a patient was administered midazolam at a single dose and the hair was bleached, the day of midazolam administration was estimated using MSA. Repetitive heating for 1min and daily haircare products, such as shampoo, hardly affected the drugs in hair, whereas bleaching products containing H2O2 decreased the amounts of hay-fever medicines in the hair up to 58%. However, the amount of midazolam did not decrease in bleached hair and the day of midazolam administration was successfully estimated. The analytes used in this study were minimally affected by ordinary haircare and could be detected even in bleached hair. Therefore, MSA can be applicable regardless of haircare history.

A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF TEETH WHITENING AGENT WITH AND WITHOUT DIODE LASER: A SPLIT-MOUTH STUDY.

Over the decades, the demand for teeth whitening has increased which has prompted the creation of numerous novel bleaching products. A teethwhitening product called Synergy gel makes claim to cause no signicant sensitivity, is highly effective, has ease of handling, and is used without a gingival barrier. Hence, this study is to evaluate the efcacy of teeth-whitening agents with and without the use of a diode laser. The teeth Method: in this split-mouth design were grouped into group A (Novo Synergy tooth whitening with an 810nm diode laser) and group B (Only Novo Synergy tooth whitening). There is a signicant difference between both groups at imme Result: diate and 15 days. But, there is no signicant difference between both groups at 3 months. The use of diode lasers (810nm) to enhance bleaching ha Conclusion: s signicant efcacy to that of the synergy gel bleaching but for a shorter period of time.

In Vitro Evaluation of Tooth-Whitening Potential of Peroxide-Free OTC Dental Bleaching Agents

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the tooth-whitening potential of five over-the-counter (OTC), peroxide-free dental bleaching methods as well as an experimental tooth-whitening solution containing 0.1% hydrogen peroxide complexed with doping agents with a gold standard (positive control) containing 16% carbamide peroxide. Material and Methods: Eighty permanent bovine incisor teeth were randomly allocated to eight different groups. Two teeth from each group were immerged into five staining solutions represented by coffee, tea, red wine, and curry mixed in warm oil or distilled water (control group) and stored at 37 °C for 28 days in an incubator. The teeth were then reallocated to the eight groups, resulting in ten samples per group, and each group was matched with a bleaching product. The bleaching procedures were executed following the manufacturer's recommendations. The color of each sample was assessed over a white and black background using a quantitative numerical measurement approach with a calibrated spectrophotometer. Spectrophotometric measurements were performed after exposing the teeth to the bleaching agent for 60 min (T2), 100 min (T3), and 200 min (T4), and ΔE00 was calculated. Results: When analyzed over a white background, the mean ΔE00 values ranged from 2.14 (placebo) to 6.32 (Opalescence PF). When analyzed over a black background, the mean ΔE00 values ranged from 2.31 (placebo) to 5.78 (Opalescence PF). Statistically significant ΔE00 color changes over time for the eight groups and five staining solutions at T1 and T4 were assessed for both backgrounds using repeated ANOVA followed by Fisher's LSD post hoc test (p-value < 0.01). Conclusions: All tested over-the-counter whitening kits except one exhibited positive color variation. However, the individual performance differed vastly from one brand to the other, and the overall performance was less effective compared to the conventional carbamide-peroxide-based positive control.