Bleached Fabric Research Articles

Synthesis of a Novel Nanoencapsulated n-Eicosane Phase Change Material with Inorganic Silica Shell Material for Enhanced Thermal Properties through Sol-Gel Route

Direct dyes represent one of the cheapest and the simplest dyeing systems usually require only an electrolyte for their application. They are widely used in the textile industry because they are cheap and the only problem is their fastness properties that were solved in this research. Different techniques have been developed to enhance their fastness properties, one of them being the use of a cationic dye fixing agents. Bleached jute fabrics were dyed with direct dye before and after the treatment of cationizing agents and their properties are compared. It was found that in terms of fabric rubbing fastness, washing fastness and K/S value, cationization after dyeing is superior to cationization before dyeing.c

Colorimetric Analysis of Cotton Textile Bleaching through H2O2 Activated by UV Light

The bleaching process is one of the steps of cotton fabric manufacture. Traditionally, the most common bleaching procedure is based on the use of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution in alkali pH associated with high temperature. In this study, we investigated the possibility of applying a photolysis technique, combining ultraviolet (UV) light and H2O2 in acidic pH to promote raw cotton fabric bleaching, without adding heat and stabilizers to the process. A colorimetric analysis was performed to assess the bleaching procedure in the samples. The experiment consisted in moistening cotton fabric samples with H2O2 and then illuminating them with UV light with different doses, ranging from 0.6 to 36 J cm-2. Our findings have shown that it is important to balance the hydrogen peroxide and the amount of delivered UV light to the cotton fabric in order to achieve a satisfactory whiteness without compromising the fabric mechanical properties.

Versatile Peroxidases: Super Peroxidases with Potential Biotechnological Applications-A Mini Review

Ligninolytic enzymes play a crucial role in the carbon cycle on account of their ability to degrade the macromolecule lignin. Versatile peroxidase is a high redox potential enzyme of the lignin degrading family of enzymes widely studied for its unique characteristics of degradation of aromatics without use of redox mediators and presence of polyvalent catalytic sites. These traits make them useful in diverse biotechnological and industrial applications which include textile bleaching, production of bioethanol, bioremediation of xenobiotic compounds, degradation of EDCs and in enhancing the digestibility of animal feed. In this article the features of versatile peroxidases and their potential industrial and biotechnological applications are highlighted.

Biochemical and computational characterization of laccases involved in bioremediation

Laccase (benzenediol : oxygen oxidoreductases; E.C. 1.10.3.2) a copper oxidase enzyme is capable of oxidizing phenolic and non-phenolic lignin related compounds as well as highly recalcitrant environmental pollutants such as aromatic amines. Their broad substrate specificity makes laccases highly suitable for diverse applications such as pulp bleaching, textile dye bleaching and bioremediation, serving as a more environmental friendly alternative than the conventional chemical processes. Its substrate flexibility offers the prospect for screening xenobiotic pollutants in order to predict potential targets for degradation. It is essential to find novel, efficient enzymes to further develop these applications. Isolation and identification of novel laccase producing bacteria becomes essential, because majority of researchers have focused on using fungal laccases. However, bacterial laccases in comparison to fungal laccases exhibits higher pH and temperature tolerance, oxygen limitations, with low redox potential than their fungal orthologs. The present study was thus aimed to screen and biochemically characterize indigenous laccase producing bacterial strains isolated from different sites of Agra canal. Four bacterial strains were selected by screening procedure based on their oxidative activity on tannic acid and ABTS (2, 2'-azinobis (3ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate). Detailed biochemical characterization and species identification confirmed the isolates as Acinetobacter boumanii, Escherischia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Further the structures of these isolates were predicted and verified for proteinligand docking analysis against toxic environmental pollutants. This study aided in the prediction of biodegradation of selected pollutants prevalent in water and soil. This work can be utilised further to find putative pollutants for other biodegradative enzymes.

The First Knowledge Economy: Human Capital and the European Economy, 1750–1850 by Margaret C. Jacob

The First Knowledge Economy: Human Capital and European Economy, 1750-1850, by Margaret C. Jacob. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014. ix, 257 pp. $108.95 Cdn (cloth), $39.95 Cdn (paper). Margaret C. Jacob provides a coherent account of reasons behind industrialization of four Western European countries with expert clarity, brevity, and instructiveness. Jacob argues that Britain was a pioneer in Industrial Revolution because for first time in history a productive combination of knowledge translation, human capital, and cultural ethos worked. The author rightly maintains that deployment of knowledge wielded by semi-literate tinkerers, (2) self-educated industrial innovators, and gentlemen-scientists was critical for establishment in Great Britain of first knowledge economy. In Jacob's words, Both lofty and mundane lay at heart of early industrial (126). This line of reasoning was partly inspired by Musson and Robinson's Science and Technology in Industrial Revolution (Toronto, 1969), which suggested that eighteenth-century Industrial Revolution in Britain was a result of both uneducated empiricism and intellectual movement characteristic of Enlightenment with its scientific spirit percolating top-down and its empirical knowledge diffusing bottom-up. Jacob significantly extends Musson and Robinson's considerations on development of steam engines in Birmingham (from Savery and Newcomen to Boulton and Watt) and technical processes of bleaching and dyeing of fabrics, manufacturing linen and wool in Leeds, and industrial-scope cotton making in Manchester. Determinedly brushing aside economic arguments in favour of social and material basis for Industrial Revolution, Jacob insists on crucial role of human capital in triggering rapid industrialization in Britain. However, outright dismissal of argument about role of abundance of easily extractable coal in Britain somewhat diminishes weight of Jacob's argument. The above-mentioned Musson and Robinson discuss approximate number of steam engines that helped to propel Industrial Revolution, particularly in proportion to water power (71-72). Consider as well that availability of easily accessible coal deposits, as German historian Rolf P. Sieferle argues in The Subterranean Forest: Energy Systems and Industrial Revolution (Munchen, 1982, transl. Cambridge, 2001), enabled people to turn increasingly to manufacture-oriented activities: by substituting wood for coal in burning, thus saving wood for construction, and increasing efficiency of smelting. Moreover, shift in land-use structure occurred because woodland was converted into pasture for sheep on which manufacturing of wool-cloth depended. Therefore, Jacob's argument suffers from underestimation of socio-economic factors and exaggeration of the growing pool of mechanically knowledgeable entrepreneurs and civil engineers (55) at end of eighteenth century. …

Sodium chlorite increases production of reactive oxygen species that impair the antioxidant system and cause morphological changes in human erythrocytes.

Sodium chlorite (NaClO2 ) is used in the production of chlorine dioxide for bleaching and stripping of textiles, pulp, and paper. It is also used as disinfectant in municipal water treatment and as a component in therapeutic rinses and gels. The effect of NaClO2 on human erythrocytes has been studied under in vitro conditions. Incubation of 5% suspension of erythrocytes with NaClO2 (0.1-2.0 mM) at 37°C for 30 min resulted in marked cell lysis (1.2-3.8 fold) and increased their osmotic fragility. Several parameters were assayed in cell lysates prepared from NaClO2 -treated and -untreated (control) erythrocytes. Compared to controls, exposure to NaClO2 caused significant increase in protein oxidation (1.1-8.07 fold), lipid peroxidation (1.08-4.95 fold) with decrease in total sulfhydryl (-5 to -61%), and glutathione levels (-7 to -86%). Methemoglobin content was tremendously increased, by 5-52 fold when compared to control, while methemoglobin reductase activity decreased (-17 to -93%) upon NaClO2 treatment. NaClO2 enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species by 3-21 fold and lowered the metal reducing and free radical quenching ability of erythrocytes. It also caused an increase in nitric oxide levels (2.7-15.4 fold) showing generation of nitrosative stress too. The activities of major antioxidant and membrane bound enzymes were significantly altered. Gross morphological changes, from discocytes to echinocytes, were seen in NaClO2 -treated erythrocytes under electron microscope. These results show that NaClO2 induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes, damages the membrane, and impairs the cellular antioxidant defence system. This oxidative damage can shorten the life span of erythrocytes in blood resulting in red cell senescence. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1343-1353, 2017.

The adsorption of alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride onto cotton nonwoven hydroentangled substrates at the solid–liquid interface is minimized by additive chemistries

Quaternary ammonium compounds, commonly referred to as quats, are cationic surfactants widely used as the active biocidal ingredient for disposable disinfecting wipes. The cationic nature of quats results in a strong ionic interaction and adsorption onto wipes materials that have an anionic surface charge, such as cellulosic materials, including cotton. The degree of adsorption of quats onto cotton nonwovens is affected by pretreatment of the substrate, more specifically whether it is a greige or a scoured and bleached fabric. This study examined the effect of varying the chemical and physical properties of solutions on the adsorption of the quat alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride (ADBAC) onto greige and scoured and bleached cotton nonwoven fabrics produced by hydroentanglement. At a constant surfactant concentration, the liquor ratio, pH, temperature, and concentrations of various electrolytes in the solution were varied and the amount of ADBAC depleted from solution was determined over time. The results suggested that a more alkaline solution increased the amount of ADBAC adsorbed onto both cotton nonwoven fabrics, while a more acidic solution reduced ADBAC adsorption. Likewise, increasing the temperature and concentration of salts in the solution reduced the adsorption of ADBAC onto the cotton fabrics. The presence of nonionic surfactants or low molecular weight quats also reduced ADBAC adsorption onto cotton fabrics in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of this study will provide guidance for optimized chemical formulations compatible with disposable disinfecting cotton-based wipes, cloths, and other cotton-containing implements intended for use in cleaning and disinfecting applications.

Layer-by-layer hyaluronic acid/chitosan polyelectrolyte coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles as pH-responsive nanocontainers for optical bleaching of cellulose fabrics

Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films composed of two natural polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chitosan) were deposited through layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly on top of biocompatible mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs). Polyelectrolyte multilayer coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (PEM-MSNPs) were characterized by using attenuated total reflection–fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, UV–vis and fluorescence spectrophotometer. A commercially available and industrially used optical brightener, 4,4′-distyrylbiphenyl sulfonate sodium salt (CBSX) was loaded into nanocontainers (CBSX@PEM-MSNPs) to evaluate their use for the pH-sensitive release. The controlled release of CBSX from nanocontainers in response to pH is monitored by using UV–vis and fluorescence spectrophotometer in water and the almost 100% of encapsulated CBSX is released within 2h at pH 7. The increase in both whiteness and total color change at pH 7 on a cellulose fabric demonstrates the great potential of nanocontainers as pH-sensitive whitening agents for optical bleaching of cellulose fabrics.

Xylano-pectinolytic synergism from a bacterial isolate for ecofriendly processing of jute fabric

The application of xylano-pectinolytic enzymes produced concurrently by a bacterial isolate on raw jute fabrics was investigated in the present study. For efficient removal of non-cellulosic impurities from raw jute fabric, different process conditions were optimized. Bioscoured jute fabrics showed an increase of 19.50% in whiteness, 33.65% in brightness, 21.08% in tensile strength and 14.35% decrease in yellowness as compared to alkaline scoured fabric. Bleaching of bioscoured fabrics further improved whiteness, brightness and tensile strength in comparison to the bleaching of chemically scoured fabrics. Use of these concurrently produced xylano-pectinolytic enzymes completely replaced the conventional alkaline scouring and hence makes the process environment friendly. This is the first report on the use of xylano-pectinolytic enzymes produced simultaneously by a bacterial isolate in the processing of jute.

Heterologous production of the stain solving peptidase PPP1 from Pleurotus pulmonarius.

A novel stain solving subtilisin-like peptidase (PPP1) was identified from the culture supernatant of the agaricomycete Pleurotus pulmonarius. It was purified to homogeneity using a sequence of preparative isoelectric focusing, anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. Peptides were identified by ab initio sequencing (nLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), characterizing the enzyme as a member of the subtilase family (EC 3.4.21.X). An expression system was established featuring the pPIC9K vector, an alternative Kozak sequence, the codon optimized gene ppp1 gene without the native signal sequence with C-terminal hexa-histidine tag, and Pichia pastoris GS115 as expression host. Intracellular active enzyme was obtained from cultivations in shake flasks and in a five liter bioreactor. With reaction optima of 40 °C and a pH > 8.5, considerable bleaching of pre-stained fabrics (blood, milk and India ink), and the possibility of larger-scale production, the heterologous enzyme is well suitable for detergent applications, especially at lower temperatures as part of a more energy- and cost-efficient washing process. Showing little sequence similarity to other subtilases, this unique peptidase is the first subtilisin-like peptidase from Basidiomycota, which has been functionally produced in Pichia pastoris.

Low-Temperature Bleaching of Cotton Cellulose using an Ultrasound-assisted Tetraacetylethylenediamine/ Hydrogen Peroxide/Triethanolamine System

This work investigated the efficiency of a tetraacetylethylenediamine/ hydrogen peroxide/triethanolamine (TAED/H2O2/TEA) system for low-temperature bleaching of cotton fabric, with and without ultrasonic assistance. The low-temperature bleaching results were compared to those obtained from a conventional H2O2 bleaching system. The application of TAED/H2O2/TEA without ultrasonic assistance to grey cotton fabric with a whiteness index (WI) of 28 and tenacity of 40 CN/Tex resulted in full bleaching of the cotton fabric at 70 °C within 60 min. This low-temperature bleaching system produced a bleached cotton fabric with a WI of 69 and tenacity of 38 CN/Tex, while the conventional H2O2 bleaching system gave a bleached cotton fabric WI of 73 and tenacity of 32 CN/Tex. The application of ultrasound to a low-temperature bleaching system showed a reduction in the duration required for full bleaching to 30 min rather than 60 min and gave bleached fabrics of the same physiochemical properties.

Effect of Bleaching Agents on Colour Depth of Jute Fabric Dyed with Natural Dyes

Raw jute fabric was subjected to two bleaching agents namely hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. Bleached jute fabrics were pre mordanted with alum, copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate and then dyed with four natural dyes: madder, turmeric, eucalyptus leaves and Indian almond leaves. The effect of bleaching agents on various physical properties like weight loss, tensile strength, whiteness, yellowness and brightness indices were studied. The effect of bleaching on colour development using different natural dyes was examined. Peracetic acid bleached samples were found to have high degree of whiteness with very less damage compared to hydrogen peroxide bleached samples. Peracetic acid bleached samples were found to be relatively darker.

Study of Parameters Affecting Dry and Wet Ozone Bleaching of Denim Fabric

ABSTRACTThe present research is related to a recent eco-friendly technology in a denim laundry that relies on ozone oxidation of indigo. In this work, denim fabric was treated with ozone at different values of ozone concentration, moisture content and time of exposure to ozone. The fading increased with the increase of the various mentioned factors. Residual products of the indigo oxidation by ozone, the cause of the yellowing observed on the surface of the fabric were identified through spectrophotometric measurements, pH variation and FTIR analysis. Ozone effect on mechanical properties of the fabric was studied through the measurement of ultimate tensile strength.

Influence of Starch-Degrading Enzyme on Properties of Cotton Fabrics in <i>In Situ</i> Bleaching Process

Enzymes including starch-degrading enzymes and glucose oxidase are used in one-bath process to desize and bleach cotton fabrics. The effect of enzyme concentration on pretreatment efficiency, especially bleaching of cotton fabrics has been investigated by innovatively focusing on glucose conversion ratio of desizing products. The results showed that the starch sizing materials of cotton fabrics were completely removed by starch-degrading enzymes. The conversion ratio of glucose in desized liquor increased with concentration of glucoamylase. Consequently, whiteness of cotton fabrics bleached in one-bath process was also improved, and an increase of 7% in whiteness of bleached fabrics was observed. The fabric tear strength was decreased. However, the loss ratio could be controlled below 15%. The properties of softness and adsorption of bleached cotton fabrics were satisfactory.

Encapsulation and pH-responsive release of an optical brightener (CBUS) from chitosan microcontainers for optical bleaching of cellulosic fabrics

Encapsulation of an industrially used optical brightener, namely disodium 4,4′-bis[(4-anilino-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonate (CBUS), with a biodegradable natural chitosan biopolymer is studied. CBUS-loaded chitosan microcontainers were produced by the simple coacervation/precipitation method. Their morphologies in dry state were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Controlled release of CBUS from the microcontainers in response to pH was monitored by using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and fluorescence spectrophotometry in water, with almost 100 % of the encapsulated CBUS being released within the first 90 min at pH 2. Fluorescent microscopy measurements indicated that such encapsulation of CBUS with natural chitosan biopolymer is an effective way to protect and improve light stability. The increase in both whiteness and total color change at pH 2 for the cellulosic fabric demonstrates the great potential of CBUS-loaded chitosan microcontainers as smart pH-responsive whitening agents for optical bleaching of cellulosic fabrics.

Study on the Effect of Different Woven Structures on Physical Properties of Cotton Muslin Fabric

In this paper studies were undertaken to observe the effect of fiber and yarn properties on the properties of cotton Muslin fabric made in Khadi sector. Fine cotton muslin fabrics, which are being produced from Suvin variety of cotton in various parts of the country were analyzed in terms of realization of fiber strength in yarn and yarn strength in fabric. Fine cotton bleached fabrics of three types of weaves namely plain, 1/3 twill and 4 end irregular sateen are prepared out of 2.7 tex unsized yarn and tested with respect to all relevant physical properties.

Enzymatic scouring and low-temperature bleaching of fabrics constructed from cotton, regenerated bamboo, poly(lactic acid), and soy protein fibers

In the present study, fabrics constructed from cotton, regenerated bamboo, poly(lactic acid), and soy protein fibers were scoured with pectinase enzymes, bleached with different bleaching processes using peracetic acid (PAA), and conventionally bleached with hydrogen peroxide (HP). The enzymatic scouring and bleaching with PAA have been chosen in order to minimize fiber damage and to perform the processes in more benign conditions. PAA was added to the bleaching bath in the form of a commercial solution or it was produced in situ in the presence of HP with the addition of a bleach activator, tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), or arylesterase enzymes. The conventional process was performed at 90 °C in highly alkaline pH media, and the bleaching processes with PAA were performed at 65 °C in neutral to slightly alkaline pH media. The results revealed that after the enzymatic scouring, the hydrophilicity of the fabrics is adequate. Compared with the cotton fibers, the regenerated bamboo and especially the poly(lactic) acid and soy protein fibers are significantly damaged during conventional HP bleaching. By contrast, bleaching with PAA revealed a strong whitening ability that is comparable to that of conventional bleaching with HP but with substantially reduced fiber damage.

Effects of biopolishing on the quality of cotton fabrics using acid and neutral cellulases

The aims of the study were to analyze the treatment conditions for the use of acid and neutral cellulase enzymes and evaluate the changes in the various properties of the treated fabrics. In this study, biopolishing was carried out on bleached fabric using acid cellulase (Mega PK) and neutral cellulase (Mega L-1009D) considering three factors: concentration (0.5, 1, and 1.5 %), temperature (45, 55, and 65 °C), and time (40, 50, and 60 min). Changes in the physical properties such as weight loss, strength loss, pilling resistance, abrasion resistance (mass loss), and bending length of the biopolished fabrics were measured. Using Mega PK, weight loss and strength loss were found within 0.25 to 1.42 % and 1.7 to 24.7 %, respectively, while these values were found within 0.20 to 1.22 % and 1.5 to 18.9 %, respectively, using Mega L. On the other hand, pilling and abrasion resistance of the fabrics were improved due to biopolishing. In addition, bending length was found maximum 31.62 % lower than the untreated bleached fabric using Mega PK and 44.26 % lower using Mega L. It was also concluded that 1 % Mega PK showed better results when applied at 55 °C for 40 min, whereas 1 % Mega L showed better results when applied at 55 °C for 50 min among all the treatment conditions.

The Flame Retardant Coating of Linen Fabrics

In this research an effect of a flame-retardant coating with antimony trioxide (Sb2O3), commercial printing pastes Printperfec EX-TS, Tubvinyl 235MC and a pigment Bezaprint ROT KF onto a raw linen fabric and a bleached linen fabric has investigated. After the coating 5 washing cycles were applied to half of the fabrics. The burning test of the raw and the bleached linen fabrics and those coated with commercial printing pastes and antimony trioxide, as well as the washed fabrics was accomplished. The results of the test show, that the raw and the bleached linen fabric burns completely. The flame extinction was observed for coated fabrics and coated washed fabrics.

Application of Multifunctional Scouring Agent for Cotton Fabric Bleaching

Multi-functional scouring agent (M.F.S.A.) successfully can replace caustic soda, soda ash, scouring agent and H2O2 –bleach stabilizer. It has strong properties of washing, dispersing, emulsifying and chelating, particularly applicable to bleach bath. In this experiment three processes like desizing, scouring and bleaching were done by single stage. Grey fabrics (woven) were treated by using various concentrations of M.F.S.A. and H2O2 at different temperature variation. The maximum value of whiteness of treated fabric were found at 80°C by using the concentration of M.F.S.A. and H2O2 (3.0 g/L and 3.0 g/L respectively). Also minimize required number of chemical used for bleaching process; here only two chemicals used for whole process. No additional chemicals used for water treatment and washing of treated fabric. After process only cold wash were done. Finally by using less concentration of both M.F.S.A. and H2O2 have got comparatively better result for whiteness and tensile strength.