Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil Research Articles

Effectiveness of empty fruit bunch ash as the catalyst for palm oil transesterification

Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) resulted from oil palm plantations and mills can be converted into ash through open combustion. The EFB ash then treated by simple calcination and used as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. The characteristics of EFB ash were identified based on its elemental composition, porous structure, and active site size. The effectivity of the EFB ash as a catalyst was tested in a transesterification reaction of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) with excess methanol (30 %-w) in various catalyst loads (in%-wt). The lab-scale experiments were conducted in a three-neck glass reactor, which was put on the hot plate stirrer at 450 rpm. The EFB ash performed the best as a catalyst by attaining optimal conversion at 65 °C for 1 h with a 16 %-wt of catalyst load. In this condition, most of the standard quality of biodiesel were complied with total glycerol under 0.24% and ester methyl contents up to 98.9 %. The characteristics tests showed that the properties and active side of the EFB ash are excellent after calcination at 600 for 5 h. The recyclability test of EFB ash as a catalyst showed high performance in two repetition cycles, each showing an increase in the yield of biodiesel, which was 92.21 % in cycle 2 and 91.23 % in cycle 3.

Adsorption of 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol ester and glycidyl ester from refined bleached deodorized palm oil using zeolite‐based adsorbents

AbstractPalm oil processing can result in different food products like cooking oil and margarine. Nevertheless, these food products might contain harmful contaminants, namely 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol ester (3‐MCPDE) and glycidyl ester (GE), which can negatively affect animal organs and potentially cause human cancer. Therefore, the objective of this study was to lower the concentration of 3‐MCPDE and GE in refined, bleached, and deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) using zeolite as an adsorbent. Adsorption experiments were conducted in a batch reactor, varying the percentage of adsorbents, temperature, type of zeolite, and the use of a mixture of zeolite and activated carbon (AC). The sample was analyzed before and after adsorption using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) to confirm the concentration alteration of 3‐MCPDE and GE. The study showed that the most effective temperature for adsorption was 35°C and used a zeolite percentage of 2%. Beta zeolites resulted in the highest removal of 3‐MCPDE (86%) among the evaluated zeolites attributed to their elevated pore volume, Si/Al ratio, and overall acidity strength. Through a synergistic combination of beta zeolite and AC, the removal percentage of 3‐MCPDE was enhanced to 94%, with a corresponding 75% reduction in GE. This study paves the way for addressing 3‐MCPDE and GE concerns in RBDPO by combining zeolite and AC.

Kinetics of Homogeneous Reaction of Potassium Methoxide Based on K2CO3 Catalyst in Transesterification of RBDPO to Biodiesel

Biodiesel production is generally catalyzed by potassium methylate or sodium methylate catalysts based on KOH and NaOH and these catalysts are still imported. The search for a cheap and effective catalyst continues to be carried out by researchers. One of the catalyst support materials currently in use involves impregnating K2CO3 with various substances, resulting in a heterogeneous catalyst. In this study, it was tried to use K2CO3 dissolved in methanol to produce a homogeneous potassium methylate catalyst. Potassium methylate-based homogeneous catalyst K2CO3-methanol is proven to have a very high function in the transesterification reaction of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) into biodiesel, this is evidenced by the use of a catalyst percentage of 2% w and 30% w methanol to the weight of RBDPO resulting in an acid content in biodiesel of only 0.12% and a total glycerol of 0.124% in reaction time 3 hours, with the purity of the methyl ester in biodiesel reaching 98.80%. Meanwhile, for the calculation of homogeneous reaction kinetics, a reaction rate equation is produced where the order of the RBDPO transesterification reaction is order 2 (two) and the reaction rate constant is 0.0044.

ANALYSIS OF FLOW AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING LUBRICATED WITH VEGETABLE OIL

The use of vegetable oil as a sustainable alternative to mineral oil in lubrication applications has garnered considerable attention. This research focuses on evaluating three different vegetable oils, namely palm mid olein (PMO), refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO), and rapeseed oil, for their effectiveness in lubricating a hydrodynamic journal bearing. The study examines key performance factors such as pressure, temperature, load-carrying capacity, and coefficient of friction. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is employed to compare the lubricating capabilities of the vegetable oils against engine oil. Rapeseed oil emerges as the most promising option among the vegetable oils, displaying notable advantages. It demonstrates a 22.12% higher pressure, 26.37% higher load-carrying capacity, and 0.37% higher temperature distribution compared to PMO. In contrast, while engine oil exhibits a 16.67% higher pressure distribution and 35.8% higher load-carrying capacity, it also comes with a drawback of 44.29% higher coefficient of friction compared to other vegetable oils. It is worth noting that the simulation results have been validated through experimental data, leading to the conclusion that engine oil surpasses vegetable oils in terms of pressure and temperature distribution.

Palm Oils Consumption Modulates Serum SGPT and SGOT in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

In this study we investigated the effect of three kinds of palm oil product (refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO), red palm oil (RPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO)) on the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and liver color of rats in fed high-fat diet, and compare it with beef tallow and corn oil. Growing male SD rats were fed a high-fat diet (20% fat) for 13 weeks, divided into 2 groups (with and without azoxymethane (AOM)). Dietary corn oil showed the lowest serum SGOT and SGPT (p < 0.05) both in the AOM and Non-AOM groups. Beef tallow diet caused the highest level of serum SGOT and SGPT followed by PKO, RPO, and RBDPO respectively (p < 0.05). The serum SGOT and SGPT were not affected by the AOM treatment. Although the liver color from the AOM group was relatively darker than the non-AOM group, in general the fat sources did not have a significant effect on liver color.

The analysis of technical and pro-analyst glycerine (C3H8O3) using in enzymatic glycerolises reaction of refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO)

The emulsion products have been known widely in the world. This has attracted the attention of various industries and researchers to produce emulsifiers in an environmentally friendly manner. The enzymatic glycerolises catalysed by lipase was one way to produce monoglycerides from triglycerides and glycerine as reactants. The use of technical types of glycerine, that obtained from palm oil was more cost efficient and environment friendly than pro-analyst glycerine. However, it was not much known about how they differ in producing monoglycerides. The point of this study was to analyse the differences of glycerine type in enzymatic glycerolises reaction. This study used an experimental method using two treatment groups, namely technical and pro-analyst glycerine, each consisting of four samples. Enzymatic glycerolises reaction using lipase enzyme Thermomyces lanuginose Immobilized (TLIM) 5% w/w. The reactants were RBDPO, as triglyceride and glycerine with a mole/mole ratio. The reaction was performed at temperature 55°C within 8 hours using a water bath shaker with an agitation speed of 200 rpm. Monoglyceride levels were analysed using Gas Chromatography (GC) method. The results of the different test (t-test) showed that the p- value was > alpha 0.05, this means that H0 accepted.

Efisiensi dan Fouling Factor Sealtube Heat Exchanger Pada Proses Pendinginan Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil

Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) is a product of the crude palm oil (CPO) refining process. RBDPO is one of Indonesia's strategic commodities for low price cooking oil production. The cooking oil processing uses a heat transfer device such as heat exchanger. Heat exchanger sealtube 881X is a tool that used in the heat recovery unit at PT. Tunas Baru Lampung, Tbk refinery plant. Heat exchanger sealtube 881X used to cool refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) to 95 – 105 o C from the deodorization process by utilizing cooling water. In this research, the efficiency and fouling factor of the heat exchanger sealtube 881X were calculated at PT. Tunas Baru Lampung, Tbk refinery plant. Based on the results, it can be seen that the actual efficiency of Heat exchanger sealtube 881X was between 71-87%. Changes in the value of fouling factor affect the thermal efficiency of the heat exchanger sealtube 881X which from the calculation results, the highest fouling factor value was 0.0017.

The analysis of the glyceride components on the treatment variation of refined bleached deodorized palm oil by gas chromatography method

The glyceride components such as glycerol, ester, mono and diglyceride are useful components for food ingredients like food emulsifiers. One of the natural resources of the glyceride component is refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO). This research was aimed to analyze the glyceride component of the treatment variation of RBDPO. The design of the research was completely randomized design (CRD) non-factorial with three variables of treatment specifically the 9 g of RBDPO with 5 g glycerol (A), RBDPO (B) and RBDPO with 0.7 g lipase enzyme Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized (TLIM). The concentration of glycerol, ester, mono- and diglyceride was tested by the gas chromatography method. The data will be analyzed by using a descriptive method with a boxplot and histogram. The results showed that the highest concentration of glycerol, ester, mono- and diglyceride, respectively were shown in treatment B (1.5922%), C (9.5699%), C (0.1783%), C (3.3329%). The boxplot graphic described that there was statistically significant difference among the treatments.

PROCESS PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL USING A MINI PLANT

Biodiesel is a type of alternative fuel to replace diesel. Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) is a raw material that has the potential to be processed into biodiesel because of its abundant availability and easy to obtain. The focus of this research is to carry out the biodiesel production process using a mini biodiesel plant with a capacity of 50 liters/batch, and the catalyst used is NaOH. The results showed that the portable factory can produce biodiesel with a yield of 90.86%. The characteristics of the biodiesel produced were analyzed and the following values were obtained: density 0.89 g/mL, viscosity 4.69 CSt, acid number 1.68 mg KOH/g, and saponification number 179.52 mg KOH/g.

Investigation on the Electrical Properties of Palm Oil Under Different Concentration of Recycle Organic Material (Pepper Seed) Doping in Transformer Application

Many researchers nowadays are looking to find another alternative to replace the use of mineral oil as an insulation fluid used in transformer due to the amount of minerals oil that are depleted. One of the alternatives is by using palm oil as an insulation fluid. However, something must be done to improve the breakdown voltage of palm oil if it wants to replace the use of mineral oil as an insulation fluid. One of approved methods to improve the dielectric strength of palm oil is by inserting another particle inside the oil. In this study, an investigation will be carried out to observe the effect of recycling organic material (black pepper) doping on Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) for AC breakdown voltage application will be carried out. It is concluded that, 2.5 mm gap between two electrodes produce the highest breakdown voltage compared with 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm. Other than that, the smallest size of black pepper which is 150 mm shows having the highest breakdown voltage compared to 300 mm and 600 mm. A test with different concentration of pepper seed with 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.5% were conducted and shows that the breakdown voltage starts to increase as the concentration increases from 0.01% until 0.15% and start decreasing from 0.02% until 0.5%. Black pepper doping inside the palm oil does increase the performance of palm oil up to 13% from 49.66 kV to 57.4 kV

Techno-economic analysis of co-production of bio-hydrogenated diesel from palm oil and methanol

A bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD) or green diesel is produced from refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) via a heterogeneous catalytic reaction which requires high hydrogen to oil volumetric ratio for a complete conversion of oil. In this regard, a hydrogen recovery process is required to reduce a high amount of hydrogen loss in a gas by-product. This work proposes coupling the conventional BHD process with a production of methanol, a valuable co-product, and performs its techno-economic evaluation in comparison with the stand-alone BHD process. The results showed that the BHD process coupled with the methanol synthesis can recover by 46.3% of discharged hydrogen and reduce 14% of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions from the production process. Furthermore, methanol synthesis could improve the internal rate of return (IRR) by 23.2%, shorten the payback period by 2.81 years, and increase the net present value (NPV) by 54.41 million USD relative to the BHD process. Finally, environment potential impact of both processes are analyzed. The most significant on the environment is hydro-processing stage and both processes provide same environmental results.

The effect of low temperature in enzymatic glycerolysis on monoglyceride concentration production using green emulsifier based refined bleached deodorized palm oil

The palm oil is a main commodity of plantation in Indonesia. It should be a good potential to produce many downstream products based on palm oil. But the reality is the export rate of crude palm oil is higher than the processing rate of downstream product. The aim of this study was to analyse one of downstream i.e., green emulsifier. The production used the enzymatic glycerolysis method without anorganic catalyst. The independent variables were reaction temperature 5, 10, 20, 35 and 55°C. The dependent variable was glyceride content (mono-, di- and triglyceride) that analysed by Gas Chromatography method. Before reacting, the first step was characterization of refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) as the based material. The regression was determined using ANOVA with SPSS 2.0. If the result was significant, it would be continued with partial analysis and graphically trending. The results of this study showed that the glycerolysis temperature had significant on the monoglyceride but had no significant effect to the di- and triglyceride at alpha 10%. They show the lower temperature of glycerolysis, the higher monoglyceride was obtained. The advantage was able to produce high monoglyceride emulsifier but need the very strict control in processing.

Production of high octane gasoline by catalytic cracking of petroleum gasoil with palm’s triglyceride and oleic acid

The use of gasoline with appropriate octane number will affect directly to meet superfine engine performance and avoiding from knocking effect. Improvement of gasoline quality in fluid catalytic cracking process usually is achieved by replacement of new catalyst which needs higher production cost. This research work aimed to describe the alternative method for improving gasoline octane in catalytic cracking by means of feedstock modification using mixture of vacuum gasoil and few of palm’s triglyceride and oleic acid. The experimental work of cracking reaction was performed in a fluid-bed reactor of ACE unit using REY zeolite catalysts at temperature of 530 °C and catalyst-oil ratio of 5.5 g/g. The liquid product was analyzed by a gas chromatograph of simulated distillation to determine yields of gasoline, light cycle oil and bottom product continued by a gas chromatograph of detailed hydrocarbon analysis to obtain hydrocarbon composition and calculated research octane number of gasoline. Analysis of gaseous product was performed using a gas chromatograph of refinery gas analyzer to detect yields of dry gas and LPG, whereas coke deposited on spent catalyst was analyzed using the infra-red method. From the research work, it was found that feedstock prepared from vacuum gasoil added with 5 % refined bleached deodorized palm oil and oleic acid (9:1) had increased gasoline RON from 91.8 to 98.2. The improvement of gasoline octane was contributed by the presence of double-bond fatty acid that triggered promoting effect to aromatisation and hydrogen transfer reactions in the formation of more iso-paraffins, olefins and aromatics in gasoline.

PERBEDAAN KADAR GLISEROL, ESTER, MONO- DAN DIGLISERIDA PADA VARIASI PERLAKUAN REFINED BLEACHED DEODORIZED PALM OIL

Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) is a derived product of crude palm oil that has two fraction (olein and stearin) in ambient temperature. This research aim to analyze the variation of treatment on RBDPO. The design of research was non-factorial with three variable of treatment such RBDPO with glycerol (A), RBDPO (B) and RBDPO with lipase enzyme. The concentration of glycerol, ester, mono- and diglyceride was tested by Gas Chromatography method. The data will be analyzed by using descriptive method with boxplot and histogram. The result showed that the highest concentration of glycerol; ester; mono- and diglyceride respectively were showed in treatment B (1,5922%); C (9,5699%); C (0,1783%); C (3,3329). The boxplot graphic described the differences among the treatment. 

PERBEDAAN KADAR GLISEROL, ESTER, MONO- DAN DIGLISERIDA PADA VARIASI PERLAKUAN REFINED BLEACHED DEODORIZED PALM OIL

The Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) is a derived product of crude palm oil that has twofraction (olein and stearin) in ambient temperature. This research aim to analyze the variation of treatmenton the RBDPO. The design of research was non-factorial completely randomized with three variable oftreatment such the RBDPO with glycerol (A), the RBDPO (B) and the RBDPO with lipase enzyme. Theconcentration of glycerol, ester, mono- and diglyceride was tested by Gas Chromatography method. The datawere analyzed by using descriptive method with boxplot and histogram. The result showed that the highestconcentration of glycerol; ester; mono- and diglyceride respectively were showed in treatment B (1,5922%);C (9,5699%); C (0,1783%); C (3,3329). The boxplot graphic described the differences among the treatmentthat the RBDPO with lipase enzyme had the most extensive concentration of glycerol, ester, mono- anddiglyceride.

Analysis of Crude Palm Oil Production Yield Results at AA Company

Company can not be separated from the production process in carrying out its business activities. Therefore, the company strives for the production process to be carried out properly, economically, and to prevent obstacles to the company’s operations. In the production process carried out by AA Company, production operations are the responsibility of the Refinery and Fractionation division. Observations were made at the Refinery Plant 1, where the division has an interest in carrying out a production schedule related to the processing of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) into Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) with Grade Commerce. Based on field observations, one of the problems that occurred was the RBDPO yield target that was not reached. The company set an RBDPO yield target of 94.50%. But in practice, the yield of RBDPO produced is still below the target set. The idea of problemsolving provided is to analyze the root cause of the problem with Cause and Effect Diagrams, analyze the magnitude of potential failures in the process by using Failure Mode Effect Analysis and provide alternative corrective actions using the 5W + 1H method.

Transesterification of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBD PO) Using Homogeneous Base Catalyst and Methanol and Investigation of Factors Filter Blocking Issue in Palm Based Biodiesel

The aim of this study is to investigate the major properties of biodiesel causing filter-blocking issue in biodiesel especially for palm oil based, to identify the suitable solution to reduce or eliminate these factors for improving the filter properties of the palm based biodiesel by control the specific parameter (mono-glycerides during intermediate process and minimize or eliminate the Steryl Glycoside after post treatment. This study may give significant impact especially to local industry of biodiesel producer which operated with normal transesterification process and using palm base feedstock to conform international biodiesel specification such as ASTM D D7501 (Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels). In this paper the Filter Blocking Tendency (FBT) testing and Cold Soak Filterability Test (CSFT) testing procedure and result will be presented.

Decision Tree to Predict the Color Quality of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBPO)

There are many factors that can affect the quality of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil produced. Every step in RBDPO processing must be mastered very precisely in terms of process conditions such as temperature, flowrate, dose, pressure, etc. This condition can vary from one facility to another and therefore requires the company’s own specifications / rules to implement and integrate all production process facilities until the product is produced. The focus of the study on this particular task is the quality problems faced by companies in the Refinery section where research is carried out using data mining concepts to predict data logsheets that are written every 24 hours by refinery operators. The data can be used as a tool to predict the color quality of Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBPO). The use of Data Mining in this study is to facilitate operators in managing machine settings to achieve the quality required by the company directly. So that the Refinery section does not need to wait for the results of laboratory tests which require approximately 2 hours to find out the RBDPO quality results.

Statistical Analysis Investigation on Vegetable Oils Stability during Deep Frying using Selected Quality Parameters

The frying process is complicated because of a large number of parameters involved and the interactions between them. High stability liquid oils are in great demand. The best way to decide on the fats and oils suitability for frying is to study their natural stability to oxidation. In this study, consecutive deep-fat frying was done by using potato chips in palm oil, cottonseed oil and groundnut oil at 170 °C. All oils used were refined, bleached and deodorised from good quality authentic crude oils. The study was used to investigate the influence of frying time on oil quality by measuring the concentration of tocopherol content (TC), iodine value (IV), peroxide value (PV), free fatty acids (FFA) and polymer content (PC). Changes in these parameters were determined on the oil samples taken periodically during frying. A MANOVA statistical model was used for the investigations of oil quality parameters while used continuously in frying potato chips. The analysis which was implemented using XLSTAT is showing that the frying time has a significant impact on the compositions of the frying oil. A significant increase in PV, FFA and PC was observed during frying while a decrease in the concentration of TC and IV values was observed. The result concluded that refined, bleached deodorised palm oil is more stable during deep-fat frying compared to cottonseed oil followed by groundnut oil.

Transesterification of refined bleached deodorized palm oil (rbdpo) using novozym® 435 to produce biodiesel

As a renewable energy source, biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is environmentally friendly, and non-toxic. Conventionally, biodiesel is mostly produced by a transesterification reaction of triglycerides with short-chain alcohol in the presence of an acidic or basic catalyst, but it requires high energy, difficult in the purification of glycerol and there is the possibility of soap formation. Currently, the process production of biodiesel has been directed to the enzymatic process. The enzymatic process can produce high-purity products because it is easy in removing by-products such as glycerol. Novozym® 435 have been reported as a biocatalyst which indicates a high conversion and able to catalyze a variety of organic chemical reactions. It is biodegradable, no possibility of soap formation, and can be used repeatedly. Ethanol used as an acyl acceptor because it is more renewable than methanol. The reaction parameters that used in this research were the molar ratio of raw material to ethanol, temperature reaction, and reaction time. The best result obtained in 7 hours reaction time at 40 °C was 98,83 % of ester yield with a molar ratio of ethanol and RBDPO was 6:1 and the catalyst dosage was 30 % (w/w). Based on the results, it shows that Novozym® 435 is a good biocatalyst in enzymatic transesterification process for biodiesel synthesis.