Blast Furnace Slag Replacement Research Articles

Effect of Electrolyzed Alkaline-Reduced Water on the Early Strength Development of Cement Mortar Using Blast Furnace Slag.

This study evaluated the use of electrolyzed alkaline-reduced water instead of an alkaline activator for the production of a strong cement matrix with a large blast furnace slag replacement ratio. The flexural and compressive strength measurements, X-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscopy images of the cement matrices produced using electrolyzed alkaline-reduced water and regular tap water, and with blast furnace slag replacement ratios of 30 and 50% were compared to a normal cement matrix. The cement matrix produced using electrolyzed alkaline-reduced water and blast furnace slag exhibited an improved early age strength, where hydrate formation increased on the particle surface. The cement matrix produced using electrolyzed alkaline-reduced water exhibited a high strength development rate of over 90% of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in BFS30. Therefore, the use of electrolyzed alkaline-reduced water in the place of an alkaline activator allowed for the formation of a very strong cement matrix in the early stages of aging when a large blast furnace slag replacement ratio was used.

Performance of concrete modified with SCBA and GGBFS subjected to elevated temperature

This research paper presents the outcomes in terms of mechanical and microstructural characteristics of binary and ternary concrete when exposed to elevated temperature. Three parameter were taken into account, (a) elevated temperature (i.e., 200, 400, 600 and 800°C) (b) binary concrete with cementitious material sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) replacement percentage (i.e., 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) and (c) ternary concrete with cementitious material SCBA and GGBFS replacement percentage (i.e., 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30%). A total of 285 standard cube specimens (150 mm × 150 mm ×; 150 mm) containing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), SCBA, and GGBFS were made. These specimens then exposed to several elevated temperatures for 2 h, afterword is allowed to cool at room temperature. The following basic physical, mechanical, and microstructural characteristics were then determined and discussed. (a) mass loss ratio, (b) ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) (c) physical behavior, (d) compressive strength, and (e) field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). It was found that compressive strength increases up to 400°C; beyond this temperature, it decreases. UPV value and mass loss decrease with increase in temperature as well as the change in color and crack were observed at a higher temperature.

Effect of Partial Replacement of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as Source Material in the Production of Geopolymer Concrete

The study on the characteristics of geopolymer concrete (GPC) is of ultimate significance to instill assurance in builders and engineers. Abundant available literatures point towards the utilization of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as source material in the production of GPC with little on other materials. India produces nearly 350 MMT of sugarcane for the production of sugar, which lies second only to Brazil in the annual production, the disposal of the bagasse creates an environmental issue needs to be effectively utilized. Hence, this work was intended to investigate the effect of utilizing sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a source material in the production of geopolymer mixes. The fresh (consistency, setting time, soundness and flow), hardened (density, compressive strength, expansion and pH) and microstructural properties (X-ray diffraction) of the tested mixes were asessed. The results infer that 20 % replacement level of GGBFS with SCBA produces superior compressive strength and all other results were within the permissible limits even at 40 % replacement level.

Factors affecting the slump and strength development of geopolymer concrete

Cement production is estimated to be responsible for 5–8% of global total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Geopolymer concrete (GC) is claimed to release up to 45% less CO2 for a comparable concrete, but is more difficult to manufacture. This study investigated the effect of factors other than mix design on the slump and strength development of GC produced from low-calcium fly ash (FA) and up to 50% ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) replacement; these were: curing methods and temperatures (at 10, 20 and 75 °C); FA fineness; superplasticiser type; water content; and GGBS/FA ratio. Methods are also presented for the volume-to-mass conversion of sodium hydroxide at a specific molarity and ambient temperature, and an effective combination of wax-based mixtures as mould agents to overcome the inherent manufacturing mould release difficulties. Steam-curing improved the compressive strength of the FA-based GC over oven drying by up to 20%, as did increasing the FA fineness (although this became negligible with 50% GGBS replacement). Both naphthalene and polycarboxylate superplasticizers improved the slump of GC (from 110 to 210 mm) without significantly reducing the compressive strength (less than 5 MPa). Water content of GC had a great effect on the slump, but less so on the compressive strength. Increasing the GGBS content gradually decreased the slump but rapidly increased the strength, regardless of the curing temperatures of 20 or 75 °C. The GC with the minimum of 20% GGBS replacement achieved 33 MPa after 28 days curing at 10 °C. Air-dry curing provided a greater strength development of FA-based GC than water curing, though the opposite was observed for the 50/50 GGBS/FA GC. Consideration of these factors can significantly ease the manufacture of GC, enhancing its potential application in real structures, and consequently helping reduce global (CO2) emissions.

Effect of calcium oxide on mechanical properties and microstructure of alkali-activated slag composites at sub-zero temperature

Alkali-activated slag (AAS) has the potential to be applied in winter construction due to its continuous hydration at subzero temperature. However, to further enhance the mechanical properties of AAS as structure repair material in cold regions, calcium oxide (CaO) at proportions of 1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt% and 4 wt% were incorporated as partial replacement of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in AAS. An appropriate CaO content of 3 wt% was determined based on the setting time and mechanical testing, and the results showed that it increased the compressive and flexural strength of AAS by 40% and 48% at the age of 1 day and by 5% and 7% at the age of 28 days at a temperature of −10 °C. Moreover, semiadiabatic calorimetry, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mercury intrusion porosity and scanning electron microscope measurements were carried out on typical samples. Experimental results showed that the hydration heat was enhanced and the generation ratio of C(-A)-S-H was increased by incorporation of CaO into AAS. Furthermore, the pore structure was refined and porosity was decreased for AAS with CaO incorporated. Finally, the proposed mechanism explanation of CaO to enhance the strength of AAS was determined by comparing the ATR-FTIR test results of 3 wt% CaO modified AAS sample and 3 wt% Ca(OH)2 modified AAS sample cured at −10 °C for 1 day.

Experimental Investigation of Material Properties and Self-Healing Ability in A Blended Cement Mortar with Blast Furnace Slag.

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the material properties and self-healing ability of a blended cement mortar incorporating blast furnace slag (BFS). The effect of different types and Blaine fineness of BFS on the material properties and self-healing was investigated. Thirteen cement mixtures with BFS of different types and degrees of Blaine fineness are tested to evaluate the mechanical properties, namely compressive strength, bending strength, freeze–thaw, and accelerated carbonation. The pore structure is examined by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry. Seven blended mortar mixtures incorporating BFS for cement are used to evaluate the mechanical properties after applying freeze–thaw cycles until the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity reached 60%. The experimental results reveal that incorporating BFS improves the mechanical properties and self-healing ability. In the investigation of self-healing, smaller particle and high replacement ratios of BFS contribute to increasing the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and decreasing the carbonation coefficient in the mortar after re-water curing. Moreover, BFS’s larger particles and high replacement ratio are found to provide better self-healing ability. A regression equation is created to predict the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity in mortar considering the Blaine fineness, BFS replacement ratio, and curing conditions.

Multi-response optimization using Taguchi-Grey relational analysis for composition of fly ash-ground granulated blast furnace slag based geopolymer concrete

In this study, Taguchi-Grey relational analysis was used to investigate and optimize the effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) replacement, water to geopolymer solids (W/GPS) ratio, molarity of NaOH solution, binder content and Na2SiO3 to NaOH solution ratio on setting time, workability and compressive strength of fly ash - GGBS based geopolymer concrete (GPC). After arriving at the optimal combination of mix parameters, verification experiments were conducted on the proposed optimized GPC mix with respect to fresh (setting time and workability) and hardened (compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength) properties. The microstructural studies on selected fly ash-GGBS based GPC mixes at each GGBS replacement level and the proposed optimized GPC mix were conducted through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analyses. The obtained results showed that GGBS replacement had dominant effect on setting time and compressive strength whereas W/GPS ratio significantly influenced workability of GPC. Variations in formations of N-(C)-A-S-H and C-S-H gels in GPC were confirmed from the results of microstructure analyses. The obtained results of the verification experiment on the proposed optimized GPC mix confirmed the effectiveness of Taguchi-GRA approach for determining the optimal combination of mix parameters for the production of geopolymer concrete.

Eco Concrete Characterization Using Steel Slag and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as Partial Replacement of Sand and Cement Respectively

The waste products of the factory mainly steel slag and GGBFS (ground granulated blast furnace slag) are used and recycled to gain concrete of different requirements related to strength and durability. In this research, it is intended to examine the impact of ground granulated blast furnace slag and steel slag replacement for cement and fine aggregate respectively. Both materials are taken from a factory of reinforcement bars which is located around Akaki kality sub-city, known as Akaki steel factory. The research additionally addresses X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope techniques (SEM), and chemical composition of major oxides and minor oxides of the blast furnace slag. The main objective of this research targets in investigating an experimental aspect of replacing by-products of steel slag and ground granulated blast furnace slag partially on concrete production. It addresses the issue of a more expedite and urgent issue of our globalized world, climate change by replacing part of the concrete with these waste products. The followings are the main steps to carry out the researchAnalysis of properties of materials used as steel slag and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Blast furnace slag and steel slag mixed concrete mix design for partial substitution of cement and fine aggregate respectively. Find out the optimum replacement level of steel slag and that of ground granulated blast furnace slag in concrete. The thesis puts forward an experimental based analysis to determine the extent to which the industrial waste materials play a role in partial substitution of fine aggregate and cement in the preparation of concrete. From the experiments demonstrated flexural, tensile, and compressive strength of concrete is higher when GGBFS is replaced up to 5% of the cement and that of steel slag up to 30% of the sand.

Effect of binder fineness and composition on length change of high-performance concrete

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) replacement on the length change of high-performance concrete (HPC). Nine concrete mixtures at w/cm ratio of 0.33 were cast using two silica fume blended cements of different fineness and two sources of GGBFS at three levels of GGBFS replacement (25%, 35% and 50%) as well as the use of a shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA). The length changes due to autogenous and drying shrinkage were lower for the 50% and 35% GGBFS replacement as well as by use of a shrinkage reducing admixture compared to the mixture with 25% GGBFS replacement. Furthermore, the total drying shrinkage of all the concrete mixtures tested were in compliance with the 400 microstrain shrinkage limit specified for low-shrinkage concrete in the Canadian CSA A23.1 standard. The test results have also shown that while increased fineness of the silica fume blended cement increased the compressive strength of concrete, it also resulted in increased drying shrinkage with increased cracking potential.

Ultrasonic evaluation of strength properties of cemented paste backfill: Effects of mineral admixture and curing temperature

This paper presents the findings of a research study designed and conducted to investigate the effects of mineral admixture and curing temperature on uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) behavior of laboratory-prepared cemented paste backfill (CPB) samples. A total of 290 CPB samples were prepared at different replacement rates (10–80%), cured at various temperatures (10–50 °C), and respectively subjected to both UPV and UCS testing after curing times of 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days. The obtained experimental results show that the addition of fly ash (FA) can lead to an increase or decrease trend in UCS and UPV behavior of CPB samples, depending on the replacement level of admixtures. There is a competition between the strength-increasing factor (micro-filler effect of FA) and strength-decreasing factor (lower amount of cement hydration products induced by replacement ratio). Both UPV and UCS are found to decrease with increasing blast furnace slag (Slag) replacement level mainly attributable to its low pozzolanic reactivity. Besides, the curing temperature has a significant influence on UCS and UPV behavior, depending on the curing time. Results also suggest that UPV is less sensitive to the variation in the admixture dosage and curing temperature than UCS. As a result, there exists a clear linear relationship between UPV and UCS behavior of both CPB samples prepared with FA and/or Slag admixtures, and CPB samples tested at each curing temperature. The main findings of this research study suggest that the UPV test can be reliably used for predicting CPB’s strength properties, saving money and time to mine operators.

Effect of finishing practices on surface structure and salt-scaling resistance of concrete

The impact of three different finishing times on the surface layer properties of concrete containing different contents of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) replacement was evaluated, as well as the relationship between finishing, abrasion resistance of surface layer, and salt-scaling resistance. In addition, a novel method for monitoring the bleeding period of fresh concrete was investigated.Based on the results obtained in this study, choice of finishing time can influence salt scaling resistance by affecting abrasion resistance of concrete mixtures. It was found that lower resistance of slag concrete to salt scaling is not necessarily due to a weaker surface layer. While slag replacement reduced the mixtures’ scaling resistance, up to 40% of slag replacement improved mechanical properties, including surface abrasion resistance.

Fly ash based geopolymer stabilisation of silty clay/blast furnace slag for subgrade applications

The mechanical and microstructural properties of problematic silty clay (SC) stabilised with fly ash (FA) based geopolymer and blast furnace slag (BFS) replacement are presented in this research. The influence factors evaluated included FA:BFS replacement ratio, NaOH concentration, and curing temperature. A series of geotechnical laboratory tests and microstructural analyses were also undertaken. The strength of the stabilised material was found to be governed by interparticle forces, mainly from the contribution of the chemical bonding strength. The results indicated that the unconfined compression strength (UCS) values of FA based geopolymers stabilised with SC/BFS blends increased with increasing NaOH concentration, at the various FA:BFS replacement ratios when cured at various temperatures (25, 50 and 80°C). The high concentration of NaOH could dissolve FA particles to leach silica and alumina which reacted with NaOH to produce a geopolymerization (N-A-S-H gel) process, which resulted in high UCS results. The decrease in FA:BFS ratio however reduced the specific area of particles to be welded by FA geopolymerization products and reduces the geopolymer gel due to the reduction in quantity of FA precursor. As such, the interparticle forces increased as the FA:BFS reduced up to the optimum value and then decreased as the FA:BFS reduced. The optimal FA:BFS ratio was found to be 20:10. An elevated curing temperature accelerated the geopolymerization reaction, leading to the higher UCS at higher temperature. The use of waste by-products BFS and FA to stabilise problematic soil in civil engineering applications will contribute to a significant reduction in construction costs and the sustainable development of the project life cycles.

Effect of Nano Alumina on Compressive Strength and Microstructure of High Volume Slag and Slag-Fly Ash Blended Pastes

This paper presents the effect of nano alumina (NA) on compressive strength and microstructure of cement paste containing high volume blast furnace slag (BFS) contents of 70%, 80% and 90% as partial replacement of cement and combined BFS and class F fly ash (FA) contents of 70% and 80% as partial replacement of cement. FA is used at 30% as partial replacement of BFS. NA contents are varied from 1% to 4% as partial replacement of BFS and BFS-FA. Results show that the addition of NA improves the compressive strength of high volume BFS and BFS-FA pastes by 2% to 16%. The compressive strength of paste containing 69% BFS, 30% cement and 1% NA exceeded the compressive strength of control cement paste while the compressive strength of paste containing 77% BFS, 20% cement and 3% NA is 1% lower than control cement paste. NA significantly reduced the large capillary pores of >0.1 microns of high volume BFS and BFS-FA pastes. No evidence of reduction of Ca(OH)2 in high volume BFS pastes is observed due to addition of NA, however, in high volume BFS-FA paste the Ca(OH)2 is reduced due to addition of NA. Increase in intensity peaks of CAH, Ettringite and CSH in X-ray diffraction analysis is observed in high volume BFS and BFS-FA pastes due to addition of NA, which coincides with the observed more dense microstructure of high volume BFS and BFS-FA pastes containing NA than those without NA.

Evaluation of alkali-activated mortars containing high volume waste ceramic powder and fly ash replacing GBFS

Abstract Traditional Portland cement can be effectively substituted by alkali-activated binders. Not only can alkali-activated binders save energy and reduce CO2 emission but they can also augment the durability performance of concrete as well as aid in resolving the landfill problems. It is well-known that extensive quantities of calcined clay waste are created every year by the ceramic industry, of which a significant amount is used in landfills. It is thus more appropriate to reuse this waste efficiently. This study investigated the impacts on sustainability of waste ceramic tile powder (WCP) based alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) incorporating fly ash (FA) as a replacement of ground blast furnace slag (GBFS), which were exposed to various hostile environments. Binders were prepared by maintaining the WCP content at 50% in all alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) and FA replacing GBFS by 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Durability properties were evaluated which included elevated temperatures, sulphate and acid attack, drying shrinkage, freezing-thawing and wet-dry cycles, as well as water permeability. The findings suggested that freezing-thawing resistance increased and better durability was displayed by increasing the FA content in AAMs. Furthermore, AAMs with high FA content led to enhance the performance in terms of sulphate and acid environments and elevated temperatures. Apart from the increased durability, replacing GBFS with FA also resulted in decreased energy consumption, AAMs cost, and CO2 emission.

Enhancement of engineering properties of slag-cement based self-compacting mortar with dolomite powder

The current study reports influence of adding dolomite powder (DP) as partial replacement of ground granulated blast furnace slag (slag) on performance of slag-cement self-compacting mortar (SCM). The SCM with a typical slag-cement binder comprised of equivalent mass ratio of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to slag was used as the reference mixture. The effect of DP on performance of the modified SCMs was accessed by using various DP to slag ratios while fixing OPC amount at 50% in mass of total powder. Experimental results showed that DP addition substituting slag enhanced workability of the modified SCMs. Increase of DP addition induced the modified slag-cement pastes with slightly decreases in both peak of hydration heat liberation and cumulative hydration heat released during 24 h. With ages of curing earlier than 3 days, DP addition decreased the compressive strengths of the modified SCMs. After 7 days of curing, the SCMs with DP addition up to 30 mass.% replacing slag had the highest compressive strengths. Analysis on particles size distributions of the SCMs showed that the DP addition in range of 30–50 mass.% substituting slag could be the optimum amount for improving microstructure of the hardened mortars.

Influence of low calcium fly ash on compressive strength and hydration product of low energy super sulfated cement paste

This research aims to explore the effects of low calcium Class F fly ash (FFA) as an alumina supplier on the compressive strength and hydration products of an ecological super-sulfated cement (SSC) with fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash (CFA) as a crucial activator. Experimental results showed that partial replacement of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS/slag) by FFA in range of 10–30 wt% significantly improved the compressive strength of hardened eco-SSC paste. Microstructural examination using scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy obviously proved that the main hydration products of the hardened paste were ettringite/monosulfate (AFt/AFm) and calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H). Increase in FFA resulted in higher degree of AFt/AFm precipitation and C-A-S-H with lower Ca:(Si + Al) ratio.

Microstructural Analysis and Strength Development of One-Part Alkali-Activated Slag/Ceramic Binders Under Different Curing Regimes

Alkali-activated binders have shown great potential in the reuse of industrial waste materials and have therefore received significant attention. The use of one-part or a “just-add-water” alkali-activated binder aims to avoid the use of alkali-activator solutions which have traditionally been utilized in two-part systems. By using a solid activator, the disadvantages posed by hazardous liquid activators (such as the difficulties of using them on-site) can be minimized. Ceramic materials represent a considerable fraction of construction and demolition wastes, and originate not only from the building process, but also as tiles from industry and rejected bricks. Besides using these waste materials as road sub-base or construction backfill materials, they can also be employed as supplementary cementitious materials or even as raw material for alkali-activated binders. This paper presents the strength development and microstructural results obtained from examining different compositions under various curing conditions (sealing, ambient, and submerged in water). Two different ceramic wastes (with and without firing) were used as a partial replacement (5–10% by mass) of ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Specimens were then cured under three different curing regimes, including: (1) plastic-sealed, (2) unsealed at ambient conditions with an average temperature of 23 °C and 35% RH, and (3) submerged in water until the test date. Mechanical testing (compressive and flexural strengths) and microstructural analysis (SEM/EDX, XRD, MIP, heat of hydration, TGA, and DTA) were used to determine the effects of curing conditions. The results showed that ceramic waste content and type, as well as curing regimes, greatly affect the chemical reaction products, strength development, and structural stability.

Investigating the mechanical property and reaction mechanism of geopolymers cement with red Pisha Sandstone

Alkali-activated geopolymers cement based on natural red Pisha Sandstone (RPS), which causes severe soil erosion, was examined. The compressive strength and softening coefficient of the alkali-activated red Pisha Sandstone cement (AAPC) were investigated at different blast furnace slag replacement levels, NaOH dosages, and curing durations. This paper also investigated the strength and reaction mechanism of the AAPC samples with 40 wt% blast furnace slag at different NaOH dosages by replacing RPS with ISO Standard Sand (referred to as G group samples). Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the hydration products and reaction mechanism of the samples at the curing ages of 28 days after the strength test. The results showed that the compressive strength and softening coefficient of the cement improved significantly when blast furnace slag was used as the mineral additive. When 1.5 wt% NaOH was used as the activator, the compressive strength and softening coefficient of the AAPC sample curing for 90 days increased from 6.9 to 56.2 MPa and 0.4 to 0.95, respectively, with an increase in the slag dosages from 0 to 40 wt%. The reaction mechanism of AAPC was essentially different from that of the alkali-activated blast furnace slag cement. The blast furnace slag significantly promoted the polymerization reaction of Si–Al gels. The Si–Al and C-S-H gels strengthened the AAPC system. However, the C-S-H gels and reinhardbraunsite, which are formed by the hydration of blast furnace slag, strengthened the alkali-activated blast furnace slag cement. In the AAPC samples with blast furnace slag as the mineral additive, the hydration reaction of the slag and the polymerization reaction of the Si–Al gels promoted each other.

Combined Effect of Thermal Stimulated Superplasticizer with BFS on Fresh and Hardened Property of Mortar

Usage of mineral and chemical admixtures in concrete or mortar is a usual solution to reach full compaction mainly where reinforcement blockage and the shortage of skilled labors happen. Super Plasticizers have become essential ingredients of any designed concrete mix today. Property of fresh and hardened concrete is strongly influenced by the interaction of mineral and chemical admixtures. This paper has been made to evaluate effect of heat stimulation of with two types of Polycarboxylic acid-based ether superplasticizer, pre-cast (SP2) type and ready-mix (SP1) type superplasticizer (SP) with normal Portland cement (OPC), high early strength cement (HESPC) and partially replacement of blast furnace slag (BFS) with cement 0%, 30%, 45%, and 60%. Investigated the fresh and hardened property of mortar. The superplasticizer (SP) was heated in a thermostatic chamber 70°C for 24 hours, the result shows that the heat stimulation of SP increased the fluidity, air content and flow loss, and decrease the density and compressive strength of mortar. Consequently, unitized the flow for heated and non-heated SP, and evaluate them. The air-content, density, and compressive strength were same. Besides, the flow loss was affected by many factors type of cement type of SP and heat stimulation technique of SP amount of BFS. By heat stimulation technique and increasing the amount of BFS caused to decrease the flow loss. The SP1 improve the fluidity and flow loss of mortar than SP2 in all conditions. Heat stimulation technique of SP with HESPC cement doesn’t change the fresh property of mortar. The compressive strength of HESPC was increased than OPC cement. Furthermore, by increasing the amount of BFS increased the fluidity and decreased the compressive strength and effect of heating on fluidity. The water-cement ratio was 30% and sand cement ratio was 2:1. Blast furnace slag (BFS) cause to improve the fluidity of mortar. However, by increasing the amount of BFS the compressive strength and effect of heat stimulation and flow loss was decreased.

Effect of Partial Replacement of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag for Cement in Conventional Concrete Exposed to Marine Environment: A Review

Effect of Partial Replacement of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag for Cement in Conventional Concrete Exposed to Marine Environment: A Review