Formability Of Blanks Research Articles

Mediaesthetics of blank forms: the material basis of cultural nomadism in the era of panmediatization

The article is devoted to the concept of the “empty form”. This concept is considered from philosophical, communicative, sociological, artistic and cultural points of view. The author follows Aristotle’s philosophy of hylomorphism and “eidos” and its transformation into the 20th century theory of “new materiality” with the “emptiness of the center” and “assemblage of things” concepts, in the modern linguistic approaches and in art and creative industries (i.e. painting, architecture, literature). The metaphor “frame without painting” (G. Zimmel) helps us understand the social potential of the “empty form” concept (as a functional stimulus and condition of perception). The modern communication situation, characterized by a panmediatization of all sides of societal life and a penetration of media in all forms of sociality, provides a number of conditions leading to an increase of the role of “empty forms” (including creativity based on “ready-to-use” empty forms considered as “vacuums waiting to be filled”). Panmediatization makes possible “the cultural nomadism” as a rambling from one empty form to another one. Panmediatization creates a “cultural nomadism” that consists of rambling from one empty form to another. One can see how the panmediatized communication field organizes this rambling: any “cultural nomad”, or rambler, is provided an opportunity to create new senses and new objects in the virtually endless and timeless space of this field. The technical aspect nature of this field generates the phenomenon of media aesthetics – the process of never-ending creative activity and consumption and evaluation of its results, where the aesthetic judgement is embodied in the technical procedures of the panmediatized communication field (i.e. “likes” or “sharing” of social media).

Effects of circular holes on the web warping of perforated blanks in flexible roll forming

To meet the demands of highly functional parts, high-precision manufacturing technology that can provide sound semifinal perforated components having variable cross sections is frequently required. When a relatively short blank is formed into a variable section by a flexible roll forming process, web warping such as longitudinal bows and crossbows can be generated in the formed products. In this study, the characteristic features of web warping occurring in the flexible roll forming of perforated blanks were investigated both numerically and experimentally. In order to investigate the cause of web warping, the stress and strain variations during flexible roll forming are examined in terms of the shapes of blank and hole orientations of perforated blanks. The results show that longitudinal bows and crossbows are primarily caused by the nonuniformity of longitudinal and transverse strains between the flange and the web. In addition, the degree of web warping is sensitive to the shapes of the blanks and the hole orientations. From the process analysis, a guideline for the perforation of holes in convex, concave and trapezoid blanks is proposed to reduce web warping.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF BLANK DESIGN OPTIMAL TO PRODUCE A TRIANGLE CUP BY DEEP DRAWING PROCESS

The production process of a triangle cup is very difficult method, due to the occurrence violent deformations at a narrow places of the forming region, as a result of non-uniform distribution of hoop compressive stresses and radial tensile stresses, so expected a lot of problems which accompany the forming. The most important is the surplus metal that composed at cup corners, because of the non-homogeneous flow of metals during entry into the die, so appear ears at the upper edge of the cup. To reduce that defect as little as possible, simulation model has been built by program (ANSYS 15) of deep drawing, and modify the blank from circular shape to triangular shape with a gradient corner radii (20, 28, and 35)mm. It was placed at opposite place to the draw tool form.The effect of the blank form on the required drawn force, distribution of thickness and strains that associated with the forming process were also studied. To make comparison between the experimental results and the results of simulation, it was manufacturing drawing tool with the same specifications of the simulation model. The practical and simulation results showed that the low radii corners of triangular blank lead to failure of deep drawing, especially at radii corners (20 and 28)mm. While the best shape of the cup by used blank with corner radius 35mm, that required less force of drawing, and better distribution of the metal thickness and the strains.

A New Method for Production of Double-Curvature Dome-Shaped Part: Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Process Parameters on the Radius of Curvature of Obtained Dome Shape

A New Method for Production of Double-Curvature Dome-Shaped Part: Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Process Parameters on the Radius of Curvature of Obtained Dome Shape

Validation, Intrarater and Interrater Reliability Study of the Lateral-Anterior Drawer Test for Detecting Posterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures: Study Protocol of a Prospective Controlled Single-Blinded Cross-Sectional Study

IntroductionCommonly used clinical tests for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) rupture detection exhibit several limitations, thus requiring more precise clinical PCL tests. The lateral-anterior drawer (LAD) test has been proposed as...

Gastronomy Metaphors According to Restaurant Employees

The aim of this study is to reveal hotel restaurant employees' perceptions of the term "gastronomy" through metaphors. In 2015, a survey was applied to 101 employees (executive chefs, food and beverage managers, waiting staff, etc.) working at 14 different hotels located in the Cappadocia province of Turkey. Blank forms were distributed to employees to reveal their perceptions, thoughts, and views about "gastronomy," and participants were asked to write a text about the term. Document analysis was used as a means of data collection; descriptive and content analyses were used for data analysis. Employees developed 76 metaphors regarding the term "gastronomy" and these metaphors were grouped under seven dimensions: the production dimension of gastronomy; consumption dimension of gastronomy; science dimension of gastronomy; art dimension of gastronomy; health dimension of gastronomy; culture dimension of gastronomy; and occupation dimension of gastronomy. A main conclusion is that staff was most likely to address issues close to the operational world of the kitchen, including not the least food safety issues. Metaphors about the customers' experience were nonfrequent, which suggests that staff members work without much physical and cognitive contact with customers. The study discusses the potential strategic and managerial implications.

Optimum parameters to minimize weld line movement in the warm forming of tailor-welded blanks

This paper deals with optimizing geometric parameters such as thickness ratio and weld line location, to minimize the movement of weld line during the stamping of tailor-welded blank (TWB) components. Weld line movement (WLM) is an important aspect to consider; otherwise, it leads to wrinkling and other forming-related problems. The major contributors to WLM are thickness ratio, weld line location, and strengths of the respective blanks. Selective heating is a recent technique adopted to reduce the material properties of the higher strength TWB blank by heating it locally, thus allowing a shift in the weld line. In this work, laboratory and simulation experiments were conducted under warm forming conditions on the TWB blanks. Experiments were also conducted by placing the weld line at an offset distance of ± 1 mm from the centre of blank. The situation is to choose the best possible value among thickness ratio and weld line location under the influence of selective heating to minimize the WLM. The objective function of WLM is obtained from the MINITAB statistical software by conducting ANOVA method. The optimum values of the parameters were obtained by minimizing the objective function.

Morphometric and refitting analyses of flaked stone artifacts from Tabaqat al-Bûma and al-Basatîn, northern Jordan: Sickle elements and core-reduction technology in the Late Neolithic (6th millennium BCE) in the southern Levant

Sickle elements of the Late Neolithic (LN) in the southern Levant are noteworthy for their typological distinctiveness and variations in outline form and retouching techniques. This study presents new data on the morphometric characteristics of LN sickle elements by using lithic assemblages from two LN farmsteads (Tabaqat al-Bûma and al-Basatîn) in Wadi Ziqlab, northern Jordan. We also present refitting analyses of lithics, employing a novel application of Harris matrices, to examine production technology of blanks, i.e., core-reduction technology. The morphometric analyses indicate that LN sickle elements from the two sites are characterized by moderately elongated forms and standardized width in comparison with other tool types and blanks. However, such forms were not predetermined during the blank production as our refitting analyses indicate no systematic blade production but a more generalized core-reduction technology for a wide variety of blank forms to be used for various tool types, including scrapers, denticulates/notches, and retouched flakes. Thus, production of sickle elements in LN Wadi Ziqlab involved creating standardized rectangular shapes from a wide variety of blank forms through selection, rather than predetermination, of suitable blank forms and subsequent high degrees of retouch. The rectangular forms and the standardized width are probably related to the morphological requirements for sickle elements to be aligned neatly in a haft. The achievement of desired shapes through retouch, instead of blade production, may have been a reasonable practice in a small-scale, domestic mode of lithic production, as indicated by contextual evidence of clustered lithic debitage on one of the cobble-paved floors at al-Basatîn.

Less Cheating? The Effects of Prefilled Forms on Compliance Behavior

As a consequence of the digital transformation, individuals are often confronted with prefilled forms or prefilled data entry masks. In situations where cheating and lying are of concern, prefilling and defaults might reduce dishonest behavior. In a controlled experiment, we investigate how correctly and incorrectly prefilled forms influence compliance behavior. We frame our experiment as filing the annual income tax return. We show that correct prefilling enhances compliance. However, in cases of incorrect prefilling, we observe asymmetric effects. If prefilled income is lower than true income, we find no positive compliance effect, and compliance is on the same level as with blank forms. If prefilled income is higher than true income, prefilling still has a positive effect on compliance. In that case, compliance is on the same level as with correctly prefilled forms and higher than with blank forms. Our study contributes to the literature on cheating and lying by showing that prefilled forms and defaults affect compliance by changing the moral costs of dishonest behavior.

Vie et mort d’un support d’outil : Chaînes opératoires de réaménagement des pièces façonnées unifacialement du technocomplexe Itaparica (Brésil Central)

Le technocomplexe Itaparica comprend la plupart des productions lithiques de la transition Pléistocène-Holocène et de l’Holocène ancien dans le centre du Brésil. Il se caractérise par des industries basées sur une complémentarité entre des pièces façonnées unifacialement et des éclats retouchés. Les pièces façonnées unifacialement sont historiquement les vestiges les plus emblématiques de ce technocomplexe. Elles correspondent à un support pouvant contenir plusieurs outils. De nombreux indices démontrent que ces pièces avaient une longue durée de vie utile et passaient par différents états techniques successifs. A partir de la riche collection de l’abri GO-JA-01 (État de Goiás, Brésil), nous présentons ici une étude des chaînes opératoires de réamenagement des pièces façonnées unifacialement du technocomplexe Itaparica. Par les différents indices de raffûtage et de réaménagement, il est possible de définir deux schémas opératoires d’exploitation de ces outils au cours du temps, jusqu’à leur dénaturation. En revanche, bien que les réaménagements successifs aient un impact sur la forme et le volume des supports, ils ne peuvent pas expliquer toute la variabilité de ces artefacts. La structure des supports semble se maintenir au cours de la vie technique de ceux-ci. Il y a donc une diversité des intentions dès le début de la production des pièces façonnées unifacialement du technocomplexe Itaparica.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To study the rate of recruitment to the Pulmonary Research Registry (PRR) at the University of Chicago using HealtheRx recruitment Versus usual practice. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: CommunityRx is a health information technology, integrated with electronic medical record (EMR) platforms, that generates personalized referrals (“HealtheRxs”) for community-based programs and services that address basic and other health-related self-care needs. The target population included people ages 18 and older, English speaking, living in 1 of 16 ZIP codes on Chicago’s south and west sides (106 mi2) who received care at ≥1 of 28 CommunityRx partner sites and had a diagnosis of asthma or COPD. Between December 2015 and December 2016, information about pulmonary research participation opportunities was included on the HealtheRxs of eligible patients contemporaneously with usual registry recruitment methods. Usual methods, used since 2010 by the PRR group, included public advertisements requiring the patient to call the research team for more information and education of eligible patients identified during routine clinical care with a Pulmonary/Critical Care clinician or when enrolling in a pulmonary clinical trial. We hypothesized that, compared with usual recruitment practices, the HealtheRx recruitment strategy would increase the rate and decrease the per subject cost of patient recruitment to a prospective registry. Total annual recruitment costs for each method were calculated and divided by the number of consented PRR enrollees per method. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Between December 22, 2015 and December 15, 2016 13,437 HealtheRxs (8762 for asthma, 3842 for COPD, and 833 for both asthma and COPD) were generated with the recruitment advertisement. In total, 41 patients responded to the ad and participated in the phone survey. In which 15 (36.5%) participants self-reported a diagnosis of asthma only (65% of all HealtheRxs with advertisement were for asthma only), 9 (22%) reported a diagnosis of COPD only (28.5% of all HealtheRxs with advertisement were for COPD only), and 17 (41.5%) reported diagnoses of both asthma and COPD (6.2% of all HealtheRxs with advertisement were for asthma and COPD). Most participants were female (n=28), non-Hispanic black (n=37), and not employed (n=39). The median age was 57. The majority (n=31) had never participated in health or medical research and was not aware of current opportunities to participate in research (n=25). All 41 participants expressed interest in joining PRR and were mailed a blank PRR consent form and a prepaid return envelope with their incentive check for the telephone survey. To date, 5 participants returned a signed consent form via mail and were enrolled in PRR. During the same period, 4 patients enrolled in PRR via usual recruitment methods. The cost per subject to enroll in PRR was $364.40 using the HealtheRx recruitment and $4590 using usual practice. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: NIH has called for innovation in research recruitment methodologies to increase enrollment especially of people who are under-represented in clinical trials research. This study demonstrates the feasibility and efficiency of using an EMR-integrated recruitment method to enroll people of under-represented minority groups to a research registry.

Comparison of electromagnetic forming of friction stir-welded blanks of dissimilar material AA 5052-AA 6061 with conventional forming process

In this work, studies on formability of Tailor Welded Blanks (TWB) were carried out by means of both quasi-static and high speed forming process. TWBs were manufactured as welded blanks of dissimilar material combination. Welding of AA 5052-H32 to AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy of 1 mm thickness was done with the help a friction stir welding (FSW) process. Limit dome height (LDH) test was performed by both conventional hydraulic press forming (HPF) and by a high-speed forming process called electromagnetic forming (EMF) process, to investigate the forming behaviour of the TWB. Subsequently forming limit curves (FLCs) were plotted to quantify forming behaviour. Dome heights and FLCs of TWB and base materials are compared. Similar comparison has been made between conventional forming and EM forming process. It is found that the formability of TWB increases considerably with EMF process with base AA 5052 material showed largest increase in formability. Effect of weld line offset on the formability was also investigated. When the weld line was offset by 25 mm towards AA 6061 side of the TWB, the welded blanks showed maximum forming behaviour by EMF process in terms of both dome height and FLC.

Deep-Drawing Process Simulation for Tailor-Welded Blanks with an Elastic Blankholder

Application of tailor-welded blanks is proved to be very effective in the current trend of body parts construction. However, their formability is limited to the differences of mechanical properties of individual tailor-welded blanks parts. These differences result in non-constant material flow and a deflection of the weld line. This article is focused on the elimination of uneven material flow and weld line instability. The results have been obtained by means of laboratory measurements on the drawing tool as well as material simulation computed by LS-DYNA code. According to acquired results, it can be claimed that the blankholder force values and force distribution have a significant influence on the deep-drawing process of tailor-welded blanks. The weld line direction in consideration of the blankholder area size has influence on the deflection value. The simulation provided a reliable prediction of tailor-welded blank formability.

Koordinasi Simpang Empat Bersinyal Jalan S.Parman-Belitung Dengan S.Parman-Tarakan Kota Banjarmasin

Evaluasi lampu lalu lintas di kota Banjarmasin seharusnya dilakukan setiap tahun agar bisa diketahui apakah lampu lalu lintas tersebut sudah berfungsi dengan baik dan benar atau sebaliknya, agar tidak menimbulkan kemacetan, kecelakaan lalu lintas dan sebagainya. Mengevaluasi ulang lampu lalu lintas yang berada di persimpangan jalan S.Parman-Belitung dengan jalan S.Parman-Tarakan Kota Banjarmasin Kalimantan Selatan. Agar dapat diketahui kapasitas jalan, waktu siklus, derajat kejenuhan dan koordinasi antar dua persimpangan.
 Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode observasi, yaitu pengambilan data langsung dilapangan data yang diperlukan berupa data primer alat-alat yang diperlukan pada metode penelitian yaitu meteran, blanko dan alat tulis. Pengambilan data dilakukan selama dua hari dipersimpangan S.Parman-Belitung dengan S.Parman­Tarakan
 Hasil Penelitian pada persimpangan jalan S.Parman-Belitung dengan jalan S.Parman-Tarakan Kota Banjarmasin Kalimantan Selatan kondisi existing sudah tidak efektif lagi, hal iniut dapat dilihat dari besarnya angka derajat kejenuhan pada tiap tiap lengan simpang yang rata-rata melebihi dari batas ideal yaitu <0,85 dengan demikian jelas bahwa pada simpang-simpang tersebut terjadi kemacetan. Waktu siklus pada kondisi existing pada persimpangan S.parman-Belitung 118 detik dan Persimpangan S,Parman-Tarakan 151 detik. Itu menunjukan bahwa waktu tersebut sangatlah lama sehingga disetting ulang persimpangan S.parman-Belitung 100 detik dan Persimpangan S,Parman-Tarakan 100 detik. Dengan kecepatan kendaraan rata-rata 20 km/jam dari persimpangan S.Parman-Belitung menuju persimpangan S.Parman-Tarakan maka dapat dipastikan bahwa kendaraan yang sudah melewati persimpangan S.parman-Belitung menuju S.Parman-Tarakan tidak akan ikut antrian selanjutnya di persimpangan S.Parman-Tarakan.

Research of the process of axisymmetric forming of thin-walled flat blanks into the conical parts with minimal thickness variation

In this paper, the method based on the process of forming a flat blank into the thin-walled conical part is proposed. The forming method is based on two stages. At the first stage, forming of the free portion of the blank is carried out until it fully contacts the conical surface of the punch. During this stage, thickness unevenness is created, which can be compensated during the second stage by the action of active friction forces. The shaping of the workpiece during the forming of the conical part is performed by thinning. The thinning increases with the increase of the penetration depth of the punch, i.e. the final part will be thinner, but its thickness variation will be reduced. This method allows achieving minimal thickness variation in the walls of the part.

Technologie lithique et circulation des matières premières au Magdalénien moyen ancien. L’exemple de Moulin-Neuf (Saint-Quentin-de-Baron, Gironde)

Moulin-Neuf (Saint-Quentin-de-Baron, Gironde) est un site du Magdalénien moyen ancien daté entre 18700 et 17800 cal. BP. Découvert en 1939, le site s’organise comme la succession latérale de deux abris et d’un gisement en pied de falaise. L’intérieur de l’abri 1, le plus vaste, a d’abord été en partie fouillé par R. Cousté puis par H. Péquart dans les années 1940. Entre 1976 et 1980, M. Lenoir entrepris d’en fouiller la terrasse qui a notamment livré un riche ensemble archéologique (industries lithique et osseuse, faune, matières colorantes, art mobilier) attribué alors au Magdalénien moyen. Moulin-Neuf se situe à l’interface géographique et chronologique des «faciès » à navettes, à pointes de Lussac-Angles et à lamelles scalènes. Pourtant, il n’a livré aucun de ces marqueurs classiques. Nous nous proposons de croiser les approches pétro-archéologiques et technoéconomiques pour déterminer le mode d’exploitation de chaque ressource afin de mieux cerner les occupations de Moulin-Neuf et de les replacer dans l’espace géoculturel du Magdalénien moyen ancien. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence à Moulin-Neuf une grande diversité dans le spectre de matières premières exploitées. Au-delà d’un approvisionnement avec la zone périgourdine, le réseau de circulation des matières premières s’élargit nettement vers la Chalosse et le Sud du Bassin parisien. Les blocs de silex du Bergeracois, «grain de mil » et de Chalosse ont fait l’objet d’une exploitation sur place. Cette arrivée de blocs fut complétée par l’apport de supports lamino-lamellaires et d’outils provenant des formations du Turonien inférieur du Berry, du Grand-Pressigny et du Turonien d’Écoyeux. La zone de diffusion des silex du Turonien inférieur du Berry se trouve alors élargie au Nord du Bassin aquitain. Ces résultats inédits ne montrent pas de frontières territoriales nettes entre Poitou et Pyrénées mais plutôt des des réseaux complexes de circulation des matières premières lithiques, tout en conférant à Moulin-Neuf la place de carrefour géographique majeur de ces réseaux. Le partage d’un «litho-espace » similaire entre les différents faciès du Magdalénien moyen ancien relance la question de la pertinence de l’utilisation de ces faciès.

Применение обратного анализа для определения реологических констант материалов по результатам тестовых формовок круглых мембран

The paper is devoted to a problem of determining rheological characteristics of materials from the results of experiments on free forming of sheet blanks to a cylindrical matrix. This information on the material behavior is used in the design of gas forming processes for the production of parts for aerospace industry. Realization of such technologies requires to follow optimum technological regimes, in computer simulations of which one should adequately describe the properties of materials under consideration. A significant disadvantage of the classical experimental method of tensile testing of plate specimens is that an information taken from these tests is related to metal forming in the conditions of uniaxial tension that is not typical for gas forming processes. Experimental method of forming circular membranes considered here allows one to study the behavior of a material in the conditions of biaxial tension. Interpretation of the results is proposed to carry out by an inverse analysis utilizing a special semianalytical model for the solution of the direct task. The key role in this semianalytical model belongs to a dependence of the blank thickness at the dome pole on the dome height, which accounts for the strain rate sensitivity coefficient. This approach was applied for the processing of experimental results obtained by free forming of industrial aluminum alloys. The material characteristics obtained were compared to charecteristics determined by other methods for the same set of experimental data available in the literature. To estimate the efficiency of the method proposed, the characteristics obtained were verified by finite element simulations. For simulations, MSC Nastran software was used. The results of the simulations were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data not only with respect to the dome height but also to the blank thickness at the dome.

DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN THE CALIBRATED ROD

Calibrated metal is presented as an effective form of blanks for a number of metal technologies. Greater its use in industry prevent residual stresses formed during cold deformation. The aim of this study was to determine the main calibration parameters that influence the formation of residual stresses. The main components of the tensor of residual stresses in a calibrated rod were determined by the method of grinding and boring of one cylinder. The planning methodology of multivariate experiments was used to determine the effect of the main parameters of the calibration process on the residual stress state. For the account of simultaneous effect on the residual stresses of the relative compression, angle of the working cone of the die, calibration speed and lubrication quality the fractional four-factor experiment has been planned and implemented. These experiments have shown that the parameters of the calibration process significantly affect the residual stresses, which vary not only in magnitude but also in sign. Experimental results have shown that the range of angles of the die was from 8 to 24°, the tangential and axial residual stresses increase simultaneously: increase by 2.3 and 1.8 times. With the increase in the length of the gauge zones maximum axial residual tensile stresses are reduced by 52 % and tangential increased by 21 %. The influence of the main parameters of the calibration process on the size and nature of the distribution over the cross section of cylindrical rods of axial, radial and tangential residual stresses was determined. Changing the sign of the residual stress depends on the deformation parameters and occurs at a depth of (0,5 – 0,8)r/R. It was revealed that at the calibration mode that is used in the production the axial and tangential residual tensile stresses are formed in the peripheral layers of rods at cold forming, and in the central layers – the compressive stresses are formed. Radial residual stresses at the surface are zero, and in the rest of the body volume residual stresses are compressive.

H $${^{+}}$$ + -ion-sensitive FET macromodel in LTSPICE IV

pH measurements are widely used in biomedical engineering, agriculture, environmental studies, the food industry, etc. In biomedical and healthcare research, it is said that all aqueous samples have their pH tested at some point in their lifecycle for evaluation of wound healing or susceptibility, diagnosis of diseases, cellular internalization, etc. The ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) in blank form is capable of pH measurements. When its gate comes into contact with an electrolyte, the activity of ions dissolved in the electrolyte is converted to an electrical potential while releasing free electrons. Such use of the ISFET has become popular, as it allows sensing, preprocessing, and computational circuitry to be encapsulated on a single chip, enabling miniaturization and portability. LTSPICE IV is a computational electronic design software package that facilitates design and simulation of circuits before their costly fabrication. Despite its popularity, the ISFET is still not available in the component library of LTSPICE IV. Hence, we propose herein an ISFET macromodel to contribute as a new subcircuit block for the LTSPICE IV component library, to enable design of ISFET-based sensors or microsystems. A mathematical model for the ISFET is first derived and programmed into netlists, from which a macromodel is constructed. This ISFET macromodel is tested by using it to generate characteristic graphs relating important ISFET parameterization variables. Simulation results show that, at low pH, when the H$${^{+}}$$+ ion concentration in the electrolyte is high, higher drain current is generated, similar to the results of the mathematical model. As a consequence, from the simulation of the drain current with respect to a reference voltage, at higher pH values the first-order response is found to be more sluggish with slow turn-on of the drain current. Moreover, the drain voltage is found to suppress the sensitivity (reference threshold voltage/pH) of the ISFET. According to the simulations of the drain current and pH, reference voltages of 1.0 and 1.5 V result in high linearity and sensitivity. According to the simulations of the drain current and drain voltage, a reference voltage of 1.5 V is found to be good in terms of operational linearity and sensitivity.

Ecologies of blood in Johannesburg vampire fiction

This essay reads two contemporary Johannesburg vampire narratives, the film Eternity (2010) and the graphic novel Rebirth (2012), as part of a body of fiction that sees post-apartheid Johannesburg as a laboratory for new forms of life. While recent Johannesburg science fiction has imagined the emergence of new and more fluid forms of being in Johannesburg, the vampire narrative employs a far older and more restrictive type of monster. By virtue of its intimate relationship to blood – with its mythical overtones of racial and national essence – and its peculiarly blank and limited form of being, the vampire is a productive figure for imagining whiteness. In this essay, I examine how the Johannesburg vampire registers the mutations of whiteness in the post-apartheid context. Located in a contaminated and contaminating city of hidden capillaries and networks, vampiric blood runs across and perforates the traditional blood bonds of race, family, and nation. Indeed, dependent on a precarious and potentially diseased resource, the Johannesburg vampire is always on the cusp of dissolving the very whiteness it figures. I am interested in the way in which these vampire narratives alternately reinforce and interrogate what I call the politics of prolongation; that is, in the ways in which their horizontal and entangled “haemopoetics” attempt to displace the genealogical poetics of blood that have traditionally suffused the colonial enterprise and its literature.