Bladder Stone Formation Research Articles

Tubed vesicostomy for tetraplegics.

The main advantage of our newly developed cystostomy method is that tetraplegic patients carrying indwelling urethral catheters can lead their daily lives free from a complicated bladder washing technique for preventing bladder stone formation. But under the present condition, this desirable state can only be achieved by patients who have bladder contractility and a urine volume of more than 2,000 ml per day. We recommend the use of small brushes to clean the inserting tubes.

Urine Cultures and Long-term Indwelling Catheters

Individuals with long-term use of indwelling catheters will invariably be bacteriuric. This bacteriuria is usually polymicrobial and is characterized by serial superinfections, that is, the replacement of existing bacteria by new strains or species.^1,2Morbidity associated with bacteriuria and long-term indwelling catheterization includes formation of bladder stones, local abscesses, and bacteremia,³the last of which is almost always associated with recent catheter trauma.⁴Long-term indwelling catheters undoubtedly contribute to mortality, but their precise influence is poorly defined. In addition, frequent courses of antimicrobials given to individuals with long-term indwelling catheters promote the emergence of increasingly resistant organisms.^4,5Such patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria may then become important reservoirs in institutional outbreaks of infection with multiple resistant organisms.⁶ Fortunately, there are few situations now in which long-term indwelling catheters are indicated, largely because of widespread acceptance of intermittent catheterization, especially for patients with injuries to the spinal

The risk of bladder calculi in patients with spinal cord injuries.

A nonconcurrent prospective study of bladder calculi included 500 persons treated at the University of Alabama in Birmingham Spinal Cord Injury Care System between 1973 and 1981. Risk factors suspected of contributing to the development of bladder calculi were identified. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate each risk factor's adjusted odds ratio and to develop a predictive model for bladder stone formation. Bladder calculi were most likely to develop within one year of injury. Patients developing bladder calculi prior to first definitive discharge were most likely to be white and have neurologically complete lesions and Klebsiella infections at admission. Patients developing bladder stones within two years of hospital discharge were most likely to be young and white and have indwelling urethral catheters and either Proteus or multiple-organism infections at discharge. The predictive model was 82% sensitive and 83% specific when applied to a validation sample of patients.

The Risk of Bladder Calculi in Patients With Spinal Cord Injuries

• A nonconcurrent prospective study of bladder calculi Included 500 persons treated at the University of Alabama in Birmingham Spinal Cord Injury Care System between 1973 and 1981. Risk factors suspected of contributing to the development of bladder calculi were identified. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate each risk factor's adjusted odds ratio and to develop a predictive model for bladder stone formation. Bladder calculi were most likely to develop within one year of injury. Patients developing bladder calculi prior to first definitive discharge were most likely to be white and have neurologically complete lesions and<i>Klebsiella</i>infections at admission. Patients developing bladder stones within two years of hospital discharge were most likely to be young and white and have indwelling urethral catheters and either<i>Proteus</i>or multiple-organism infections at discharge. The predictive model was 82% sensitive and 83% specific when applied to a validation sample of patients. (<i>Arch</i>

A Newly Designed Model for Infection-Induced Bladder Stone Formation in the Rat

A newly designed urolithiasis model for rats, inducing a mild urinary tract infection, exhibiting reduced renal damage without pyelonephritis and causing reliable stone formation, was established. This was accomplished by implanting a zinc disc in the bladder and then performing transvesical inoculation of Proteus mirabilis into the bladder. Five days after challenge with 107 colony forming units (CFU) of P. mirabilis in each rat, the number of organisms in the bladder urine reached a level of over 105 colony forming units per ml. The infection was mostly restricted to the urinary tract organs. Infectious bladder stones were formed 5 days after infection and developed day by day, weighing 88.3 ± 18.8mg. on the 21st day. Blood urea nitrogen values stayed in the normal range in all test animals during this experiment. The main composition of the stones formed was shown to be struvite (MgNH4PO4-6H2O).

Role of Fluoride in Formation of Urinary Calculi: Studies in Rats

The effect of fluoride on urinary caculi formation in young rats was investigated. Two studies, in which rats received diets that included either higher calcium (9 g/kg diet) or normal calcium (5 g/kg diet), were conducted. At each level of calcium, one group of rats received a high level of fluoride and another a low level of fluoride in the diet. Rats ingesting high fluoride diets exhibited a higher incidence of crystalluria and bladder stones compared with those receiving low fluoride diets. However, compared with higher calcium diets, normal calcium diets delayed the appearance of crystalluria and produced smaller calculi. Calcium and oxalate were the major components of the calculi. Calculi of rats fed the higher calcium and high fluoride diet contained relatively less protein and more calcium compared with calculi formed in rats ingesting the higher calcium and low fluoride diet. The concentration of fluoride in calculi from rats fed high fluoride diets was significantly higher than that of calculi from rats fed low fluoride diets. A significant positive correlation between calcium and fluoride concentration of calculi was observed in rats fed the higher calcium diet only. These studies indicate that ingestion of excess fluoride facilitates calcium oxalate crystalluria and promotes the formation of bladder stones in rats, under the experimental conditions used.fluoride urinary calculi crystalluria bladder stones

Experimental Acute Pyelonephritis Caused by Enterobacteria in Animals. A Review

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Apr 1982Experimental Acute Pyelonephritis Caused by Enterobacteria in Animals. A Review B. Kaijser, and P. Larsson B. KaijserB. Kaijser More articles by this author , and P. LarssonP. Larsson More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)54049-5AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1982 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByRoberts J, Kaack M, Baskin G, Marklund B and Normark S (2018) EPITOPES OF THE P-FIMBRIAL ADHESIN OF E. COLI CAUSE DIFFERENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONSJournal of Urology, VOL. 158, NO. 4, (1610-1613), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1997.Johnson J, Berggren T, Newburg D, McCluer R and Manivel J (2018) Detailed Histopathological Examination Contributes to the Assessment of Escherichia Coli UrovirulenceJournal of Urology, VOL. 147, NO. 4, (1160-1166), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1992.Johnson J and Carlos Manivel J (2018) Vesicoureteral Reflux Induces Renal Trauma in A Mouse Model of Ascending, Unobstructed PyelonephritisJournal of Urology, VOL. 145, NO. 6, (1306-1311), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1991.Satoh M, Munakata K, Kitoh K, Takeuchi H and Yoshida O (2018) A Newly Designed Model for Infection-Induced Bladder Stone Formation in the RatJournal of Urology, VOL. 132, NO. 6, (1247-1249), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1984.Roberts J, Kaack B, Källenius G, Möllby R, Winbergt J and Svenson S (2018) Receptors for Pyelonephritogenic Escherichia Coli in PrimatesJournal of Urology, VOL. 131, NO. 1, (163-168), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1984.Roberts J (2018) Pathogenesis of PyelonephritisJournal of Urology, VOL. 129, NO. 6, (1102-1106), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1983. Volume 127Issue 4April 1982Page: 786-790 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1982 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information B. Kaijser More articles by this author P. Larsson More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Endoscopic Ureteroneocystostomy for Orthotopic Ureteroceles

Orthotopic ureteroceles may present with various symptoms, such as bladder irritability, flank pain, stone formation or recurrent urinary infections. When symptomatic, excretory urography often demonstrates varying degrees of hydronephrosis. We herein review a series of 12 patients in whom endoscopic ureteroneocystotomy (distal incision of the ureterocele) was performed. The procedure, and its theoretical advantages and indications are discussed. The results indicate excellent therapeutic benefit from this minimally invasive technique.

Polyglycolic Acid Versus Chromic Catgut in Bladder Surgery

The clinical importance of calcified deposits on sutures in bladder surgery was evaluated in a blind paired randomised trial of 3/0 chromic catgut versus polyglycolic acid 3/0. Cystoscopy with photographic recording was performed 8 weeks after operation in 40 patients without and 8 patients with previous or present bladder stones. None had visible calcified deposits at that time and sutures were only visible in 1 patient from each of the 2 groups without bladder stones. It was concluded that neither chromic catgut nor polyglycolic acid sutures carry any significant risk of bladder stone formation, whether infection is present or not; the conclusion includes both patients with and without previous bladder stones, but is less firm in the former because of the small number of patients studied.

Biochemical aspects of the investigation of ammonium urate bladder stone formation in Indonesian children

Ammonium urate was a major component of 87 bladder stones collected from children in the Padang area of West Sumatra over the past four years. Investigation of the aetiology has focused on the 2 major aspects of stone formation: (i) factors likely to effect an overload of ammonium ion, urate or both; (ii) a lack of inhibitors of crystal aggregation present in normal urine. Analysis of urine from stone-formers and controls from Padang has so far revealed significantly higher ammonia levels in the stone-formers but no difference in urate levels. The rice diet of the children of this region may contribute to the higher levels of urinary ammonia (a) because of its acidogenic nature and (b) because it is a relatively poor source of phosphate, the major buffering ion in urine. In an endeavour to find a portable and robust field technique for quantifying inhibitors of crystal aggregation in urine, a plaster setting-time test has been set up and standardized against the calcium oxalate aggregation test described by Robertson & Peacock (1972).

Composition of Bladder Stones in Rwanda

A small area of endemic bladder stone formation occurs in Rwanda, Central Africa. The X-ray diffraction of 13 of these stones revealed that they were mainly composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate. By X-ray fluorescence the presence of considerable amounts of rubidium was demonstrated which was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentration of rubidium was about 2-5 times greater than that of zinc. Thy hypothesis that rubidium is an important lithogenic element is formulated. It might explain this endemic bladder stone formation which is exceptional for Central Africa.

Studies of Bladder Stone Disease in Thailand : XI. Effect of 4-Hydroxy-l-Proline and Orthophosphate Supplementations on Crystalluria

Fifteen male infants living in a hyperendemic area of bladder stone disease (Ubol villages), whose ages ranged from 6 to 12 months, were given oral supplementations of 4-hydroxy-l-proline and orthophosphate. It was found that oxalate crystalluria was markedly increased and clumping of crystals occurred after oral hydroxy-l-proline supplementation. The orthophosphate supplements reduced crystalluria and clumping. The possible ce:roles of hydroxyproline in bladder stone formation is discussed.

PRIMARY HYPEROXALURIA

Dietary and metabolic studies carried out on a patient with primary hyperoxaluria are reported. There was no appreciable change in the urinary excretion of oxalate when he was given a diet low in oxalate, or ascorbic acid, magnesium or riboflavin. A diet high in protein and low in carbohydrate was associated with increased excretion of oxalate, whereas increased catabolism of protein induced by cortisone and the postoperative state did not appreciably change the urinary excretion of oxalate. Evidence that the source of increased accumulation of oxalate might be related to the glycine-glyoxylate-oxalate pathway is the observation that the increased urinary excretion of oxalate in the mother was slightly depressed by the administration of sodium benzoate. Glycine (10 gm) did not cause an appreciable increase in oxalate in the urine but may have been associated with formation of bladder stones in the patient. The ratio of oxalate to nitrogen in the urine remained relatively constant during wide fluctuations in excretion of nitrogen.

Gall bladder functions after sub-total gastrectomy: Clinical and roentgenological observations

Following a subtotal gastrectomy, the gall bladder functions may be interferred with. In our studies the gall bladder failed to fill in 6 per cent of the cases and the emptying was delayed in 14 per cent. The latter may lead to stasis within the gall bladder, later infection or gall stone formation. Four patients who developed gall stones after a subtotal gastrectomy are reported.