Urinary Catheter Research Articles

“Close-loop Urethral Stricture:" A Variant of Multiple Urethral Stricture Disease - Its Description, Management and Outcome: A Case Report

Abstract Urethral stricture disease is an abnormal narrowing and loss of distensibility of the urethra due to spongiofibrosis. It is commoner in young adult males. The management of this condition is diverse with various factors influencing the choice of treatment. However, length of the stricture is a major determinant of the choice of treatment. Two or more stricture sites close together are also treated as long segment stricture. Our aim is to describe a variant of multiple urethral strictures consisting of two short segment complete strictures involving the proximal bulbar urethral and urethral meatus with intervening significant length of normal urethra "close-loop stricture" in a 46-year old man who had traumatic urethral catheterization and was referred to the urology clinic six months following suprapubic tube cystostomy. KeywordsStricture, Meatotomy, Urethroplasty, Catheterization, Bouginage

Factors related to the use of physical restraints and hand restraints among older adults receiving home care services.

Physical restraints and hand restraints are used in medical settings to provide protection and control. However, few studies have investigated their use among community-dwelling older adults. The study explored variables associated with the use of physical restraints and hand restraints among older adults receiving home care services and the reasons behind their use. This cross-sectional study recruited 128 older adults receiving home care services and with catheters. Data were collected regarding demographic characteristics; activities of daily living (ADLs); muscle strength; family function; the use of nasogastric tubes, urinary catheters, and tracheal tubes; and the type and duration of restraint use and the reasons behind such use. Among the participants, 76% experienced the use of physical restraints, and 34% experienced the use of hand restraints. The variables related to physical restraints were ADLs (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.95, p = .02) and the presence of a paid caregiver (AOR = 3.33, p = .02). The variables related to hand restraints were ADLs (AOR = 0.93, p = .03), use of a nasogastric tube (AOR = 13.46, p = .03) and the presence of a paid caregiver (AOR = 6.38, p = .02). The primary reasons behind restraint use were to prevent fall and extubation events. The use of physical restraints among older adults with catheters may be affected by their functioning in ADLs and the presence of paid caregivers to ensure their safety. Thus, implementing interventions that target functional capabilities and caregiving skills may help reduce the use of restraints.

Investigating the Anti-Biofilm Ability of Synergistic Drug Coated Urinary Catheters: In vitro Study

Investigating the Anti-Biofilm Ability of Synergistic Drug Coated Urinary Catheters: In vitro Study

Adherence to Evidence-Based Guidelines and ImplicationsWhen Designing Electronic Documentation for Urinary Catheters.

The aim of this study was to investigate the point prevalence and the rate of adherence to evidence-based guidelines for patients who had indwelling urinary catheters in three Australian acute care hospitals. A cross-sectional observational design was used. A multisite cross-sectional observational design was utilised in three acute hospitals across Australia. Data were collected from each site in a single day directly from observation of the patient, the bedside notes and medical records. The data collected included observations of clinical care and scrutiny of the documentation of the insertion details and catheter care using best practice guidelines. Of the 1730 patients audited, 47% were female. The mean point prevalence of catheters insitu across three sites was 12.9%. Correct documentation compliance was reported to be, on average, 40%. Documentation was significantly better when a template was available to guide information recorded: this was regardless of whether it was hard copy or electronic. Overall, clinical care compliance with best practices was 77%. Of note for improvement was the fixing of the urinary catheter to the thigh in highly dependent patients. It was identified that there is a need for improvement across all three sites: specifically regarding securement of the urinary catheter to the patient's thigh within the ICU. In addition, it was identified that there is a need for documentation of the urine bag change in ward areas. Documentation may be improved by incorporating templates into healthcare documentation systems in the future. Further work is needed to ensure nurses are aware of the adverse effects of urinary catheters and thus, the need to adhere to best practice guidelines. There has been no patient or public contribution. We have adhered to the STROBE guidelines for reporting.

Current perioperative care in patients undergoing a beyond total mesorectal excision procedure for rectal cancer: What are the differences with the colorectal enhanced recovery after surgery protocol?

Patients requiring a beyond total mesorectal excision (bTME) procedure for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) and locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) will probably benefit from enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols. However, implementation of ERAS protocols in such groups of patients is considered challenging. The aims of this study were to evaluate ERAS-related outcomes of patients with LARC or LRRC undergoing bTME and to investigate the possibility of designing a tailored ERAS protocol. This study was divided into four phases. Phase one consisted of a literature study to compare functional recovery and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing bTME. In phase two, outcomes on ERAS care elements in bTME were retrospectively evaluated. In phase three, differences in ERAS-related outcomes and compliance of the colorectal ERAS protocol in patients who had undergone bTME were studied. In phase four, multidisciplinary team meetings were held to develop an ERAS protocol for bTME patients. Seven studies reported on ERAS-related outcomes in patients undergoing bTME. Median length of hospital stay was 9-19 days, median stay in the intensive care unit was 2-4 days and 30-day postoperative major complication rates were 22.6%-61.3%. Seventy-five bTME patients were included for retrospective analysis. In these patients, length of stay was 9.0 days and major postoperative complications were observed in 40.0%. The overall ERAS compliance was 44.4%. Compared with the colorectal ERAS protocol, the largest differences in management were observed in the use of epidural anaesthesia, the postoperative use of urethral catheters, oral intake and mobilization. Patients undergoing bTME for LARC or LRRC are substantially different from patients treated with the colorectal ERAS protocol, regarding ERAS-related outcomes. A tailored, multimodal ERAS protocol with specific modifications was developed by an expert multidisciplinary team for patients undergoing bTME for LARC or LRRC.

Plasma procalcitonin and urine interleukin-8, neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin, and calprotectin in the diagnostic process of a urinary tract infection at the emergency department

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the usefulness of plasma procalcitonin and urine IL-8 (interleukin-8), NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin), and calprotectin for diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs) at the emergency department (ED). MethodsIn adults presenting at the ED with UTI suspicion, biomarker performance was compared with that of routine diagnostics (urine dipstick, automated urinalysis). Patients with a urine catheter, leukopenia, or neither (standard) were analyzed separately. ResultsA UTI was clinically diagnosed in 91 of 196 episodes (46.4%) (standard: 29/67 [43.2%]; catheter: 46/73 [63.0%]; leukopenia: 17/60 [28.3%]; four patients had both). Procalcitonin did not discriminate between UTI and no UTI. Urinary biomarker levels were elevated in UTI episodes (median, µg/mmol creatinine: NGAL, 7.8 vs 46.3; IL-8, 6.1 vs 76.6; calprotectin, 23.9 vs 265.4); the three subgroups also had higher levels. Biomarker cut-off values (90% sensitivity) showed low specificity (range 20.8-64.9%) and moderate accuracy (58.6-75.4%). The biomarkers performed similarly to routine diagnostics, except for patients with leukopenia, who exhibited nonsignificantly higher area under the curve values. All urinary biomarkers correlated positively with urine leukocyte count. ConclusionPlasma procalcitonin could not accurately diagnose UTI. Urine IL-8, NGAL, and calprotectin showed no additional value relative to routine diagnostics, except a minor improvement in patients with leukopenia. These urine biomarkers seem to predominantly reflect leukocyturia.

Identification of Burkholderia cepacia Complex: Comparing Conventional, Automated, and Molecular Methods in a Tertiary Care Center.

Introduction Burkholderia cepacia complex(BCC) is one of the most common polymyxin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli isolated in the clinical microbiological laboratory. They are often underreported when conventional biochemicals are used for identification, due to their similarity to other non-fermenting bacilli. It is essential to identify BCC using simple biochemical tests with good reliability to ease the identification of BCC in resource-limited settings and initiate treatment. Objectives We aim to identify isolates belonging to BCC from other non-fermentersusing simple conventional biochemical tests, automated methods, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analyze antibiotic profiles and treatment outcomes in patients with BCC infection. Materials and methods All samples received at the clinical microbiology laboratory for bacterial culture from March 2023 to March 2024 were included in this study. Samples that grew non-lactose fermenting colonies on MacConkey agar, which were resistant to polymyxin B 300 (PB300) units, were further identified using conventional biochemicals, and lysine decarboxylase test, ornithine decarboxylase test, arginine dihydrolase test, ortho-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG) test, urea hydrolysis, triple disc screening test (polymyxin B 300 units, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 20/10 mcg (AMC20/10), and gentamicin 10 mcg (GEN10)),VITEK MS (bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France), VITEK 2 Gram-Negative (GN) Identification (ID) Card(bioMérieux), and PCR targeting groEL sequence was performed for Burkholderia isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern was analyzed using VITEK AST (bioMérieux). Basic patient details were collected from the medical records. Results Using conventional biochemicals and automated methods, 60 isolates were identified belonging to the genus Burkholderia, among which 46 (76.6%) belonged to Burkholderia cepacia complex. The concordance for genus-level identification of Burkholderia with conventional biochemicals, VITEK MS, VITEK 2, and groEL PCRwas found to be 100%. Species-level identification using the listed conventional biochemicals was 28.2% as compared to VITEK MS.All the isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime (n=46,100%). Risk factors included diabetes mellitus (n=19, 41.3%) and indwelling devices such as central venous catheters (CVCs), urinary catheters, and mechanical ventilation. Recovery was seen in 40 (86.9%)patients on treatment with recommended antibiotics. Conclusion Our study shows that the identification of the genus Burkholderia by conventional biochemicals was as efficient as automated and molecular methods. Species identification of BCC was better with automated systems. Infections with BCC commonly occurred in patients with diabetes mellitus and indwelling devices. Treatment with recommended antibiotics showed high recovery rates.

Sperm collection in the domestic cat: a comparison of two techniques

Semen collection in cats in the clinic setting can be difficult. However, semen analysis is vital when evaluating breeding soundness of a male. Electroejaculation (EEJ) is currently the most reliable semen collection method but requires specialized equipment and training of the operator. Chemical ejaculation followed by urethral catheterization (UC) is a technique that allows semen collection without special equipment: a catheter is placed into the urethra of a sedated tom and semen is collected passively into the catheter. Earlier studies used the sedative medetomidine at high doses for this procedure. However, medetomidine has been replaced with dexmedetomidine in some countries. This study sought to compare the results of EEJ and UC for semen collection in the domestic cat using dexmedetomidine, a potent α2-adrenoceptor agonist (α2A), as a substitute for medetomidine at the equivalent dose to that used in earlier studies. Twelve domestic cats were collected thrice at weekly intervals. All cats received intramuscular ketamine (5 mg/kg) and intramuscular dexmedetomidine (30 μg/kg) for initial cleanout via EEJ, then randomly underwent either EEJ or UC one week apart. The EEJ was performed under the same anesthetic protocol as the initial cleanout. The UC was performed using intramuscular dexmedetomidine at a dose of 60 μg/kg. Success of collection, total sperm number, sperm morphology, and motility characteristics were analyzed. Sperm was collected successfully from all 12 cats via EEJ and from 11/12 via UC. There were no significant differences in the percentage of total motile, progressively motile, or morphologically normal sperm between ejaculate types when averaged across all cats or individual cats. Although UC yielded a lower volume and higher concentration ejaculate, it consistently produced a lower total sperm number than ejaculates retrieved via EEJ (17.91 x 106 total sperm for UC versus 46.51 x 106 total sperm for EEJ). These results indicated that dexmedetomidine is a very effective sedative and performed satisfactorily in both procedures at the doses used in this study. It was also safe with no adverse effects on healthy toms. EEJ remained the most reliable in terms of assessing semen quality and retrieving semen with adequate number of sperm for breeding purposes. However, UC with dexmedetomidine at this dose demonstrated a 92% success rate, presenting itself as a remarkably consistent alternative.

Ag quantum dots-doped poly (vinyl alcohol)/chitosan hydrogel coatings to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections

The prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) significantly impacts the reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with the use of indwelling urinary catheters. This study focused on developing an antibacterial double network hydrogel coating for latex urinary catheters, which incorporated Ag quantum dots (Ag QDs) in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-chitosan (CS) double network hydrogel matrix. The PVA-CS-Ag QDs, referred to as the PCA hydrogel coating exhibited excellent mechanical and physiochemical properties with controlled release of Ag QDs. The antibacterial properties of the PCA hydrogel-coated urinary catheters were studied against both gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC25922) and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, ATCC29213). The continuous release of CS oligomers and Ag QDs from the hydrogel coating contributed to the synergistic antibacterial and antiadhesion effects. Measurements of the Ag release rate revealed that even after 30 days, the concentration of Ag QDs from the PCA hydrogel-coated urinary catheters remained significantly higher than the effective antibacterial concentration of the total Ag (0.1 μg·L−1). These results indicated that the PCA hydrogel coating not only efficiently prevented bacteria attachment, but also exhibited long-term antibacterial activity, thereby inhibiting biofilm formation. Furthermore, the PCA hydrogel-coated urinary catheter demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. Overall, this novel PCA hydrogel-coated urinary catheter, with its exceptional antibacterial properties, holds great potential in reducing the incidence of CAUTIs.

323 - Urinary catheters in England: Costs, quantities and estimated prevalence of use 1998-2022

323 - Urinary catheters in England: Costs, quantities and estimated prevalence of use 1998-2022

Development and evaluation of a spaced eLearning intervention for nurses in enhancing urinary catheter management - A co-design study in partnership with research end-users

BackgroundNurses play a critical role in supporting patients in self-managing their indwelling urinary catheters and preventing avoidable hospital presentations. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a co-designed educational approach developed to enhance nurses' ability to provide optimal care for patients with catheters. AimThe primary aim of this study was to enhance nurses' knowledge and skills in urinary catheterisation, care, and management. The secondary aim was to transform their current catheter management practices to improve patient outcomes. SettingNurses (n = 127) from one New South Wales, Australia region participated in the study. These nurses provided healthcare across various community settings. Ethics approval was received from the Local Health District (HREC/2019/ETH12575) and the study was registered in ANZCTR (ACTRN12621000683831). MethodsA mixed-methods approach was used, collecting data at baseline and after the intervention. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, tests for normality, and bivariate analysis with the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test to identify differences between variables. Qualitative data were analysed using a directed content analysis approach to categorise occurrences of specific phenomena. ResultsThe composite mean knowledge score increased from 65.03 to 84.30 following the intervention (p < 0.001). In addition, the magnitude of knowledge score improvement in seven out of eight questions following the intervention were: Financial support: 1.1 %; Bladder spasm/urine leakage: 3.3 %; Blockage: 3.5 %; Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI): 4.4 %; Self-management: 6.1 %; Sexuality: 7.9 %; and Urinary catheterisation: 11.3 %. Qualitative findings confirmed that the eLearning module was effective in transforming participants' clinical practice, towards improving patient outcomes. ConclusionsThe co-designed eLearning module effectively addressed the learning needs of nurses, enhancing their knowledge and skills in urinary catheter management. Incorporating a theoretical model and contextual approach in the intervention delivery increased relevance, personalisation, and engagement, facilitating the behaviour change required to transform current practices.

The Influence of Invasive Candida Infections on Prognosis and Analysis of Their Risk Factors After Liver Transplantation

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the incidence, timing, risk factors, and impacts of invasive Candida infections (ICIs) within 3 months after liver transplantation (LT) on LT recipients’ prognosis. MethodsPatients undergoing LT from January 2015 to December 2022 in a tertiary university hospital were investigated the incidence, onset, and risk factors of ICIs and the effects of ICIs on the outcome of LT recipients using statistical methods. FindingsThe mean age of involved 389 LT recipients was 47.3 ± 10.5 years, with 322 (82.8%) being men. The incidence of ICIs was 3.3% (13/389), and the median time between LT and onset of ICIs was 5.0 days. The univariate analysis of predictors of ICIs identified that massive blood loss, prolonged duration of central line and urethral catheter, and prophylactic antifungal therapy were related to post-LT ICI risk. Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for men and age identified that intraoperative blood loss ≥5000 mL (odds ratio [OR] = 7.005, 95% CI: 2.084–23.542, P = 0.002) and central line duration >14 days (OR = 5.270, 95% CI: 1.556–17.854, P = 0.008) were independently associated with the development of post-LT ICIs. Post-LT prophylactic antifungal therapy >3 days reduced ICIs (OR = 0.103, 95% CI: 0.021–0.501, P = 0.005). Regarding clinical outcomes, patients with ICIs were more likely to stay in the intensive care unit for 7 days or longer compared with those without ICIs (OR = 6.910, 95% CI: 1.737−27.493, P = 0.006). ICIs had no impact on hospitalization stay and 1-month all-cause mortality after LT. ImplicationsICIs are frequent and occur early after LT. Predictors of post-LT ICIs were massive intraoperative blood loss and prolonged duration of the central line. However, post-LT prophylactic antifungal therapy reduced ICIs. Patients with ICIs stayed longer in the intensive care unit than those without ICIs.

Factors influencing urinary retention following freehand transperineal prostate biopsy: Insights from a tertiary care center study

ABSTRACT Objectives: In this study, we evaluated the risk factors for urinary retention after freehand transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided transperineal prostate biopsy (TPB). Patients and Methods: Data from 102 cases of freehand TPB at a single institution were retrospectively collected and analyzed. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-TRUS cognitive fusion TPB using a transperineal needle guide, with systematic biopsies from 10 prostate sectors and additional MRI-guided targeted biopsies. Exclusions comprised patients with coagulation abnormalities, prior prostate surgeries including biopsy, active urinary tract infection, or a lack of pre-biopsy multiparametric MRI. Results: 14/102 (13.72%) had urinary retention and required urethral catheterization for voiding difficulty or discomfort along with a bladder volume of ≥500 ml. Patients with retention exhibited significantly larger prostate volumes (median 75 cc vs. 40 cc; P &lt; 0.05). Receiver operating curve analysis revealed a prostate volume threshold of 57.5 cc and a core number cutoff of 23 for predicting post-TPB urinary retention, with sensitivities of 78.57% and 85.71%, specificities of 75% and 82.95%, positive predictive values of 33.33% and 44.44%, and negative predictive values of 95.75% and 97.33%, respectively, whereas the number of biopsy cores correlated positively with the development of urinary retention (median 25 vs. 22; P &lt; 0.05). Urinary retention was independent of the patient’s age, comorbidities, presenting prostate-specific antigen levels, prebiopsy severity of lower urinary tract symptoms, and use of alpha-blockers. Conclusion: Patients with larger prostates and higher number of biopsy cores are at a higher risk of postfreehand TPB urinary retention and should receive appropriate counselling. Targeted biopsies alone, rather than a full template, may help mitigate urinary retention in these high-risk groups.

Implementation of a Standardized Process of Coude Catheter Insertion Decreases Traumatic Catheterizations

ObjectiveTo address the issue of traumatic foley catheterization we developed and implemented a coude catheter education program for operating room nurses as well as standardize the usage of a coude catheter for male patients. Traumatic catheterization leads to patient morbidity and increased healthcare costs. MethodsA retrospective review was conducted to identify all traumatic catherizations over a 6-month period for several surgical services at our institution. A nursing education program was implemented that included basic urological anatomy, coude urethral catheter insertion techniques, and catheter safety. We conducted our trial over a period of 2-months with all catheterizations tracked. Following the trial, the process and outcomes were reviewed and then implemented for all male patients >18 years old requiring indwelling catheter placement in the operating room. ResultsOn retrospective review there were 18 traumatic foley catheterizations of patients on the three surgical services out of a total 601 catheter placements (3% traumatic placement rate). The total cost of these traumatic catherizations was $27,793 when accounting for additional procedures, supplies, and additional OR time required for each traumatic catheterization. The average cost per patient was $1,544. After full implementation of the process across all operating room services in June 2021 there have been 2038 catheterizations performed using a coude catheter kit with 4 traumatic foley placements through May 2022 (0.2% traumatic catheterization rate). ConclusionImplementation of the nursing education program and utilization of the coude catheter for all male catheterizations reduces costs, decreases iatrogenic urethral injury, and improves patient safety.

Our experience of laparoscopic vesicovaginal fistula repair in a tertiary care center

Objective: Laparoscopic repair of vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is gaining popularity day by day, but we have limited literature on it. This study is to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and outcomes of laparoscopic VVF repair in a tertiary care center in Eastern India. Subjects and Methods: This study is a single-center retrospective study in which 11 patients of supratrigonal VVF were evaluated who underwent laparoscopic repair. Preoperative workup included history, examination, computed tomography urography, cystoscopy, and vaginoscopy. After informed consent, laparoscopic VVF repair was done under general anesthesia. Duration of surgery, the need for conversion to open procedure, intraoperative bowel injury, the need for postoperative blood transfusion, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative urinary leak, and any incontinence after catheter removal were noted. Results: All the patients had primary supratrigonal fistula of approximate size in the range of 1.5–2.0 cm. All the included patients were operated on successfully by laparoscopic technique with a mean duration of surgery of 177.91 ± 6.14 min. The mean duration of postoperative hospital stay was 4.45 ± 0.52 days. There was no incidence of postoperative urine leak in any patient. After urethral catheter removal, all the patients voided well without any incontinence. Conclusions: Laparoscopic VVF repair is a safe and feasible option with satisfactory intraoperative and postoperative outcomes.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infection in geriatric inpatients after indwelling urinary catheter removal: a descriptive two-centre study

Asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infection in geriatric inpatients after indwelling urinary catheter removal: a descriptive two-centre study

253 - A novel ex vivo porcine urethral model for evaluating the effect of intermittent urinary catheters on urethral tissue

253 - A novel ex vivo porcine urethral model for evaluating the effect of intermittent urinary catheters on urethral tissue

Urinary tract infections and associated factors among patients with an enlarged prostate at a tertiary hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a hospital-based cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThe objectives are to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) and associated factors among patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.DesignHospital-based cross-sectional study.SettingsUrology clinic and urology...

Urine Output (UO) and AKI Diagnosis in Neonates and Infants: A Prospective Study in Cardiac Surgery Patients with Indwelling Urinary Catheters

Urine Output (UO) and AKI Diagnosis in Neonates and Infants: A Prospective Study in Cardiac Surgery Patients with Indwelling Urinary Catheters

An Evaluation of the Postvoid Residual Urine Volume in Acute Stroke Patients.

We analyzed the time course of postvoid residual urine volume for patients with cerebrovascular diseases in the acute phase. A multidisciplinary specialized team measured postvoid residual urine volume of 65 patients (31 patients with cerebral infarction and 34 patients with cerebral hemorrhage) from September 2021 to August 2023. If a patient's postvoid residual urine volume was 100 mL or more, an indwelling urinary catheter was reinserted with or without medication, or clean intermittent catheterization was performed with or without medication. The multidisciplinary specialized team took repeated measurements of postvoid residual urine volume for a patient at every week's round until the postvoid residual urine volume was <100 mL. The cumulative incidence of the time interval between the onset of the cerebrovascular accident and the day of postvoid residual urine volume <100 mL was calculated as 1 + the Kaplan-Meier estimator. In the Kaplan-Meier estimator, the median cumulative incidence of the period between the onset of a cerebrovascular accident and the day in which postvoid residual urine volume was <100 mL was 16.5 days and 15.5 days for patients with cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage, respectively. No significant difference existed between the two groups in the time interval from the onset of a cerebrovascular accident to the day in which postvoid residual urine volume was <100 mL (The P value from the Log-rank test was 0.845). The time interval between the onset of a cerebrovascular accident and the day in which postvoid residual urine volume was <100 mL was 75 days after the onset of both types of cerebrovascular accidents. Postvoid residual urine volume of patients with cerebrovascular disease was expected to become <100 mL within 75 days after the onset of the cerebrovascular accident.