Marker For Bladder Cancer Research Articles

Circulating miR-210 and miR-23b in Bladder Cancer

Purpose: This study is aimed to assess the serum expression levels of miR-210 and microRNA-23b (miR-23b) in bladder cancer (BC) patients to evaluate their potential as noninvasive biomarkers. Materials and Methods: This study included 93 subjects divided into the following three groups: Group Ia, 31 patients newly diagnosed with BC; Group Ib, Group Ia patients 6 months after medical and/or surgical treatment; and Group II, 31 healthy controls. The gene expressions of miR-210 and miR-23b were determined using quantitative SYBR Green reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The expression of miR-210 was significantly higher in BC patients compared to the controls (P = 0.012), while miR-23b did not show any difference. miR-210 expression in BC patients did not differ before and after treatment (P = 0.89). Area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic analysis for miR-210 in distinguishing BC from controls was 0.686 (95% confidence interval, 0.553–0.818) with 71% sensitivity and 61% specificity. Conclusion: miR-210 can serve as a noninvasive diagnostic marker for BC; however, it cannot be used during treatment follow-up. miR-23b cannot be used as a diagnostic nor prognostic marker for BC.

Probing into the genetic factors responsible for bladder cancer prognosis

MicroRNAs are small non coding RNAs that can act as oncogenic suppressors and activators. Our in-silico study aims to identify the key miRNAs and their associated mRNA targets involved in bladder cancer progression. A total of seven differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were found to be common between gene expression omnibus (GEO) datasets and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The most significant DEM and its targets were validated using TCGA patient dataset. Pathway enrichment analysis and Protein - Protein network generation were done for the chosen mRNAs. Kaplan Meier survival plots were drawn for the miRNA and mRNAs. A significant down regulation of EIF3J and an up regulation of LYPLA1 were associated with poor prognosis in BLCA patients and hence EIF3J is suggested as a potential drug target. To conclude, hsa-miR-138-5p may act as a promising prognostic and a diagnostic bio marker for bladder cancer. Further experimental studies are required to support our results.

EGFR-AS1 Promotes Bladder Cancer Progression by Upregulating EGFR.

Long noncoding RNAs play an essential role in bladder cancer progression. The role of long noncoding RNA EGFR-AS1 in bladder cancer needs further study. We used clinical specimens to analyze the relationship between EGFR-AS1 and bladder cancer patients' characteristics. The functional experiments and mechanism studies were performed using qRT-PCR, transwell assay, survival analysis, and correlation analysis. We found that high expression of EGFR-AS1 was nearly related to aggressive bladder cancer and indicated poor prognosis for patients. The functional experiments in vivo and in vitro suggested that EGFR-AS1 promoted the proliferation and invasion of bladder cancer cells. Mechanically, EGFR-AS1 promoted the expression of EGFR by inhibiting the degradation of EGFR mRNA, thereby promoting the metastasis of bladder cancer. In addition, EGFR-AS1/EGFR may be involved in the immune-related pathways of bladder cancer. These studies indicate that the EGFR-AS1/EGFR pathway may be a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for bladder cancer.

Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 1 (CLIC1) Ιs Over-expressed in Muscle Invasive Urinary Bladder Cancer.

Invasive bladder cancer mortality remains high despite progresses made in early diagnosis and surgical procedures. Thus, there is a need to define new markers for bladder cancer. CLIC1 has not been previously studied in bladder cancer and thus, we aimed to assess its immunohistochemical expression in relation to different stages of bladder cancer development. Immunohistochemistry for CLIC1 was applied in 50 cases of muscle invasive bladder cancer. CLIC1 was not expressed in the normal urothelium, but a strong reaction was observed in dysplastic urothelium, carcinoma in situ and in 94% of the cases with invasive urothelial carcinoma; however, it was not expressed in squamous cell carcinoma cases. No correlation was found between the immunohistochemical expression of CLIC1 and the stage and grade of the tumour. CLIC1 was overexpressed in urinary bladder dysplastic epithelium, carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma. CLIC1 constitutes a new potential marker of invasive bladder cancer.

Identification and verification of an immune-related lncRNA signature for predicting the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer

BackgroundRecent studies have revealed the significant roles of immune-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer development and progression. The identification of biomarkers that contribute to early detection and risk stratification provides significant benefits for bladder cancer (BC) patients. The current study aimed to determine an immune-related lncRNA signature for predicting the prognosis of BC patients. MethodsBased on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we identified seven immune-related lncRNAs with prognostic value. The predictive value of the prognostic signature developed from immune-related lncRNAs was assessed by survival and nomogram analyses. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to visualize gene expression patterns in the groups defined by the risk score, and the immune composition and purity of the tumor were evaluated by the ESTIMATE algorithm. ResultsBased on the Pearson correlation analysis results, 765 immune-related lncRNAs were filtered (|R| > 0.4, P < 0.001), and seven immune-related lncRNAs (Z84484.1, AC009120.2, AL450384.2, AC024060.1, TNFRSF14-AS1, AL354919.2, OCIAD1-AS1) with prognostic value were finally identified. Patients in the low-risk group had a better prognosis than those in the high-risk group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the signature was an independent prognostic factor. A prognostic nomogram with clinical features and the signature of seven immune-related lncRNAs was also constructed. According to the PCA and ESTIMATE algorithm results, we found different immune statuses in the low-and high-risk groups. ConclusionsOur study shows that the signature of seven immune-related lncRNAs can be used as a prognostic marker for BC.

Study the Sensitivity and Specificity of Urinary Arginase in Bladder Cancer Patients in Babylon Governorate

Background: Urinary Arginase is an enzyme found in the urine that can be measured by ELISA. Thesensitivity and specificity of this test can also be checked.Aim: The present study aims to determine Arginase in urine in the bladder cancer patient’s the type of thisstudy is case- controls study.Method: The study was conducted during the period from August 2019 until February 2020. There are twogroups, the first containing forty-five patients and the second forty-five control.Results: The level of arginase in the urine of CA Bladder patients was evaluated in the two groups, the firstgroup, G1 newly diagnosis (94.6+17.2), and second group G2 treatment and follow-up (.91.2±13.6),comparedwith normal patients control group (77.9±12.9).In this study, urinary arginase was significantly higher inboth groups of Bladder cancer patients G1 and G2 compared to normal control group of patients (CG)P value &lt; 0.001. In G1 (new diagnosis) urinary arginase was negligible in contrast with G2 (Treatmentand fellow up) P-value &gt; 0.05. Throughout this analysis, the amount of urinary arginase increases with anincrease in the cancer stage, thereby increasing cell degradation and releasing more protein molecules in theurine, such as arginase.In Conclusion: This enzyme may serve as a useful biological urinary marker in bladder cancer while alsobeing an indication of the progression of bladder cancer. the sensitivity of this test (92.59) and the Specificity(51.52)The sensitivity and specificity of this test should be improved in order to be used in the follow-up ofpatients with bladder cancer

Identification of miR-29c-3p as a Robust Normalizer for Urine microRNA Studies in Bladder Cancer.

Bladder cancer (BC) is among the most frequent malignancies worldwide, being the most expensive cancer to treat and monitor and the most lethal urological cancer. Urine microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as novel non-invasive biomarkers to early diagnose and monitor BC patients in order to avoid the performance of current aggressive diagnostic techniques. However, huge discrepancies arise among studies mainly due to the lack of standardization in the normalization, a crucial step in all miRNA studies. Our aim was to identify the best miRNA normalizer for miRNA studies in urine of BC patients. We evaluated the performance of 110 candidate miRNAs in urine of 35 BC patients and 15 healthy controls by Real Time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) followed by a stability analysis with RefFinder. In this screening stage, miR-29c-3p arose as the most stably expressed miRNA in BC and controls, with a good expression level. Stability of miR-29c-3p expression was validated in an independent cohort of 153 BC patients and 57 controls. Finally, we evaluated the robustness of miR-29c-3p as normalizer in the expression study of miR-200c-3p, a potential diagnostic marker for BC. We propose miR-29c-3p as a normalizer for miRNA studies in BC urine. This is the first study that characterizes a reliable normalizer that may allow the comparison of future urine miRNA studies as non-invasive biomarkers for BC diagnosis and monitoring.

Review of non-invasive urinary biomarkers in bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the sixth-most prevalent cancer. The standard diagnostic tool of BC is cystoscopy, whereas cystoscopy has several disadvantages in terms of symptomatic invasiveness and operator-dependency. The urinary markers are attractive because the testing is non-invasive and cost-efficient, and sample collection is easy. Urinary marker is thereby a good tool to detect exfoliated tumor cell in the urine samples for the diagnosis and therapeutic surveillance of BC to supplement the limitations of the cystoscopy. However, they are not recommended as a population-based screening tool because of the low rate of BC prevalence. Although both cystoscopy and urine cytology improve BC diagnostic power, the field still needs additional non-invasive, cost-effective, and highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools. Various urinary markers with different mechanisms and different targets have been developed and under investigation in these days. However, the accuracy of the urinary marker including its sensitivity and specificity is the most important factor for the diagnosis and surveillance in cancer that this review deals with multiple FDA-approved and non-FDA approved commercialized urinary markers with their accuracy in different purposes for BC. We then discuss more about the potential candidate targets for the future urinary markers in BC

LncRNA CARLo-7 facilitates proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of bladder cancer cells by regulating Wnt/β-catenin and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways.

BackgroundAberrant expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been found to enroll in the initiation and progression of bladder cancer (BC). Earlier results show cancer-associated region long noncoding RNA-7 (CARLo-7) can be a prognostic marker for BC, but its biological function and the underlying mechanism is still to be discovered. Our study aims to explore the effects of CARLo-7 on the initiation and progression of BC and the potential mechanisms.MethodsThe expression of CARLo-7 in BC tissues and cell lines was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). T24 and HT1197 cells were transfected with CARLo-7 expression vector or sh-CARLo-7, then cell viability assay, BrdU assay, flow cytometry, Transwell cell migration, and invasion assay, and western blot were conducted to evaluate cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).ResultsCARLo-7 was dramatically upregulated in BC tissues and cell lines. Silencing CARLo-7 by sh-CARLo-7 significantly suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis of BC cells, while enforced CARLo-7 expression promoted cell proliferation. Meanwhile, silencing CARLo-7 attenuated migration, invasion, and EMT of BC cells, while CARLo-7 overexpression had the contrary effects. The β-catenin, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 levels were decreased by CARLo-7 knockdown, while activation of Wnt/β-catenin or JAK2/STAT3 pathways abolished the effects of CARLo-7 knockdown on cell proliferation and migration.ConclusionsCollectively, CARLo-7 plays a critical role in regulating BC development by regulating cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT through Wnt/β-catenin and JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Therefore, CARLo-7 might be a promising therapeutic target for BC.

MiR-211-5p is down-regulated and a prognostic marker in bladder cancer.

The micro RNA (miRNA)/histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) signaling axis has been reported to be involved in initiating and developing multiple malignant tumors. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether miR-211-5p serves as a post-transcriptional regulator in bladder cancer (BCa) cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting HDAC9. miRNA expression profiling of BCa tissues and para-carcinoma tissues was screened by miRNA microarray. After transfection with miR-211-5p mimics or short hairpin RNA of HDAC9 (sh-HDAC9), mRNA and protein expression was evaluated using a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. A bioinformatics algorithm was used, and a dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to validate HDAC9 as a direct target of miR-211-5p. Cell proliferation was analyzed by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazl2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) detection was used to evaluate apoptosis in 5637 and T24 cells. A transwell assay was used to assess migration and invasion. miR-211-5p is down-regulated in BCa tumor tissues and cell lines. miR-211-5p is identified as an independent biomarker for predicting overall survival. HDAC9 is a direct target of miR-211-5p, and overexpression of miR-211-5p represses HDAC9 protein expression in vitro. Overexpression of miR-211-5p or HDAC9 knockdown significantly inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of 5637 and T24 cells, and also induces cell apoptosis. miR-211-5p may play a role as a tumor suppressor and as a favourable prognostic marker in BCa.

A high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a poor prognostic factor for castration-resistant prostate cancer patients who undergo abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide treatment

BackgroundInflammatory cytokine markers, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, play important roles as prognostic markers in several solid malignancies, including prostate cancer. We previously reported the NLR as a poor prognostic marker in bladder cancer, upper-urothelial carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, penile cancer, and prostate cancer. This study examined the importance of the NLR as a prognostic marker for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients who received abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide.MethodsA total of 805 prostate cancer patients developed in CRPC status were enrolled in this study. Of these patients, 449 received abiraterone acetate (ABI; 188 cases) or enzalutamide (ENZ; 261 cases) treatment, and the pre-treatment NLR values of these patients were obtained. We investigated the prognosis in those with higher and lower NLR values.ResultsThe median NLR was 2.90, and a receiver operating characteristics analysis suggested a candidate cut-off point of 3.02. The median overall survival (OS) was 17.3 months in the higher NLR group (≥3.02) and 27.3 months in the lower NLR group (< 3.02) (p < 0.0001). This trend was also observed in both the ABI and ENZ groups (ABI: 29.3 vs. 15.1 months; ENZ: NR vs. 19.5 months; p < 0.0001 and < 0.0001, respectively). A multivariate analysis revealed that a higher NLR was an independent risk factor. The NLR value was thus shown to be correlated with the prostate cancer progression.ConclusionsA higher NLR was associated with a poorer OS for CRPC patients who received ABI or ENZ. The NLR was positively correlated with prostate cancer progression.

Sensitivity Improvement in Electrochemical Immunoassays Using Antibody Immobilized Magnetic Nanoparticles with a Clean ITO Working Electrode

We report a dramatic improvement in the detection sensitivity of electrochemical immunosensors through the use of a magnetic nanoparticle for immunoassay reactions and an ITO working electrode for measurement of the electrochemical enzymatic reaction signals. In general, electrochemical sensors developed for immunoassay require the immobilization of capture antibodies on the surface of the working electrode. Under these circumstances, the working electrode comes into direct contact with various biological samples, and unwanted non-specific binding inevitably interferes with the detection signal. Moreover, chemical surface treatment of the working electrode to immobilize capture antibodies degrades the quality of the electrochemical signals during target determination. Here, we address these issues by immobilizing capture antibodies on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles and separating the surface for measurement of electrochemical signals from the immune reactions. By avoiding direct contact with biological materials, the surface of the working electrode could not be contaminated and could be maintained clean. We also provide experimental evidence that these novel immunoassay platforms benefit from a reduction in the noise signal. Indeed, the signal-to-noise ratio, an essential characteristic of quantitative detection, could be improved by approximately 11.8-fold compared with the electrochemical immunoassay of conventional surface modification approach, while retaining an excellent coefficient of variation (≤ 18%). The method was applied to the practical immunosensing for matrix met-alloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), the bladder cancer marker in the urine, and exhibited excellent performance.

Targeted Inhibition of P4HB Promotes Cell Sensitivity to Gemcitabine in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder.

BackgroundBladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy worldwide that accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses. Chemotherapy resistance limits the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic agents in patients with BC. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide (P4HB) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone that is upregulated in bladder cancer tissues (The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA datasets). Knockdown or suppression of P4HB exerts anticancer activity and sensitizes cells to chemotherapy in various types of cancer.PurposeWe aimed to investigate whether the inhibition of P4HB enhances the anticancer efficacy of gemcitabine (GEM) in BC cells and to study the underlying molecular mechanisms.Patients and MethodsThe P4HB mRNA expression levels of 411 BC patients from the TCGA database and P4HB expression level of eighty BC paraffin-embedded samples detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were used for clinical feature and prognostic analyses. Bioinformatics analysis was utilized for the mechanistic investigation. Highly P4HB-expressed BC cell lines (T24 and 5637) treated with P4HB inhibitor (Bacitracin, BAC) were used to study the effects of BAC on the sensitivity of BC cells to GEM and the potential mechanism. P4HB inhibition experiments were performed in highly P4HB-expressed BC cells, and cell viability, colony formation, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis and pathway proteins were assessed in T24 and 5637 cells.ResultsWestern blot analysis showed that P4HB expression was significantly higher in BC tissues than in paired normal tissues. IHC showed that patients with high P4HB expression had a poorer overall survival (OS) rate than those with low P4HB expression. Furthermore, increased P4HB expression was demonstrated to be an independent prognostic marker for BC. Functionally, P4HB inhibition by BAC decreased the cell proliferation ability in vitro. Moreover, BAC treatment sensitized BC cells to GEM. Molecular mechanism analysis indicated that inhibition of P4HB by BAC treatment enhanced the anticancer effects of GEM through increasing cellular ROS content and promoting cell apoptosis and PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP signaling.ConclusionHigh P4HB expression was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in BC patients. Inhibition of P4HB by BAC decreased the cell proliferation ability and sensitized BC cells to GEM by activating apoptosis and the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathways.

Correction to Virus Bioresistor (VBR) for the Detection of the Bladder Cancer Marker DJ-1 in Urine at 10 pM in One Minute

Correction to Virus Bioresistor (VBR) for the Detection of the Bladder Cancer Marker DJ-1 in Urine at 10 pM in One Minute

Overexpression of reactive oxygen species modulator 1 is associated with advanced grades of bladder cancer.

Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of mitochondrial structure integrity, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROMO1 expression was reported in various cancer cell lines; however, the possible association between ROMO1 expression and bladder cancer was not well studied. The present study aimed to investigate the rate of ROMO1 expression and the correlation of oxidative stress with the development of bladder cancer. In this study, a total of 35 cancerous and healthy adjacent tissues were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to analyze the gene expression of ROMO1. Also, we evaluated the serum level of ROMO1 and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), as well as Total Oxidant Status (TOS) in patients with bladder cancer along with age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. The ROMO1 gene was significantly higher in cancerous tissues than that of adjacent healthy tissues. Also, the serum levels of ROMO1, TAC, TOS, and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) were increased in patients with bladder cancer compared with healthy subjects. It can be concluded that the overexpression of the ROMO1 gene is associated with advanced grades of bladder cancer as well as an increase in oxidative stress conditions. Our findings also suggest that the serum level of ROMO1 might be a promising tumor marker for bladder cancer.

Abstract B14: Epigenetic remodeling of cancer metabolisms in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer

Abstract Introduction and Objective: Alterations in DNA methylation are important epigenetic markers in bladder cancer (BC). These epigenome modifications drive the mechanisms of aggressive chemoresistant BC. Clinicopathologic biomarkers that indicate chemotherapeutic resistance are critical for better assessing treatment strategies for individual patients. Thus, in this study, we aimed to determine whether DNA methylation of certain metabolic enzymes is significantly altered in cisplatin-resistant BC cells. Methods: To characterize CpG methylation and nucleosome accessibility in cisplatin-resistant BC cells, the Illumina Infinium HM450 DNA methylation assay was performed. Perturbed gene expression was found to be associated with cisplatin resistance, and the biologic roles of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1) and argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) were further studied using qRT-PCR analysis and various cell biology assays, including Western blot. Results: ASS1 and SAT1, genes for amino acid and polyamine metabolism catalysts, respectively, were found to be vastly hypermethylated, resulting in greatly downregulated expression. ASS1 expression is of particular interest because prior studies have demonstrated its potential association with BC stage and recurrence. In regard to chemoresistance, we found that aberrant expression or induced stimulation of SAT1 restored cisplatin sensitivity in the cell culture system. We also found that the addition of exogenous arginine deiminase through administration of ADI-PEG 20 (pegylated arginine deiminase) increased ASS1 expression and enhanced cisplatin's apoptotic effects. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a novel mechanistic link between the epigenetic perturbation of SAT1 and ASS1 and cancer metabolism in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells. These findings suggest potential utility of SAT1 and ASS1 as predictive biomarkers in resensitizing bladder cancer to chemotherapy and personalizing therapy. Citation Format: Austin Yeon, Sungyong You, Minhyung Kim, Amit Gupta, Myung Hee Park, Daniel Weisenberger, Gangning Liang, Jayoung Kim. Epigenetic remodeling of cancer metabolisms in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Bladder Cancer: Transforming the Field; 2019 May 18-21; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(15_Suppl):Abstract nr B14.

658 - Non-fiber type collagens in voided urine supernatant are detection and prognostic markers in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

658 - Non-fiber type collagens in voided urine supernatant are detection and prognostic markers in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

A SNP of miR-146a is involved in bladder cancer relapse by affecting the function of bladder cancer stem cells via the miR-146a signallings.

MiR‐146a‐5p in urine samples was recently reported to be possibly used as a prognostic marker for bladder cancer (BC). Interestingly, YAP1 and COX2 were both demonstrated to function as stem cell regulators in BC. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to establish the molecular mechanism underlying the role of miR‐146a, YAP1 and COX2 in BC relapse. We also studied the possibility of using the C > G genotype of miR‐146a rs2910164 SNP as an indicator of BC relapse. A total of 170 BC patients were assigned into different groups based on their genotypes of rs2910164 SNP. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were plotted to compare the recurrence‐free rate among these groups. Real‐time PCR, Western Blot, bioinformatic analysis, luciferase assay and IHC assay were conducted to study the role of rs2910164 SNP in the progression of BC. Accordingly, GC/CC‐genotyped patients presented a higher risk of recurrence when compared with GG‐genotyped patients, while the expression of BC regulators was influenced by the presence of rs2910164. COX2 mRNA and YAP1 mRNA were, respectively, validated as direct target genes of miR‐146a, and the expression of YAP1 and COX2 mRNA/protein was both suppressed by miR‐146a precursors. The expression of ALDH1A1 mRNA/protein was inhibited upon the down‐regulation of YAP1, while the expression of let7 and SOX2 mRNA/protein was inhibited upon the down‐regulation of COX2. In conclusion, two signalling pathways, miR‐146a/YAP1/ALDH1A1 and miR‐146a/COX2/PGE2/let7/SOX2, were modulated by miR‐146a. As an SNP regulating the expression of miR‐146a, the rs2910164 G > C SNP could be utilized as a biomarker for BC relapse.

Multi-Channel Immunoassay System with Electrochemical Detection Toward Point-of-Care Diagnostics Using Magnetic Nanoparticles

Multi-Channel Immunoassay System with Electrochemical Detection Toward Point-of-Care Diagnostics Using Magnetic Nanoparticles

Urinary hyaluronic acid: a versatile marker of bladder cancer

To evaluate the role of urinary hyaluronic acid (HA) as a diagnostic marker in urothelial carcinoma (UCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and adenocarcinoma (ADC) of urinary bladder and compare it with urine cytology. HA was estimated in 170 subjects divided into three groups. Group I: UCC 88 patients, 28 with SCC and 12 with ADC; group II: 34 patients with benign bladder tumors; and group III: 10 healthy bladders. HA was estimated in urine and then readjusted to creatinine (HA/Cr) and protein (HA/Pr) in urine. Urine cytology was evaluated. The mean ± SD level HA was higher in UCC (589 ± 72), SCC (637 ± 45), and ADC (526 ± 30) as compared with benign (476 ± 92) and normal (277 ± 44) groups regardless the grade of tumor (p < 0.0001). A cutoff value of 490ng/ml was calculated to detect malignancy with sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 66%. PPV, NPV, and ACC were 88.6%, 94.1%, and 90%, respectively. Urine cytology showed sensitivity of, specificity, PPV, NPV, and ACC of 52.6%, 90%, 90.45, 50%, and 65.5%, respectively. HA/Pr and HA/Cr, cutoff values for detection of malignancy were 84.9 and 9.6 but with less predictive values. Histopathological type was the only independent factor affecting level of HA on multivariate analysis, (p = 0.012, Exp (B) 14.98, 95% CI 1.8-121). Combination of urinary HA and urine cytology provides reliable marker of bladder cancer.