Blackstrap Molasses Research Articles

Elm Leaf Beetle Control with Carbaryl, 1983

Abstract In the southern San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles, Calif., 64 Siberian elm parkway trees were used in a RCB experiment with four replications. The trees were on 35 city blocks within a 24-square-mile area. All treatments, except on “on demand” treatments, were applied during the week of 9 May; “on demand” treatments were applied on 30 Jun. and were in response to the first citizen complaint about beetle damage. Trunk spray in a band between 4 and 7 ft of height with a high pressure spray wand also included blackstrap molasses at 2 qt/100 gal; the intended target was larvae migrating to the ground for pupation. All treatments, except trunk spray alone, were to whole tree. All treatments were buffered to pH 6.0. Samplings were on the dates indicated. A sample from each tree of a two-tree replicate included the 10 most-distal leaves of 10 peripheral twig terminals obtained with a 10-ft pole pruner. Only data on number of larvae were transformed to log10(n + 1).

Utilisation of blackstrap molasses for the production of acetone and butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum

The commonest carbohydrate raw material used in the acetone-butanol fermentation is blackstrap molasses. Blackstrap molasses contains relatively high levels of salts, especially divalent elements, which affect the microbial growth and the formation of acetone and butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Therefore, treatments of blackstrap molasses by different techniques were tested in order to increase the titres of the microbial metabolites.

Microbial fat synthesis by rhodotorula glutinis from blackstrap molasses in continuous culture

A two stage system for continuous culture of microbial fat was developed. Optimisation of the dilution rate in the second stage led to a final product with 30% of protein and 28% of fat.

Kinetics of amyl alcohol production during ethanol fermentation of blackstrap molasses

This paper reports results of studies on the effect of increasing amyl alcohol production on the kinetics and on the yield of ethanol fermentation with molasses as substrate. The production of amyl alcohols at concentrations of up to 1·0 g litre −1 did not affect the alcoholic fermentation. The amyl alcohol yields, calculated as a percentage of the theoretical production, were 66· 4% from l-leucine,57·3% from l-isoleucine, 55·7% from a mixture of l-leucine and l-isoleucine, and 36·1% from racemic leucine. Aeration did not affect the yield of amyl alcohols. When no amino acid was added to the mash, the kinetics of amyl alcohol production as well as the final amyl alcohol concentration depended mainly on the inoculum size. When 2·0 g litre −1 of l-leucine or of racemic leucine were added to the fermentation media, the initial stages of the kinetic patterns and the values of the maximum rate of amyl alcohol production were almost the same.

ChemInform Abstract: MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OF L‐LYSINE

AbstractDie Herstellung von Lysin durch Fermentation mit einem bestimmten Corynebacterium‐glutamicum‐Stamm wird untersucht.

Utilisation of food industry by-products in the production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 93060

Different carbon sources were utilised in the biosynthesis of oxytetracycline by S. rimosus 93060. Glucose was the best carbon source for antibiotic production in a medium with peptone as the nitrogen source. Two agricultural wastes were used as cheap partial replacements for glucose. The first was Egyptian black-strap molasses. The influence of Egyptian black-strap molasses obtained from different sugar cane manufacturers was tested. Abou-Korkas molasses was the best for the production of oxytetracycline. Potassium ferrocyanide, EDTA and methylene blue were used in the chelation or reduction of inorganic salts present in Abou-Korkas molasses. These materials did not give high titres of oxytetracycline. The suitability of Abou-Korkas molasses was due to its micronutrients. A second substrate tested for antibiotic production was the freeze-dried olive water obtained from the pressing and separation of olive oil. The chemical composition of olive water was investigated. Olive water alone was a poor substrate for antibiotic production, but with glucose it was as effective as molasses.

Utilization of Waste Products of Dehydrated Onion Industry for Production of Fodder Yeast by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

One strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected from different yeasts, isolated from black strap molasses. This microorganism was cultivated on seven fermentation media for the production of protein. Medium I exhibited the highest potentiality for formation of protein. Therefore strain 1 of S. cerevisiae and medium I were used for further studies in the formation of protein. Factors controlling production of protein were explored. The required incubation period for the fermentation process was 72 hrs, while the initial pH value of the medium was 6.0. Sucrose supported the microorganism for higher production of protein (40.96%), while the best concentration of sucrose was shown to be 10.0 g/l. The best inorganic and organic nitrogen sources for protein formation were (NH4)2HPO4, (NH4)3PO4 and yeast extract, respectively. The best concentrations of (NH4)2HPO4 and yeast extract, supporting protein formation, were 5.0 g/l and 10.0 g/l, respectively. Addition of MgSO4, ZnSO4, ferrous ammonium sulphate, copper sulphate, biotin, Ca-pantothenate, thiamine, pyridoxine, and inositol to the synthetic medium did not markedly influence high level of protein formation. Glutamic acid was the best amino acid, supporting protein formation by S. cerevisiae. Onion juice was found to be a good medium, after deletion of inhibitory volatile sulphur organic compounds, for the production of protein by S. cerevisiae. Addition of (NH4)2HPO4 to the best concentration of onion juice assisted the onion medium in production of fodder yeast, containing high level of protein. Addition of MgSO4 to onion juice and (NH4)2HPO4 did not increase the total nitrogen of the biomass. Fodder yeast, produced by onion juice medium, contained more valuable ingredients than fodder yeast, produced by synthetic medium.

Production of Oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 12,907 as an Animal Feed Supplement

Production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 12907 as an animal feed supplement was achieved with a fermentation medium, containing the following ingredients (g/litre): black strap molasses, 30; fodder yeast, 20; rice bran, 10; KH2PO4, 0.2; and tap water to 1,000 ml. The dry mash, containing oxytetracycline, was 50 g/litre of fermentation medium. The amount of oxytetracycline, present in the dry mash, was about 4.0%. The dry mash, containing oxytetracycline, contained the following amino acids: L-arginine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, Dl-methionine, and L-tryptophan.

Microbial production of L‐lysine

AbstractThe production of lysine by fermentation was studied, using a homoserine‐deficient and aminoethylcysteine‐resistant strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum, in 1‐dm3 shake flasks and a 14‐dm3 laboratory fermentor. Molasses was used as substrate. Superphosphate‐treated black strap molasses gave better lysine production. Lysine production, residual sugar and dry cell mass were measured as a function of fermentation time. It was observed that 1 g of cell mass produced 3.36 g of lysine.

Production of oxytetracycline, by streptomyces rimosus 12907, as an animal feed supplement

Production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 1207 as an animal feed supplement was achieved in a fermentation medium containing the following ingredients (g litre −1): black-strap molasses, 30; fodder yeast, 20; rice bran, 10; KH 2PO 4, 0·2 and tap water. The dry mash, containing oxytetracycline, thus produced was 50 g litre −1 of fermentation medium. The amount of oxytetracycline present in the dry mash was about 4%. The dry mash containing the oxytetracycline was analysed for the amino acids l-arginine, l-histidine, l-lysine, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-phenylalanine, dl-methionine and l-tryptophan which could be of nutritional value for chickens.

Título en español.

La variedad de caña PR 980 se comportó muy bien cuando se sembró en la arcilla Fe del Valle de Lajas, un Vertisol salino-sódico que se había restaurado parcialmente. Originalmente las parcelas habían sido tratadas con varios niveles de mosto de las destilerías y con melaza al 20% por volumen. Estos tratamientos se aplicaron a base del hecho de que el mosto y la melaza probaron ser magníficos acondionadores de los suelos de pobre estructura en el Valle de Lajas. Después que las parcelas habían recibido un total de 6.1 m/ha de riego y lluvia, y la conductividad eléctrica del extracto de saturación de los primeros 30 cm superficiales del suelo era de unos 4 mmhos/cm, se sembró caña de azúcar de la variedad mencionada. Se analizaron estadísticamente los datos de rendimiento de dos plantillas y sus correspondientes dos retoños en forma combinada; es decir, se estudió el efecto de los tratamientos sobre la producción de caña y azúcar producidas en dos ciclos. En el primer ciclo (años 1964-65 y 66), el tratamiento de 31 cm/ ha de mosto fue significativamente mejor que el de 6.2 cm/ha, en términos de producción de azúcar. En el segundo ciclo (años 1967-68 y 69) los tratamientos de mosto de 18.6 cm/ha y 31 cm/ha fueron estadísticamente superiores al control y al de melaza. Con el tratamiento de mosto de 18.6 cm/ha se obtuvieron 32 quintales de azúcar por acre sore el control. Con todos los tratamientos la salinidad de los 60 cm superficiales de suelo bajo notablemente. Con los de mosto los rendimientos de caña y azúcar aumentaron con el tiempo.

Utilisation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae of waste products of the dehydrated onion industry for production of fodder yeast

One strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected from different yeasts isolated from black strap molasses. This microorganism was cultured on seven fermentation media for the production of crude protein (cell N highest potential for formation of protein. Therefore, strain 1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Medium I were used for further studies on the formation of protein. Factors controlling production of protein were investigated. The required incubation period for the fermentation process was 72 h, while the initial pH value of the medium was 6·0. Sucrose supported the highest production of protein (40·96%) and the best concentration of sucrose was shown to be 10·0 g litre −1. The best inorganic and organic nitrogen sources for protein formation were (NH 4) 2HPO 4 or (NH 4) 3PO 4 and yeast extract, respectively. The optimum concentrations of (NH 4) 2HPO 4 and yeast extract for protein formation were 5·0 g litre −1, respectively. Addition of MgSO 4, ZnSO 4, ferrous ammonium sulphate, copper sulphate, biotin, Ca-pantothenate, thiamine, pyridoxine and inositol to the synthetic medium did not markedly influence the level of protein formation. Of added amino acids, glutamic acid had the greatest influence on protein formation by the strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Onion juice, after deletion of inhibitory volatile sulphur organic compounds, was found to be a good medium for the production of protein by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Addition of (NH 4) 2HPO 4 to the onion medium increased production of fodder yeast containing a high level of protein. Addition of MgSO 4 to onion juice and (NH 4) 2HPO 4 did not increase the total nitrogen of the biomass. Fodder yeast produced in onion juice medium contained more nutritionally valuable ingredients than fodder yeast produced in the synthetic medium.

Production of Gentamicins by M icromonospora purpurea

The natural medium contained the following ingredients (g/l): glucose 8.0, or black strap molasses (treated with 0.2--0.3 g/l EDTA) 12.0, fodder yeast (50.0% total nitrogen) 2.0, or folder yeast (40.0% total nitrogen) 6.0, or yeast extract 8.0, or tryptone 8.0, and CaCO3 1.0. Treated black strap molasses with EDTA and fodder yeast proved to be effective in the fermentative production of gentamicins. The most suitable chelating agent was EDTA in the form of disodium for the treatment of Komombo molasses in a concentration of 0.2--0.3 g/l, while potassium ferrocyanide and methylene blue had depressing effects on the production of gentamicins. The most effective carbon source, present in Egyptian black strap molasses, was glucose. Addition of glucose to the medium was preferable at the beginning of the fermentation process. Trace elements present in molasses were very essential for the microbial growth and biosynthesis of gentamicins as proved when molasses ash was added to the natural medium. Organic nitrogen sources were more suitable than inorganic nitrogen sources for the production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea. The microorganism utilized the synthetic medium, but the antibiotic yields were less than those produced in the natural medium. The synthetic medium exhibited stimulatory effects of certain amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, and purine and pyrimidine bases on the fermentative production of gentamicins. Therefore, the ingredients increasing yields of gentamicins were mainly phenylalanine, iso-leucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, arginine, glycine, beta-alanine, cystine, tryptophan, malic acid, maleic acid, cobalamin, folic acid, riboflavin, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, biotin, nicotinamide, uracil, adenine, guanine, and adenosine. Trace elements (Co, Mo, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) exhibited their important role on the biosynthesis and production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea.

Microbiological production of acetone-butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum

Trials succeeded in raising the efficiencies of the fermentation medium, used in the fermentative production of acetone-butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Egyptian black strap molasses (50.0% sugars) was suitable as carbon source in the fermentation medium, and (NH4)2SO4 was utilized with great success as inorganic nitrogen source. 140.0 g/l black strap molasses (about 7.0% sugars) and 3.0 g/l (NH4)2SO4 were the optimum concentrations for obtaining good yields of acetone and butanol. Molasses and (NH4)2SO4 were preferred because they are cheaper than the other carbon and organic nitrogen sources, used in the fermentative production of acetone-butanol. The percentage increase of the total solvents produced in the fermentation (production medium) was increased by 64.0. The slop (by-product of the acetone-butanol fermentation after distillation) was re-used in the fermentation medium as organic nitrogen source and supported the microorganisms for a good production of acetone and butanol, while when stillage was used in the production medium, the total solvents output was less than that produced in the medium containing slop.

The fermentative production of oxytetracycline on industrial by-products byStreptomyces rimosus 12907

Three strains of Streptomyces rimosus were grown on four different media. The one suitable for the production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 12907 was modified by black strap molasses, fodder yeast (40% total protein) and rice bran. The volume of the fermentation medium was sealed up in a 1200-litre fermentor aerated with sterile air obtained from a system used in the purification of air. 850 g crude oxytetracycline was obtained when the fermented medium (700 litres) was extracted with 1-butanol.

Fermentative production of cycloheximide by Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces noursei

AbstractTwo species of Streptomyces namely Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces noursei were used for the fermentative production of cycloheximide on ten different media. For optimum production different media were required by each type of micro‐organism. Egyptian black strap molasses (50% reducing sugars) was favoured for both microorganisms, while other carbon sources such as sucrose was the best for S. griseus and glucose was suitable for S. noursei. Organic nitrogen sources were generally suitable for the growth of both microorganisms and the antibiotic production was best with soyabean meal for S. griseus and with casein for S. noursei. The optimum concentrations of KH2PO4 were 5.0 and 3.0 g/l for S. griseus and S. noursei respectively.

The Use of Ammonium Bifluoride on Yeast Propagation and Fermentation of Blackstrap Molasses

The use of fluorides for controlling bacterial contamination in commercial production of rum led to several experiments to evaluate ammonium bifluoride as a bacterial inhibitor and test its effects on yeast fermentation, yeast growth and preservation. Sensitivity tests were performed with bacteria isolated from molasses mashes. The results indicated that with 400 mg. of ammonium bifluoride per liter, bacterial population on fermenting mashes can be reduced considerably. Laboratory-scale batch fermentation experiments were conducted to study the effect of ammonium bifluoride on alcohol production. The results obtained indicate that ammonium bifluoride does not affect the fermentative characteristics of yeasts in concentrations of up to 1,000 mg. per liter tested. The effect of ammonium bifluoride on yeast growth and viability during storage also was investigated. It was demonstrated that this salt is highly inhibitory to yeast propagation and adversely affects yeast viability after yeast growth terminates.

Skin deep

A nutritionist looks at the relationship between diet and beauty culture. Are they related at all ? Some so‐called experts would have us believe that eating for beauty is all cider vinegar and black strap molasses, grated raw carrots and yogurt. But any well balanced diet will certainly play its part if we can equate good looks with good health, and undoubtedly the vitality which radiates from good health does more for the looks than any amount of beauty creams and lotions. Looking at it from another angle, a poor diet and bad eating habits will have disastrous effects on personal appearance — the teeth and the figure are likely to suffer most.

Effect of trace elements on citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger.

Citric acid yields of 98.7% (sugar consumption basis) were reached in shaker flasks with mutant UV-ET-71-15 of Aspergillus niger in a resin-treated sucrose medium of the following composition (g/100 ml): sucrose, 14.0; NH(4)NO(3), 0.20; KH(2)PO(4), 0.10; MgSO(4).7H(2)O, 0.025; and (mg/liter): FeSO(4), 0.15 to 0.75; ZnSO(4), 0.10; and CuSO(4), 0.01. Yields of 75% were obtained in medium with resin-treated clarified syrup and 68% with ferrocyanide-treated blackstrap molasses. Optimal conditions included selection of appropriate pellets as inoculum at 3%, pH of 4.5, temperature at 30 C, agitation at 250 rev/min, and fermentation time of 8 days. The mutant tolerated high concentrations of trace elements.

Sugar Substrates for l -Lysine Fermentation by Ustilago maydis

The extracellular production of l -lysine in media with cane sugar, blackstrap molasses, or clarified sugar-cane juice by a previously obtained mutant of Ustilago maydis was studied. Enzymatically inverted clarified juice (medium J-3) gave 2.9 g of lysine per liter under the following conditions: inoculum, 5%; p H 5.8; temperature, 30 C; K La in the fermentors, 0.41 mmoles of O 2 per liter per min; fermentation time, 72 hr. The concentrate, obtained by direct evaporation and drying of the fermentation broth, could be used as a possible feed supplement because of its amino-acid and vitamin content.