Black Gram Varieties Research Articles

Evaluation and Isolation of Mungbean Yellow Mosai Virus Resistant Mutants in M4 and M5 Mutant Generations of Blackgram (Vigna mungo)

Background: The pulse known as “Blackgram” is a significant component of the Indian diet since it provides vegetable protein and balances the diet centered on cereals. Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) outbreaks on a regular basis completely destroy crops, causing farmers to suffer enormous losses. Mutation breeding can be an effective strategy for developing crops with desirable traits, such as high yield and resistance to diseases like the Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in blackgram. Methods: This experiment was laid out to study the variability pattern of mutant population in M4 and M5 generation of blackgram variety CO 6 treated with the Gamma rays at 200 Gy, 300 Gy and 400Gy and isolation of viable mutants for Mungbean Yellow Mosaic virus resistance. Significant variability was observed among the different treatments in M4 generation and twenty MYMV resistant mutants ((PKT-BG-200Gy-P07; PKT-BG-200Gy-P24; PKT-BG-200Gy-P29; PKT-BG-200Gy-P35; PKT-BG-200Gy-P36; PKT-BG-200Gy-P45; PKT-BG-300Gy-P13; PKT-BG-300Gy-P16; PKT-BG-300Gy-P28; PKT-BG-300Gy-P33; PKT-BG-300Gy-P41; PKT-BG-300Gy-P4; PKT-BG-300Gy-P43; PKT-BG-300Gy-P76; PKT-BG-300Gy-P81; PKT-BG-300Gy-P88; PKT-BG-300Gy-P93; PKT-BG-400Gy-P15; PKT-BG-400Gy-P21; PKT-BG-400Gy-P23) were selected and evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications under natural conditions. Scoring was done by the modified scale of All India Coordinated Research Project on MuLLaRP. Result: Incidence ranged from scale 0.01 (PKT-BG-300Gy-P41and PKT-BG-300Gy-P42) to 5.30 (PKT-BG-300Gy-P28). The mutants PKT-BG-300Gy-P41 and PKT-BG-300Gy-P42 recorded with maximum yield of 1500 kg/ha and 1445kg/ha were found to be observed as high yielding and MYMV resistant lines for summer season in the Cauvery delta region.

Impact of seed hardness on quality in variety VBN- 8 of black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) during maturation

The present study was performed to record the formation of hard seeds during the development and maturation of Blackgram variety VBN-8 under field conditions, which were then assessed and evaluated under laboratory conditions. It also focused on analyzing the biochemical properties, seed quality parameters and structural characteristics using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The findings could help develop strategies to improve germination rates and overcome seed dormancy. The present study on complex seed formation in black gram variety VBN-8 during the development and maturation stage was carried out using seed samples collected from standing crops 3 to 38 Days after Anthesis. The formation of hard seeds was assessed and evaluated from the seed sample taken from the different stages of development and maturation (3 to 38 DAA) of the black gram variety VBN-8. The physical and physiological parameters were studied as per the ISTA rules. The biochemical properties were estimated using the fractionation method and histological studies were conducted using SEM analysis. The present investigation revealed that a higher percentage of complex seed formation was observed at 33 DAA when the seed attained physiological maturity. The biochemical analyses showed that hard seeds have much higher quantities of pectin (4.68%), cellulose (4.27%), hemicellulose (2.55%), lignin (2.30%) and phenolic contents (5.78%) as compared to non-hard seeds of lower quantities of pectin (2.01%), cellulose (1.27%), hemicellulose (1.87%), lignin (0.54%) and phenolic contents (3.68%). The SEM analysis revealed that hard seeds have a thick cuticle (60.96 µm), a waxy layer, a compartmentalized pattern, amorphous deposits and a rough texture, all hindering water uptake.In contrast, non-hard seeds exhibit a smoother surface with fewer deposits and thinner cuticles (33.81 µm), enhancing their permeability. Additionally, in hard seeds, water entry points like the micropyle and hilum are often obscured or blocked, making water absorption difficult. Conversely, non-hard seeds feature a more visible hilum and an open micropyle, readily allowing water to enter. Understanding these changes in seed coat qualities can help agricultural experts regulate dormancy, provide suitable germination conditions and plan for sowing seed storage and crop management techniques.

Impact of Different Plant Spacing Arrangements on the Profitability and Productivity of Blackgram Cultivars [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Evaluation of blackgram cultivars (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) under various plant spacings was the title of a field study carried out at the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Badnapur. The experimental field had good drainage and was leveled. The soil was clay loam in texture, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, very high in accessible potassium and alkaline in reactivity. The blackgram crop was able to develop and mature normally due to the moderate environmental conditions. Twelve treatment combinations were possible with the three different kinds and four different spacings used in the Factorial Split plot Design layout of the experiment. Each experimental unit included three repetitions, measuring 5.4 m × 5.0 m in the gross plot and 4.5 m x 4.6 m in the net plot. On July 14, 2015, three varieties-BDU-1, TAU-1 and AKU-15 were sown. The dibbling method was used to sow the seeds, with four distinct spacings of 30 cm x 10 cm, 30 cm x 20 cm, and 45 cm x 10 cm. The RDF was used prior to seeding. Plant preservation measures and cultural practices were implemented in accordance with recommendations. A number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, pod weight per plant, seed yield per plant, test weight (1000 seed weight g), harvest index, gross monetary returns (Rs ha-1), net monetary returns (Rs ha-1), and Benefit: Cost (B: C) ratio are among the characteristics and economics that indicate that BDU-1 (V1) produced a significantly higher yield among the different blackgram varieties. Variety x spacing interaction effects were shown to be non-significant.

Combined Analysis over the Years on the Influence of Foliar Application of Kappaphycus Seaweed-based Biostimulant on the Yield of Two Different Varieties of Black Gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

Experiments were conducted in a split-plot design with the different concentrations of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE; 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) along with recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) assigned to the main plots and varieties (TAU-1 and DBGV-5) assigned to the sub-plots at the net house facility of CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute during the Kharif season of 2019 and 2020, in order to investigate the influence of (KSWE on two black gram varieties, DBGV-5 and TAU-1, at a single location over two years. KSWE was foliar applied 3 times at 20, 40 and 60 DAS and various yield and yield attributes were measured. Combined analysis over the years revealed that the response of black gram varieties to KSWE varied between years, with significant improvements in yield and its attributes in 2020 as compared to 2019. KSWE concentration at 5% concentration was optimal, enhancing seed yield by 14.1% over the control and improving most yield parameters except pod length and seeds per pod. Yield attributes like pod numbers and total seeds per plant were enhanced by 9 and 10.7%, respectively, over control by this factor (KSWE concentration) at 5% level. No significant interaction was observed between KSWE concentration and variety, indicating consistent effectiveness across different black gram varieties.

Assessment of suitable thermal sensitive varieties of black gram at Parbhani Maharashtra

Assessment of suitable thermal sensitive varieties of black gram at Parbhani Maharashtra

Effect of Different Plant Spacings on Growth and Yield of Blackgram Varieties (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

Effect of Different Plant Spacings on Growth and Yield of Blackgram Varieties (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)

Residual Effect of Rice-fish Based Organic Nutrient Management Approaches on Rice Fallow Blackgram Productivity Enhancement in Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu

Background: A field experiment was conducted during the rice fallow season of 2023 and 2024 (January to March) at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI), Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu to study the residual effect of rice-fish-based organic nutrient management practices adopted in rice on succeeding blackgram grown as rice fallow. Methods: The experiment was carried out using randomized block design (RBD) with eleven treatments viz., T1- No Green manure-Rice crop alone (RDF), T2-Green manure- Rice crop alone (PSB+KSB+ZSB), T3-T2+Nanourea, T4-Green manure- Rice crop (PSB+KSB+ZSB) + Fish, T5-T4 + Nano urea,T6- Green manure- Rice crop (PSB+KSB+ZSB) + Fish + Azolla, T7-T6 + Nano urea, T8-Green manure-Rice crop (PSB+KSB+ZSB) + Fish + Duck, T9- T8+Nano urea, T10- Green manure- Rice crop (PSB+KSB+ZSB)+ Fish + Azolla + Duck, T11- T10+Nano urea. The treatments were replicated thrice. The blackgram variety ADT 6 was used as a test crop. Result: The results revealed that among the different organic nutrient management approaches followed in the rice-fish based farming system, the residual effect of Green manure- Rice (solubilizing bacteria such as PSB, KSB and ZSB) + Fish + Azolla + Duck (T10) resulted in higher plant height, DMP, LAI and SPAD value in blackgram. Similarly, the highest root length (19.43 cm), root dry weight (1.10 g), root volume (10.68 g/cc), nodule plant-1at 20 DAS (13.82) and nodule plant-1at 40 DAS (22.97) were also obtained with the same treatment. By virtue of higher growth and yield parameters, more number of pods plant-1 (26.88) and seeds pod-1 (7.73), grain yield (789 kg ha-1) and Halum yield (2136 kg ha-1) of blackgram were obtained in the residual treatment of the residual effect of Green manure- Rice (solubilizing bacteria such as PSB, KSB and ZSB) + Fish + Azolla + Duck (T10). The available soil nutrients at 20 DAS of blackgram were higher in Green manure- Rice (solubilizing bacteria such as PSB, KSB and ZSB) + Fish + Azolla + Duck (T10). Due to higher blackgram yield, the same treatment achieved higher gross return (Rs.41561 ha-1), net return (Rs.30156 ha-1) and BCR (3.64). The study also indicated that the trench (300 m3) dug in rice fields for fish rearing provided sufficient moisture for rice fallow blackgram and thereby evaded the terminal stress.

Effect of phosphorus management on yield and economics under direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa) and blackgram (Vigna mungo) intercropping in a rainfed acidic upland soil

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2019 at ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (NRRI), Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station (CRURRS), Hazaribagh, Jharkhand to study the effect of phosphorus management on productivity and profitability under direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) (DSR) and blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] intercropping in rainfed acidic upland soil. The experiment was laid-out in a split-plot design comprised 4 methods of cropping, viz. Sole DSR; Sole blackgram; DSR + blackgram (4:1); and DSR + blackgram (4:2) allotted to main-plots and 4 phosphorus management practices, viz. P control (P0 ); Recommended dose of phosphorus (RDP) @17.5 kg P/ha; 50% RDP + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) @500 g/ha + arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) @12.5 kg/ha; and 25% lime requirement (LR) + PSB + AMF in sub-plots. Experiment consisted of 16 treatment combinations, replicated thrice. The rice variety ‘Sahabhagi’ and blackgram variety ‘Uttara’ were used. Among the cropping systems, the highest grain yield was recorded in sole rice (3.84 t/ha) and sole blackgram (1.14 t/ha) which was significantly higher than yields under intercropping in both the ratios. Gross (`96,879/ha) and net returns (`70,603/ha) of sole blackgram were significantly higher than other cropping systems and followed by DSR + blackgram (4:2). Net benefit:cost (B:C) of sole blackgram was maximum (`2.69) and lowest in sole rice (`1.01). Among phosphorus management treatments, 50% RDP + PSB + AMF gave significantly higher net return (`49,440) and net benefit:cost (`1.68). Application of 100% RDP and 25% LR + PSB + AMF gave at par returns and net benefit:cost. It may be suggested that under rainfed uplands of eastern India, farmers may adopt either sole blackgram or intercropping of rice and blackgram in 4:2 over sole DSR for higher productivity and monetary returns. For better phosphorus management in soil they should inoculate PSB and AM fungi along with 50% RDP at the time of sowing.

Performance of Rabi Blackgram (Vigna mungoL.,) under Different Sowing Windows

Field experiment was conducted at the College Farm, Agricultural College, Mahanandi of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University during the period from October, 2017 to January 2018 to evaluate the performance of rabiblackgram (Vigna mungo L.) under different sowing windows. The experimental site was sandy loam and it was neutral in reaction with a pH of 7.30, EC of 0.20 ds m-1. The experiment comprised four blackgram varieties viz., TBG-104, LBG-787, GBG-1 and PU-31 and four sowing dates viz., 1st fort night of October, 2nd fort night of October, 1st fort night November and 2nd fort night November.The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept (FRBD) having sixteen treatments and three replications. Results showed that varieties and dates of sowings significantly influenced all the parameters in the growth attributing experimentation characters such as plant height, dry weight, leaf area index, and yield attributing characters like number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1 and 1000 seed weight and seed yield (kg ha-1), haulm yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%) and were found highest in PU-31and lowest in LBG-787. With regard to sowing windows, the higher as well as lower values of these parameters were observed with sowing 1st fort night of October and 2nd fort night of November, respectively. Sowing PU-31 on 1st fort night of October and 2nd fort night of November gave the highest seed yield (856.42 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2473.96 kg ha-1) respectively. Overall the results proved that 1st FN of October seems to be the appropriate sowing date for getting higher yield of black gram during rabi season. Among different varieties PU-31 came out with higher yield followed by GBG-1, TBG-104 and LBG-787.

Yield performance of mutant blackgram variety Binamash-2 over locations in Bangladesh

Blackgram is one of the most important pulse crops extensively grown in Bangladesh with multiple uses. An experiment was conducted to examine the suitability and productivity of a gamma irradiated pulse variety Binamash-2 in Kharif-II season for two consecutive years 2021 and 2022 over four locations, Mymensingh, Chapainawabganj, Gopalganj and Magura districts. The experiment was consisted of two varieties viz. Binamash-2 and BARI Mash-3. Binamash-2 produced higher seed yield than BARI mash3 at all four locations. Binamash-2 produced bolder seeds with early maturity than BARI mash3. The seed coat color and size of Binamash-2 was more attractive than BARI mash3 and farmers of four studied areas are very much interested to cultivate Binamash-2 in the upcoming years. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 37(2): 153-159, 2023

Studies on Association of Seed Borne Mycoflora in Different Varieties of Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] by Incubation Methods

The present study was conducted to detect and identify seed-borne pathogenic fungi in some different varieties of black gram and their effect on seed germination. Six varieties of black gram (Indira urd-1, Pratap-1, KU-96, TPU-4, TIU-22) and local variety collected from village for experiment. The Eleven seed associated mycoflora recorded were Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Rhizopus spp., Penicillium spp., Curvularia spp., Cladosporium spp., Colletotrichum spp., Chaetomium spp. and Trichoderma spp. were detected and identified from the seeds of different varieties of black gram by using the standard blotter method, agar plate method, 2,4-D blotter method, roll paper towel method and deep freeze method. In all these methods, poor germination percentage was recorded in local variety, may be due to the presence of seed associated mycoflora with maximum frequency, whereas KU-96 variety has most extreme germination percentage due to the minimum frequency of seed associated mycoflora as compared to other varieties of black gram taken in the examination.

Response of Blackgram Varieties to Various NPK Doses in the Bundelkhand Region, India

Pulses play a pivotal role in contemporary agriculture, influencing food security and climate change mitigation. Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.), with its nutritional richness and adaptability, addresses malnutrition and contributes to soil fertility. This study focuses on enhancing blackgram productivity in Bundelkhand, Uttar Pradesh, addressing challenges through tailored variety selection and balanced nutrient management. The experiment, conducted in 2022, evaluated three varieties (Azad-3, IPU 10-26, IPU 11-2) and three NPK doses (75% RDF, 100% RDF, 125% RDF) to comprehensively analyze growth, yield, and economic parameters of blackgram. Findings revealed that variety IPU 10-26 and NPK dose 100% RDF exhibited superior growth, yield, and economic performance, indicating its competitive and comparative advantage over the other varieties and nutrient management treatments. The study demonstrates that optimal blackgram production in Bundelkhand necessitates location-specific variety choices and a prudent balanced nutrient management strategy that could be exploited for increased productivity of the crop, as exemplified by IPU 10-26 and 100% RDF.

Evaluation of Blackgram Genotypes for their Drought Tolerance at Seedling and Vegetative Phase

Aim: To screen and identify blackgram genotypes for drought tolerance at seedlings and vegetative stage.
 Study Design: Completely randomized complete block design.
 Place of Study: National Pulses Research Centre (NPRC), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban, Pudukkottai District.
 Methodology: Laboratory experiments was conducted at NPRC, Vamban. Twenty-Five blackgram varieties were used for this study. For screening at seedling stage, the treatments were T1 - Control – Water (0 Mpa) and T2 - PEG 6000 induced drought stress (-0.5 MPa). Blackgram seeds were germinated in water and PEG 6000 solution (-0.5 MPa). On the eighth day various seedling growth indices were recorded. For pot culture experiments, the two treatments were imposed T1 – Control and T2 – Drought stress (50% Field capacity) after the appearance of two trifoliate leaves by gravimetric approach. The stress was imposed for five days. At the end of fifth day, growth parameters, relative water content and leaf chlorophyll content was recorded. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data.
 Results: In blackgram, drought stress at seedling stage affects the seedling germination, establishment and its growth indices. At vegetative stage, drought stress negatively affects the plant growth, leaf area, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content. Among the blackgram genotypes screened, the genotypes VBG 11031 and VBG 1711 were found to be tolerant to PEG 6000 induced drought stress at seedling stage. At vegetative stage, the genotypes VBG 11062, VBG 11024 and VBG 1725 were tolerant to drought stress at vegetative stage.
 Conclusion: Present study concluded that the blackgram genotypes VBG 11031, VBG 1711, VBG 11062, VBG 11024 and VBG 1725 were found to be tolerant to drought stress at seedling and vegetative stage.

Physiological Response of Blackgram Varieties to Foliar Nutrition and Growth Regulators under Partial Shade in Coconut Orchard in Kerala

Background: Coconut is one of the major plantation crops in Kerala which are planted at a wider spacing of 7.6 m × 7.6 m giving an ample opportunity for growing intercrops. To enhance soil fertility and productivity of crops inclusion of legumes is a viable option. Blackgram, though a shade sensitive crop performs well in partially shaded coconut gardens due to fast growing nature. The unique ability of biological nitrogen fixation, soil amelioration, carbon sequestration, low water requirement and capacity to withstand extreme drought, pulses have remained an integral component of coconut based cropping system. Since blackgram is a shade sensitive crop, to increase the productivity of blackgram in coconut garden, foliar spray of nutrients and growth regulators is a viable option. Under, shaded or stressed situations, nutrients and plant growth regulators provide optimum vegetative growth by regulating plant growth and architecture. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of foliar nutrition and growth regulator application on the physiology and yield of different blackgram varieties. Methods: A field trial was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, India during rabi 2020 and summer 2020-21. To find the performance of five blackgram varieties. The treatments consisted of five performing blackgram varieties under partial shade viz; Sumanjana, DBGV 5, VBN 5, VBN 6, CO 6 and foliar sprays of nutrients (19:19:19 NPK, sulphate of potash) and plant growth regulators [naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and salicylic acid (SA)] alone and in combinations in split plot design at 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). Result: The study identified Sumanjana and DBGV 5 as shade adaptive varieties with suitable physiological traits. In both seasons, a higher stomatal conductance and lower stomatal index were observed, indicating a more efficient allocation of resources towards the photosynthetic machinery. Foliar spray of 19:19:19 (1%) and NAA at 40 mg/L and SA at 100 mg/L at 45 and 60 DAS resulted in higher seed yield, dry matter production and also higher net income and benefit cost ratio for these two varieties.

Influence of Different Planting Dates on the Occurrence of Key Pests Affecting Blackgram in the Lower Gangetic Alluvial Plain of West Bengal

A field oriented experiment was executed over two consecutive summer months in 2019 and 2020 to study the influence of sowing dates of blackgram or urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) on the population fluctuation of its major pests viz., flower infesting thrips (Megalurothrips sp.) and spotted pod borer or legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fabr.). The blackgram variety PU 31 was sown on three different dates, with ten days apart specifically, on the 14th of March, 24th of March and 3rd of April each year, representing early, medium and late sown crops. The experiment recorded fewer incidences of flower thrips in late-sown crop (population of 2.56 per 10 flowers in first year and 1.22 in second year) than early crop (4.71 and 2.42 in those years, respectively), while higher incidences of pod borer was recorded in late-sown crop (larval population of 2.49 plant-1 in first year and 2.58 in second year) than early crop (0.69 and 0.42 in those years, respectively). Given that early and late-sown crops attract more thrips and pod borers, respectively, it may be recommended to sow black gram during the last week of March, especially in the lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal.

Effect of leaf clipping on growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

An experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University farm, Dhaka to investigate the effect of variety and leaf clipping on the growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) from March to June-2019. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments were Blackgram variety (3); V1: BARI Mash-1, V2: BARI Mash-2 and V3: BARI Mash-3, and leaf clipping (4); C0: No leaf clipping (control), C1: Clipping of 1st basal leaf, C2: Clipping of 2nd basal leaves and C3: Clipping of total apical leaves having no inflorescence. Growth, yield and yield contributing characteristics were compared under different treatments. Results indicated that variety and leaf clipping significantly affected most of the growth and yield contributing characteristics of blackgram. In the case of variety, mthe aximum value of the yield and yield contributing characteristics such as pod−1 length (8.99 cm), pods plant−1 (14.00), number of seeds pod−1 (9.78), 1000 seeds weight (48.58 g), and seed yield (1381.70 kg ha−1), were observed in var. BARI Mash-3. In the case of leaf clipping, maximum pod length (8.44 cm), pods plant−1 (15.18), seeds pod (9.32), 1000- seeds weight (48.33 g), seed yield (1306.7 kg ha−1), was recorded in Clipping of 1st basal leaf treatment. The blackgram var. BARI Mash-3 and clipping of 1st basal leaf was found superior in producing maximum pod length (9.32 cm), number of pods plant−1 (16.87), number of seeds pod−1 (10.80), 1000- seeds weight (51.67 g), and seed yield (1456.70 kg ha−1). So, var. BARI Mash-3 and clipping of 1st basal leaf may improve the growth and yield of blackgram.
 Bangladesh Agron. J. 2023, 26(1): 9-17

An Incubation Experiment on Screening of Black Gram Varieties for Tolerance to Saline Irrigation Water

Water is a second most important resource in agriculture followed by land. The water availability for irrigation is often scarce, is one of the most critical input for agriculture production in most areas. Productivity in these areas can be enhanced by better management of rainwater and /or development of groundwater. So the present investigation was carried out to study the effect of saline water irrigation on the growth of blackgram. The various treatment included in the study were three ruling varieties of blackgram as factor V viz., V1- VBN 6, V2- VBN 4 and V3- VBN 3 and four salinity levels as factor S viz., S1-EC-3 dS m-1 and Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) - 4; S2-EC- 3 dS m-1 and SAR-6; S3-EC-3 dS m-1 and SAR-8; S4-EC-6 dS m-1 and SAR-6. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with three replications. The results of the study concluded that the soil application of saline water (EC-3 dS m-1 and SAR-4) irrigation to saline tolerant blackgram variety VBN 3 (S1V3) was identified as best treatment combination to realize the maximum germination of blackgram under saline water irrigation.

Effect of Microbial Inoculants on Crop Growth, Yield, Biochemical and Phyiological Parameters of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

A field experiment was carried out in randomized block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati during 2022. The blackgram variety TBG-104 differed for field, biochemical, and physiological parameters in response to different treatments of microbial inoculants. The influence of the treatments in the field was significant with respect to crop growth, phenological and yield parameters, seed quality attributes, biochemical and physiological parameters. In case of crop growth parameters which include field emergence (%), plant height (cm) highest performance was seen in T9(91.67%,27.47cm) over control and other treatments. While all the treatments recorded values that are at par with the highest performed treatment. In case of phenological parameters which include days to first flowering, 50% flowering and maturity, The treatment T9 and T8 were the best performed over the other treatments and control. Similar trend was observed with respect to yield and yield parameters where T9(929.63 kg/ha) treatment showed the highest performance. Our results revealed that that the co-inoculation of 4 or 5 microbial inoculants showed better results over individual treatments during the period of storage.

Yield Gap Analysis through Cluster Front Line Demonstration in Blackgram at Tiruchirapalli District

Background: Black gram is one of the important crops among the pulses. Rice–blackgram cropping system is very common in Tamil Nadu. The traditional practice of broadcasting of seeds in the standing crop of rice does not ensure uniform plant population and moisture which results in poor crop growth and yield. Technology gap is a major problem in increasing blackgram production in Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil nadu State. So far, no systematic effort was made to study the technological gap existing in various components of blackgram cultivation. This project was implemented in Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) with main objective to increase the production and productivity through Cluster Frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) with latest technologies. Methods: The Cluster front line demonstration s were conducted with the objective of increase in pulse production. The five village of fifty nine Frontline demonstrations on blackgram (MDU-1) variety was laid out in an area of 50 hectares in farmer’s field in Ayelapettai, Jadamangalam, Sirugamani, Peruvanallur and Anjalam of Tiruchirapalli district in Tamil Nadu. The inputs i.e. distributed are blackgram (MDU-1) variety seed along with mechanized sowing, Result : There was 81.50 per cent increase in yield observed in demonstration plot over farmers’ practice. It was observed that potential yield can be achieved by imparting scientific knowledge to the farmers, providing the quality need based inputs and proper application of inputs. Combination of technical inputs viz., designer seeds, application of TNAU pulse wonder and biofertilizers with scientific interference have increased the potential yield of a crop.

Impact of Large Scale Demonstration on Productivity and Profitability of Blackgram Under Rainfed Conditions of Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka (Zone-6)

Background: Blackgram is a major pulse crop grown next to horsegram and greengram in Chamarajanagar district. Unavailability of high yielding and yellow mosaic resistant varieties, poor agronomic and pest management practices has led to drastic fall down in productivity and profitability of blackgram in Chamarajanagara district. Methods: Large scale demonstration was conducted in an area of 60 ha covering 150 farmers of K. Mukahalli, Kotamballi, Devalapura, Doddatuppuru and Y.K. mole villages. Further the integrated crop management practices in blackgram variety LBG-791 was demonstrated during Pre-kharif of 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23 by ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chamarajanagara, Karnataka. Result: The Yellow mosaic disease incidence was significantly less in LBG-791 (1.40%) when compared to T-9 (Farmers’ variety) (66.8%). Adoption of LBG-791 along with improved crop management practices resulted in 121.5% higher mean grain yield as compared to farmers practice. Higher Benefit: Cost ratio of 1.94 was recorded with integrated crop management practices as compared to farmers’ practices (1.03). The study exhibited mean extension and technology gap of 379 kg/ha and 119 kg/ha respectively. Further the mean technology index was 14.73 per cent. These results indicate that there is a great opportunity for farmers of Karnataka (Zone-6) for increasing productivity and profitability of the blackgram crop by adoption of Integrated Crop Management Practices (ICMP).