Blacktip Research Articles

PENGARUH BEBERAPA EKSTRAK TUMBUHAN TERHADAP DEIGHTONIELLA TORULOSA SYD. ELLIS PENYEBAB PENYAKIT UJUNG HITAM BUAH PISANG

The effect of some plant extracts on Deightoniella torulosa Syd. Ellis the causative agent of black tip disease of banana. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of some plant extracts on the growth and reproduction of Deightonella torulosa. The plants used in this experiments were Zingiber cassumunar, Acorus calamus, and Amomum cardamomum. The treatments of the factorial (3x4) experiment were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The first factor (plant extracts) consisted of Z. cassumunar, A. calamus, and A. cardamomum extracts. The second factor (extract concentration) consisted of 0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/l. Variables examined were the colony diameter and conidial density of D. torulosa. The result of the experiment shows that extract of Z. cassumunar, A. calamus, and A. cardamomum extracts suppressed fungal colony diameter. On Z. cassumunar and A. calamus extracts, the higher the concentration the higher fungal colony diameter suppressed. The most effective suppression by the extract was at 300 mg/l. A. calamus extract was more effective than Z. cassumunar and A. cardamomum at 100 mg/ml. Z. cassumunar and A. calamus extracts had the same effectivity at 200 mg/l, and both was more effective compared to A. cardamomum. Z. cassumunar was more effective compared to A. calamus and A. cardamomum at 300 mg/l. The results of the experiment also showed that Z. cassumunar, A. calamus, and A. cardamomum suppressed conidial production of D. torulosa. Z. cassumunar most effectively suppressed conidia production at 300 mg/l. A. calamus extract suppressed conidial production the most effectively at 200 and 300 mg/l. A. cardamomum extract significantly suppressed conidia production only at 300 mg/l. Z. cassumunar and A. calamus extracts were more effective to suppress conidia production compared to A. cardamomum for all level of concentration except control. The effectivity of Z. cassumunar and A. calamus was the same at 100 and 300 mg/l. Z. cassumunar extract was more effective than A. calamus at 200 mg/l.

A Diabetic Patient with a Black Penile Tip

This is a report of a patient with diabetes mellitus type II who presented with the rare complication of penile gangrene. The gangrene was unilateral and was associated with ipsilateral partial stenosis of the common iliac artery. An angioplasty followed by insertion of a stent, rehydration, and improved diabetic control did not improve the penile lesion, and penile amputation was carried out. In the postoperative period, the patient developed a bilateral basal pneumonia with a significant growth of saprophyte Mycobacterium gordonae from the bronchial aspirate. This is the first reported case of unilateral penile gangrene and also that of Mycobacterium gordonae infection in a patient with diabetes mellitus.

BLACK TIP DISCOLORATION IN INDIAN RICE. EFFECT OF EXTENDED MILLING ON MILLING CHARACTERISTICS, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND COOKING QUALITY

ABSTRACTExtended milling of rice decreased the incidence of mycoflora and reduced black tip discoloration but reduced the head rice yield and kernel weight. Protein content, ash, reducing sugars, nonreducing sugars and free fatty acids increased whereas amylose decreased significantly with the increase in the number of discolored grains. Discolored rice required significantly less time to cook, showed decreased water uptake, reduced kernel elongation and losses. Cooking time decreased; water uptake, elongation in cooked rice and gruel solid loss increased with an increase in the degree of milling. Correlation coefficients between the different variables were calculated.

A study of the cause of the mango black tip disorder

Causative factors of the fruit black tip disorder (BT) in mango ( Mangifera indica L.) have been studied in Guangdong Province, China. Dipping fruits in 150 and 600 mg kg −1 fluoride solutions induced symptoms similar to that of the black tip disorder. The F content of the fruits with artificially induced symptoms was about 25% higher than that of control (healthy) fruits. The F content of BT fruits from an affected orchard was twice as much as that of the normal (healthy) fruits from an unaffected orchard. The leaf F content of affected trees was about six times as much as that of the control. This study has provided evidence that fluorine in fumes emitted from adjacent brick kilns was the direct causative factor of the mango black tip disorder.

Feather eating in Great Crested Grebes Podiceps cristatus: a unique solution to the problems of debris and gastric parasites in fish‐eating birds

The occurrence of feathers in stomachs of 407 Great Crested Grebes Podiceps cristatus from Lake IJsselmeer, The Netherlands, is described. Only four of the 8718 identified stomach feathers originated from a species other than Great Crested Grebes. In all, 68% were breast and belly feathers and 19% were flank feathers. Flank feathers were positively selected from those becoming available during moult, and also occurred more in the ejected feather pellets than expected from the intake. This suggests that flank feathers, which are long and curved and have a black tip, may be especially suited for the formation of pellets. Feather ingestion was more than balanced by feather production. Feathers were most abundant in stomachs in autumn and were least numerous in winter. Most of this variation can be explained by seasonal differences in the intensity of body moult. In addition, the type of prey was related to the number of ingested feathers. When the diet consisted of smelt, which leave little indigestible matter, more feathers were eaten than with a diet of perch and pikeperch, which leave more fish debris. We suggest the hypothesis that ingested feathers, in the absence of other indigestible matter, contribute substance to the stomach content, enabling the formation of pellets that can be ejected. The habit of regularly ejecting the stomach contents minimizes the chance that any serious population of gastric parasites will build up in the upper part of the alimentary tract.

Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of 'black tip' rice.

AbstractA popular newly introduced rice variety Phalguna (RP 6–17) was found to be susceptible to the development of black colour at the tip of the grains. On parboiling the paddy, the degree of discoloration intensified and occasionally even the entire kernels were found to be discoloured. In the affected grains the breakages during milling were considerably higher than the unaffected grains. There was not much difference between the nutrient composition of the black tip and normal grains. However, contents of iron and free sugar were found to be higher in black tip grains than that in normal grains. A positive correlation between extent of discoloration of the grains and the glucosamine content was observed suggesting that this criterion could be used as an index of fungal contamination. Species of Alternaria and Curvularia were found to be more predominant in black tip raw rice than normal raw rice. Acute toxicity studies in chicks and ducklings and short‐term toxicity studies in rats did not indicate ill effects.

Calcium nutrition of the sugarbeet

Abstract When sugarbeet seedlings are transferred from a complete nutrient solution to one from which Ca has been withheld, the rootlets and tops fail to develop. The same transfer at the eight‐leaf stage causes the rootlets to become stubby and swollen at the tips and blade expansion becomes modified; particularly the upper portions of the blades attaining nearly full development, which pucker and often develop a cupping or hooding effect; a unique symptom characteristic of Ca deficiency. As each new leaf develops, the blade area becomes smaller until only a black tip remains at the apex of the petiole, which is the symptom referred to as tip‐burn for this petiole and the successively . shorter petioles formed as Ca deficiency increases in severity. Strangely, these symptoms also appear during periods of rapid growth when the nutrient solution contains as much as 10 to 28 milliequivalents per liter of Ca or when soils are high in Ca. This implies that Ca absorption and possibly translocation limits the C...

An Albinistic Marbled Godwit: A First Record

Albinism occurs infrequently in the family Scolopacidae as compared to other avian families (Sage 1963, Gross 1965). There are apparently no previous records of albinism for the Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) (Ross 1963), although there is one record each for the Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa haemastica) (Deanne 1880), and the Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) (Sage 1962). At 15:30 on 9 February 1974 on the east shore of Drake Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore, Inverness, California, I spent approximately 15 min observing an albinistic Marbled Godwit foraging on mudflats among a relatively large flock of godwits. Observations were made from a distance of about 30 m with a 15-60x zoom telescope. There were no clouds or wind, and glare was minimal. A description follows: Bill-flesh colored with black tip, apparently normal; Irides-black, apparently normal; Legs-dark or black, apparently normal; Body and head-entirely or almost entirely diluted to white on all parts except axillae and wing linings, which were heavily tinged cinnamon. The back and the wing coverts retained a distinct pattern of dusky, transverse barring. A less distinct pattern of faint barring was present ventrally on the rectrices. The coloration of this individual seems to have resulted from extreme dilution of the rufous-brown, and cinnamon pigmentation in most of the plumage and should therefore be considered as a case of imperfect albinism (Pettingill 1956).

Control of black wedged rice and rice white tip nematode

Control of black wedged rice and rice white tip nematode

The effect of ethylene and sulphur dioxide on the fruits ofMangifera indica

1. The physiology of the black tip disease of mangoes (Mangifera indica) has been studied with respect to ethylene, and sulphur dioxide, the two important and harmful constituents of blast furnace gas. 2. The respiratory rate, sugar and acid contents of 30–100 days old mangoes have been studied. It was found that— (a) Ethylene-air mixture accelerated after an induction period of 15 hours or more, depending on the age of the fruit, the respiratory rate and increased the sugar content, but it did not affect the total acid content of the fruit. Mangoes treated with ethylene generally became soft and yellow; (b) The induction period was very much decreased if the skin was peeled off before the experiment; (c) Prolonged treatment with a strong concentration of ethylene gas produced the characteristic black-tip disease of the mango; (d) Sulphur dioxide-air mixture also had an induction period and accelerated the respiratory rate, but had an adverse effect on the general condition of mangoes; (e) Ethylene-sulphur dioxide-air mixture increased the respiratory rate and sugar content, but made the mesocarp, especially its lower half, soft, pulpy and disorganized, and produced the black-tip disease of mangoes.