Gymnocorymbus Ternetzi Research Articles

Mucin in epithelial cells in oesophagus and stomach of black tetra, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Characidae, Teleostei)

Histochemical properties of the mucus cells in oesophagus and stomach in a teleost, black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), are described and compared. These cells were sac-shaped, very numerous, and embraced by ordinary epithelial cells with highly variable shape, throughout the entire length of oesophagus. The stomach luminal epithelial cells were filled with mucin apically, whereas the gastric gland cells lacked mucin. When treated with alcian blue (pH 2.5) before periodic acid–Schiff, the oesophagus mucin displayed a colour between blue and magenta, whereas it was strongly magenta in stomach. After high iron diamine followed by alcian blue (pH 2.5), the oesophagus mucin displayed a clean blue colour, whereas the stomach mucin was uncoloured. The present results for the lectin affinities in mucus cells in oesophagus of black tetra were similar to those of stomach and together suggest that these mucins contain significant amounts of N-acetylglucosamines, galactose-N-acetylgalactosamines sequences, and probably some sialic acid in terminal positions attached to the N-acetylglucosamine, but the mucin seems nearly or entirely to lack glucose and mannose. In addition, all its N-acetylgalactosamines in oesophagus, unlike in stomach, seem to be attached to galactose, as these amines were not coloured by DBA in oesophagus, but intensely coloured by PNA. Together the present results suggest that the oesophagus mucin in black tetra contains both neutral and carboxylated glycoproteins, but lacks sulphated glycoproteins, whereas the stomach mucin contains neutral glycoproteins only. The present results for black tetra suggest that the large amounts of oesophageal mucus and its increased toughness caused by anions may largely compensate for the lack of salivary glands. The stomach mucin lacks anions, a feature which may enhance the flow of the mucus and therefore also its ability to clean and protect the stomach wall against the gastric juice.

The life cycle of Pseudosellacotyla lutzi (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae), in Aylacostoma chloroticum (Prosobranchia: Thiaridae), and Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes: Erythrinidae), in Argentina.

Pseudosellacotyla lutzi ( Freitas, 1941), at present included in the Faustulidae, is redescribed, and its life cycle was resolved experimentally. The prosobranch snail Aylacostoma chloroticum Hylton Scott (Thiaridae), collected in the Yacyretá Dam, Province of Misiones, Argentina, was found naturally infected with cercariae that lacked pigmented eyespots, and possessed 7 pairs of penetration glands, 8 pairs of flame cells, and a V-shaped excretory vesicle. The cercariae developed in oval cysts, which were found on fin rays, vertebrae, and spines of poeciliid and tetragonopterid fish species. Adults were obtained experimentally from Hoplias malabaricus (Erythrinidae) infected with metacercariae from albino Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Tetragonopteridae), which had been exposed to emerging cercariae. Adults were also found in naturally infected H. malabaricus collected in the Yacyretá Dam. The morphology of the cercariae, and the characteristics of the life cycle show that P. lutzi should be included in the Cryptogonimidae.

Successful Induction of Intra-specific Androgenesis in Widow Tetra, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger 1895) Using UV Irradiation

A protocol for elimination of the maternal egg genome in widow tetra (WT), Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger 1895) using contrasting black and albino strains was successfully optimised. Maternal genome elimination is a pre-requisite for inducing androgenesis. In the present study, UV-irradiation for 3 min inactivated the maternal nuclear genome in eggs of the black WT. A single layer of black WT eggs exposed to a UV-G bulb (254 nm, 40 W) at a height of 25 cm and at a final intensity of 4.2 W. m -2 successfully eliminated the WT egg genome. Androgenotes were generated by fusing genome-inactivated eggs with fresh sperm. Fertilisation was achieved by mixing fresh albino tetra sperm with irradiated eggs and adding water to initiate sperm motility. Following fertilisation by fresh albino WT sperm, 22- min-old embryos were shocked at 41 °C for 2 min to restore diploidy. Survival of androgenotes was 11% and 8% at hatching and maturity while that of the controls were 94% and 67%, respectively. Maternal genome inactivation was confirmed by (i) albino body colour in the diploid fry and adult, (ii) haploid karyotype and (iii) embryonic development. Hatched haploid androgenotes showed normal embryonic development but exhibited severe haploid syndrome while diploid androgenotes resembled albino WT and displayed a diploid karyotype.

Assessment of the Risks of Transgenic Fluorescent Ornamental Fishes to the United States Using the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK)

AbstractThree species of transgenic fluorescent ornamental fish are commercially available to the public in the United States—Zebra Danio Danio rerio, Black Tetra Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, and Tiger Barb Systomus tetrazona. Despite qualitative assessments of the risks of these transgenic fishes by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and two state agencies, critics argue that the risk assessment and approval processes were not transparent and that the results were never published or otherwise open to scientific scrutiny. We used an internationally recognized risk screening tool, the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK), to provide a transparent, peer‐reviewed assessment for the conterminous United States. We found that the three transgenic fluorescent ornamental fishes in question represent a low risk of invasiveness. Any risk is limited to the warmer regions of the country. No potential for hybridization with native species, little history of invasiveness elsewhere, a lack of traits associated with persistence, and small body size coupled with predation‐enhancing fluorescence all indicate that the ability of these species to become established and have impacts is limited even in warm regions. Our finding of low risk is consistent with the results of unpublished, qualitative agency assessments using expert panels or in‐house expertise. The risk screens identified few data gaps, areas of important uncertainty, or potentially elevated risk levels, thus suggesting that there would be limited gain to committing resources to a full risk assessment. A low‐risk result further indicates little need for risk management actions in addition to those already being taken. Risk screens such as FISK can have high value for managers because they capture important elements of risk, providing vital information for assessment and management decisions with relatively small investments in time and funding.

Hydrogen peroxide, iodine solution and methylene solution highly enhance the hatching rate of freshwater ornamental fish species

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide, iodine solution (PVP) and methylene blue on eggs disinfection of three ornamental fish species, Danio rerio, Pterophyllum scalare and Gymnocorymbus ternetzi. The main idea was to create conditions to enhance the hatching rates. Eggs of each species were exposed to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (5, 10, 15 and 25 mg/L), PVP (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/L) and methylene blue (0.5 1, 2 and 3 mg/L). The optimal doses ranged between species and chemicals: for G. ternetzi, the concentrations that high enhanced the hatching rate were 1 mg/L for the PVP treatment, 25 mg/L for the hydrogen peroxide treatment and 3 mg/L for methylene blue treatment; for P. scalare, the best results were achieved with 25 mg/L for hydrogen peroxide treatment and 3 mg/L for methylene blue treatment. By contrast, for all the different chemical did not increased the D. rerio hatching rate. Results showed that hydrogen peroxide and methylene blue are the most versatile, effective and safe to use in these species. On the other hand, PVP can be used but with many precautions due to very low safety margin. Results clearly show that the optimal concentration of chemicals for eggs disinfection is fish species dependent and it is completely wrong to extrapolate concentrations between different chemicals and fish species. Our study suggests that P. scalare can be used as a model in study of effectiveness of new chemicals with potential to disinfect water and increase hatching rates.

The Detection of Ichthyophonus hoferi in Naturally Infected Fresh Water Ornamental Fishes

Ichthyophoniasis is one of the most important systematic infections among different species of fishes that caused by Ichthyophonus hoferi. In the present study, we have reported this parasite from two species of ornamental fish, black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) and tiger barb (Pentius tetrazona) in Ahvaz-Iran. Examined fishes had marked signs such as abnormal swimming, lethargy, swelling abdominal and low rate mortality. In this study, the two phases of life cycle of I. hoferi involving active and passive detected. The obvious internal sign was white cysts and nodules, which embedded in infected spleens. The cysts were full of schizonts that were surrounded by collagen fibers and many eosinophilic cells. Plasmodium spherical bodies with variable sizes were detected by microscopic examination of wet mount squash from the infected organs. In addition, histopathology studies showed that there were many granulation tissues surrounded by multilayer connective tissues in the infected tissues. Tissue samples were also isolated and put in to Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) to detect the germination of Ichthyophonus hoferi for distinguish Ichthyophoniasis from Mycobacterial infections.

Goblet Cell Types in Intestine of Tiger Barb and Black Tetra (Cyprinidae, Characidae: Teleostei)

Histochemical properties of goblet cells in intestine of a stomach-less teleost, tiger barb (Puntius tetrazona), and a stomach-containing teleost, black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), are described and compared. The intestine goblet cells were mostly wide in both species, but in tiger barb, some of them were markedly thinner. In black tetra, all the intestine goblet cells displayed magenta colour after PAS, whereas in the tiger barb, only the thinner goblet cells displayed such affinity. The latter cell type was coloured strongly magenta when the tissue was treated with alcian blue (pH 2.5) followed by PAS, whereas the wide goblet cells in tiger barb and all goblet cells in black tetra displayed mainly a blue colour after such treatment. Further, the goblet cells in both species were coloured cleanly blue after high iron diamine followed by alcian blue (pH 2.5). The intestine goblet cells in both species displayed a moderate affinity to WGA and concanavalin A lectins and no affinity to DBA. Most of the goblet cells displayed no affinity to PNA, but some of them in the tiger barb displayed a moderate or strong affinity to this lectin. The affinity to WGA was somewhat strengthened after pre-treatment with neuraminidase. These results suggest that tiger barb contains two types or variants of intestinal goblet cells: high numbers of wide cells filled by acidic, non-sulphated mucin and some thinner cells filled by neutral mucin. The intestine goblet cells in black tetra were filled by variable amounts of neutral and acidic mucin, but the total number of such cells is much less than in tiger barb. The present lectin and neuraminidase results suggest that the intestinal mucins in both species contain significant amounts of N-acetylglucosamine, sialic acid and glucose/mannose, but seem to lack N-acetylgalactosamine. However, some of these cells in tiger barb contain moderate to large amounts of galactose. Together, these results suggest significant species-specific features of the intestine goblet cells and mucin types in tiger barb and black tetra. In conclusion, the present results suggest that the diet and feeding habits in stomach-less teleosts compared with stomach-containing teleosts, greatly influence the number of intestine goblet cells and type of mucin in these cells.

Pheromones: Fish Fear Factor

Fish, like many other animals, panic when another individual is injured. Now, the chemical nature of a substance that mediates this reaction has been uncovered.

Efektivitas Rasio Jumlah Pasangan Induk Ikan Hias Black Tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) Terhadap Hasil Pemijahan <br><i>[The Effectiveness Of The Ratio Of The Number Of Pairs Of Parents Of Pair Of Parents Of Black Tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) Against The Result Of Spawning]<i>

Abstract The purpose of this research is to know the effectiveness of the ratio of the number of pairs of parents against the result of the spawning of Black Tetra fish (Gymnocorymbus ternezi) about the number of egg produced, the rate conception (fertilization rate), the rate of hatching (hatching rate) and the survival rate of the fish (survival rate). The results shows that the ratio of number of pairs of black tetra fish parent has no effect but the greater the increase ratio of number of pairs of male parent black tetra fish then the number of eggs produced decrease.

Embryonic and larval development of black skirt tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi,Boulenger, 1895) under laboratory conditions

The embryonic and larval development of black skirt tetra, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, are described under controlled laboratory conditions. In addition, major histomorphological changes and the allometric growth patterns during larval development have been described. The laboratory-reared broodstock, that is 1 year of age, were spawned. Hatching occurred 20–21 h after spawning at 24 ± 0.5°C. The cleavage was finished in 2 h and the early blastula stage occurred at 2:04 hours after spawning. The gastrulation started at 3:20 hours and 30% epiboly was observed at 3:34 hours after spawning. Eight-somite stage was observed at 08:33 hours. And embryonic developmental stage was completed at 21 h after spawning. The newly hatched larvae were 1442 ± 14.3 lm in mean total length (TL). The mouth opened at 3 days after hatching (DAH). The yolk sac had been totally absorbed and the larvae started to swim actively within 3–4 days. Notochord flexion began at 11 DAH. The metamorphosis was completed and the larvae transformed into juveniles at 32 DAH. In this paper, the full developmental sequence from egg to juvenile of G. ternetzi is described for the first time.

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Infection in A Black Tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi)

Summary In this case, the macroscopic and microscopic findings of a Black tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were described. Macroscopically, there were white spots in the different sizes on the skin of head and back, and increase amount of mucus on the skin and gills of fish. Microscopically, the parasites were found on the epidermis of operculum and gill lamellae. Gills showed the hyperplasia between the chlorid cells and adhesions in the secondary lamellae. .

Descriptive osteology of Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

The purpose of this paper is giving an extensive overview of the cranial skeleton of Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger, 1895) in a form of a formalized scheme that reflect its Bauplan (German for building plan, blueprint; plural: baupläne or bauplaene), a term in biology referring to the common new and original [homologous] properties of the members of a systematic group [taxon]). Each element of the Bauplan can be described by a set of parameters, i.e., size, shape, structure, material composition and position. Though Bauplan is undoubtedly an abstraction, it is a necessary abstraction to be used in phylogenetic analysis with preference to "ingroup" and "outgroup" comparisons.The cranial osteology of black tetra Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger, 1895) is described based on the study of larvae, juvenile and adult specimens. Provided are Latin terms and some English equivalents as well remarks on origin, homology and terminology for each cranial bone discussed.

Ornamental Expression of Red Fluorescent Protein in Transgenic Founders of White Skirt Tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi)

Although the transgenic technology has been successfully used to generate fluorescent zebrafish and medaka for ornamental purposes, the practicability of the technology has not been demonstrated in other ornamental fish species. In the present study, we have tested the transgenic technology in a bona fide ornamental fish species, the white skirt tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi). First, its embryonic development was briefly described. Second, we successfully introduced an rfp (red fluorescent protein) gene construct driven by a strong muscle-specific mylz2 promoter from the zebrafish into the white skirt tetra and demonstrated muscle-specific expression of the RFP reporter protein. Importantly, the vivid red fluorescent color was prominently visible in adult transgenic founders under the normal daylight, like the currently marketed red fluorescent transgenic zebrafish. Thus, our current study demonstrated the feasibility of using the well-characterized zebrafish mylz2 promoters to produce useful fluorescent ornamental fish in other fish species by the transgenic technology.

Maternal and paternal hybrid triploids of tetras

Hybrid maternal triploids were generated by crossing grey‐body and red or yellow‐tailed Buenos Aires tetra Hemigrammus caudovittatus (BT) males with albino or black Gymnocorymbus ternetzi [widow tetra (WT)] females and retaining the second polar body by heat shock (HS) or cold shock (CS). Paternal triploids were also generated using 2·5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) incubated BT semen to facilitate the entry of two sperm into an egg of WT. Optimum temperature for CS was identified as 6° C and the optimum age for thermal shocking the zygote as 3 min after fertilization. At hatching, survival was 25, 17 and 5% for the HS, CS and paternal triploids, respectively. At maturity, it was further reduced to >2% and the maturity inordinately delayed. With the presence of undifferentiated ‘steriles’ and almost total absence of females, the expected sex ratio was distorted. Triploid males produced spermatocytes, spermatids but not spermatozoa. Triploidy was confirmed by phenotypic markers, karyotyping, erythrocyte measurement and molecular markers. The fusiform body shape of WT was a dominant phenotypic trait over the typical piscine slender body shape of BT. Polymerase chain reaction products of the genomic DNA of the triploids amplified by OPF6 primer were 300, 450 and 1000 bp length, characteristic of BT, and 500 and 800 bp, typical of WT and thereby confirmed the biparental genomic contribution to the triploids. Analyses of genomic DNA of selected progenies using DMRT‐1 marker showed that (1) like the diploid BT males, the hybrid triploid males were also true genetic males, and amplified 237 and 300 bp products but (2) the triploid steriles amplified all the three products of 100, 237 and 300 bp indicating that they were mosaics but the diploid steriles failed to amplify.

Growth Rate and Body Condition in Relation to Group Size in Black Widow Tetras (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) and Common Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Growth Rate and Body Condition in Relation to Group Size in Black Widow Tetras (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) and Common Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Cadaveric sperm induces intergeneric androgenesis in the fish, Hemigrammus caudovittatus

Intergeneric androgenetic golden Buenos Aires tetra (BT), Hemigrammus caudovittatus was generated using sperm drawn from post-mortem males preserved at −20 °C for 10, 20, 30 and 40 days or fresh sperm to activate the UV-irradiated oocytes of black widow tetra (WT), Gymnocorymbus ternetzi. UV-irradiation (4.2 W/m 2) of the oocytes for 3 min inactivated their nuclear genome. Fry hatched out from these activated oocytes were haploids; suffering haploid syndrome, they died before or within 48 h after hatching. Fresh BT sperm activated 95% oocytes; however, the sperm drawn from post-mortem males preserved at −20 °C for 60 (within glycerol packing) and 30 days (without glycerol packing) activated only 24 and 19% oocytes, respectively. Following activation, diploidy was restored by shocking the 25-min-old embryos at 41 °C for 2 min. Nuclear genomic inactivation of the oocytes was confirmed by (i) production of 100% haploids, (ii) karyotype and erythrocyte measurements, (iii) phenotypic markers, (iv) progeny testing and (v) species-specific marker. At hatching, survival of androgenotes decreased from 11% for those induced with fresh sperm to 4% for those generated using sperm from 30-day-old post-mortem males. Reproductive performance of the ‘fresh’ and ‘cadaveric’ F 0 and F 1 androgenetic males ( Y 2 Y 2 ) was superior to the control ( X 1 Y 2 ). Crosses involving homozygous ( Y 2 Y 2 ) ‘fresh’ F 0 androgenetic males with heterozygous females ( X 1 X 2 ) and F 0 homozygous males ( Y 2 Y 2 ) with females ( X 2 X 2 ) produced 2–4% unexpected female progenies. Paternal autosomes, inherited by the homozygous androgenetic female ( X 2 X 2 ), induced the production of female progenies in significantly less number of crosses than the crosses with heterozygous females ( X 1 X 2 ), which carried equal number of paternal and maternal autosomes. PCR analyses of the genomic DNA of normal male and unexpected F 1 and F 2 female progenies amplified by DMRT 1 specific primer produced bands of 237 and 300 bp length, and thereby confirmed that these unexpected females were genetic males. RAPD analyses of the androgenetic progenies showed that their genome was not contaminated with maternal genome.

On the structure of intestine and presence of endocytic cells in the lamina propria of platy and black tetra (Teleostei)

The structure of the intestine in platy ( Xiphophorus maculatus) and black tetra ( Gymnocorymbus ternetzi) and the capability of cells within the intestinal wall to endocytose intraperitoneally injected horse-spleen ferritin, are described. The intestinal epithelial layer has about the same thickness in both species, but the width of the lamina propria and tunica muscularis in black tetra was only about 1/5 of that in platy. Ferritin was taken up by numerous cells within the lamina propria throughout the entire length of the platy intestine. The uptake was demonstrated as large and strongly coloured intracellular Prussian blue granules in sections treated with acid ferrocyanide. There was no such uptake by the lamina propria in black tetras. We suggest that the high numbers of endocytic cells within the intestinal lamina propria of platies provide a local defence against foreign cells and particles. Such a functional role may to some extent compensate for the lack of an HCl-based defence in the digestive system of this stomach-less species.

Neotropical Monogenoidea. 46. Three new species from the gills of introduced aquarium fishes in India, the proposal of Heterotylus n. g. and Diaphorocleidus n. g., and the reassignment of some previously described species of Urocleidoides Mizelle & Price, 1964 (Polyonchoinea: Dactylogyridae).

Three new species of the Dactylogyridae are described from aquarium fishes collected in India and two new genera are proposed: Heterotylus heterotylus n. g., n. sp. from Hypostomus sp. (Loricariidae), Diaphorocleidus armillatus n. g., n. sp. from Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Characidae) and Urocleidoides vaginoclaustrum n. sp. from Xiphophorus helleri (Poeciliidae). Heterotylus n. g. is characterised by species having overlapping gonads (testis posterodorsal to the ovary), a mid-ventral vaginal aperture, a copulatory complex consisting of a relatively straight copulatory organ unarticulated to a complex accessory piece, erect acute hook thumbs, unexpanded hook shanks, dorsal and ventral anchor/bar complexes and absence of well-defined basal roots of the ventral anchors. Diaphorocleidus n. g. includes species with overlapping gonads (testis posterodorsal to the ovary), submarginal sinistral vaginal pore, a copulatory complex comprising a coiled (counterclockwise) copulatory organ unarticulated to an accessory piece, protruding depressed hook thumb, hook shank with two subunits (proximal subunit expanded), dorsal and ventral anchor/bar complexes and V-shaped bars. The following new combinations are proposed: D. affinis (Mizelle, Kritsky & Crane, 1968) n. comb. (syn. U. affinis Mizelle, Kritsky & Crane, 1968), D. kabatai (Molnar, Hanek & Fernando, 1974) n. comb. (syn. U. kabatai Molnar, Hanek & Fernando, 1974) and D. microstomus (Mizelle, Kritsky & Crane, 1968) n. comb. (syn. U. microstomus Mizelle, Kritsky & Crane, 1968).

Endocytosis of horse-spleen ferritin in the black tetra, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Characidae: Teleostei)

The capability and capacity of various tissues in black tetra Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger), family Characidae, to take up horse-spleen ferritin from the blood stream are described. In the head kidney from specimens injected intraperitoneally with horse-spleen ferritin, numerous large cells were tightly packed by yellow-brown granules when the period of time between injection and sacrifice was over 2 h. These cellular granules were tightly packed with Prussian blue precipitation in tissues treated with an acid ferrocyanide solution, i.e., they displayed a deep blue colour. Similarly, smaller cells were also observed in the trunk kidney, gills and peripheral connective tissue of the pancreas and spleen at this stage after ferritin injection, but they were always few in number. Yellow-brown granules or Prussian blue granules were not found in endothelial cell layers of heart and liver. We suggest that practically all clearance of the blood from foreign and scavenger macromolecules is performed by macrophages in the head kidney of the black tetra, whereas the spleen seems to function mainly as a reservoir for red blood cells in this species.

Larval feeding behaviour of blind fish Astyanax fasciatus (Characidae), black tetra Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Characidae) and angel fish Pterophyllum scalare (Cichlidae) fed zooplankton

We studied the feeding behaviour during the larval stages (from hatching until 8 weeks) of the Mexican blind fish Astyanax fasciatus, black tetra Gymnocorymbus ternetzi and angel fish Pterophyllum scalare using four zooplankton species (two rotifers: Brachionus calyciflorus and B. patulus and two cladocerans: Daphnia pulex and Moina macrocopa). Components of feeding behaviour (numbers of encounters, attacks, captures, ingestions, rejections and escapes) were quantified for 10 min observation periods per larvae. Data on the increase of the body length and mouth size of the three fish species during this period were also collected. When B. calyciflorus was used as prey, P. scalare showed higher capture and ingestion rates than A. fasciatus or G. ternetzi. With reference to age, B. calyciflorus was more frequently attacked, captured and ingested by G. ternetzi and P. scalare than A. fasciatus from the first to the 8th week. When offered B. patulus as prey, larvae of the three fish species showed increased consumption of B. patulus with time. A. fasciatus sometimes rejected B. patulus which could also escape after being captured. A. fasciatus began to attack and ingest Daphnia pulex and Moina macrocopa from the first week onwards while, G. ternetzi could neither capture nor ingest cladocerans until the fifth week. P. scalare began to ingest M. macrocopa and D. pulex from the third week onwards. These results are discussed with reference to the non-functional eyes of larval A. fasciatus.