Black Surgeons Research Articles

Molecular Characterization of Some Popular Fish Species in Saudi Arabia

The present work aims to molecularly characterize some popular Saudi fish species. Seven popular Saudi fish species namely, Morgan (Nemipteru sjaponicus), Mousa (Solea solea), Hamor (Greasy grouper), Shour (Lethrinus lentjan), Dennis (Caranxsex fasciatus), Harid (Scarus arabicus) and Black surgeon (Acanthurus gahhm) were characterized using six RAPD and three ISSR as well as Rep-PCR markers. These markers produced 187 distinct bands 89.4% were considered as polymorphic bands and 10.6% were considered as monomorphic bands. The RAPD OPA-06 primer revealed 100% polymorphism for 19 produced bands where band width ranged from 190 to 2100 bp. Likewise Rep- PCR ERIC1R primer exhibited 100% polymorphism for 18 bands produced bands where band width ranged from 50 to 1400bp. Data of the three types of genetic markers were combined for phylogenetic analysis. The resulted dendergram produced two large linages with around 59% genetic similarity. One linage only included Morgan (Nemipteru sjaponicus), and the other linage comprised the other six species. This result suggested that this six species were descended from Morgan fish. The second linage comprised two clades; the first clade contained four species (Mousa, Hamor, Shour, and Dennis), where the next clade included only Harid and Black surgeon. Generally genetic distance among native fishes was relatively low. The smallest genetic distance (0.512) was estimated between Shour fish and Black surgeon fish. To the best of our knowledge this work is breaking new ground in two directions, first, molecular characterization of Saudi fish, second employment Rep- PCR genetic marker for molecular characterization of fish species. This work could be considered as preliminary work towards an establishment of Saudi genetic conservation program.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(2): 359-366 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i2.12747

Louis T Wright, MD, FACS (1891 to 1952), and the Integration of American Medicine

Louis T Wright, MD, (1891 to 1952, Fig. 1) was the most prominent African-American surgeon of the first half of the 20th century. Growing up in the Jim Crow South, training in medicine at Harvard, and practicing as the country’s most prominent black surgeon during theHarlemRenaissance, he faced racial animus throughout his life. He advanced racial integration of all hospitals, medical schools, and training programs. He opposed accommodation to segregation, especially all-black hospitals. With a commanding personality and in key positions in both medicine and racial politics, he shaped the integration of US medicine. His legacy came 12 years after his death, when the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination on the basis of race in all public and federally supported facilities, including hospitals. Despite his impact, Wright is not widely known in medical history. Most of the material in this article draws from recent summaries of his work with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) by physician-historian P Preston Reynolds and a selfpublished biography by Robert C Hayden, not widely circulated but available through an internet vendor. Wright became the second African-American Fellow of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) and brought other qualified black surgeons into the organization, 2 important stories reviewed by others and not included in this article.

Spontaneous rupture of the spleen

Journal Article Spontaneous rupture of the spleen Get access J M Black J M Black Surgeon Dunfermline and West Fife Hospital, Dunfermline Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Surgery, Volume 20, Issue 79, January 1933, Pages 526–528, https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800207921 Published: 09 December 2005

Daniel Hale Williams: Pioneer Black Surgeon and Educator

The 19th century was difficult for African-Americans seeking a medical education since few schools admitted black students, and the public, including many black patients, had doubts about their cap...

1227: Homer G. Phillips Hospital for the Negro: Training America's Black Surgeons/ Urologists in an Era of Segregation

You have accessJournal of UrologyForum, Monday, May 10,2004, 1:00 - 5:30 pm1 Apr 20041227: Homer G. Phillips Hospital for the Negro: Training America's Black Surgeons/ Urologists in an Era of Segregation Steven B. Brandes Steven B. BrandesSteven B. Brandes More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)38452-0AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "1227: Homer G. Phillips Hospital for the Negro: Training America's Black Surgeons/ Urologists in an Era of Segregation." The Journal of Urology, 171(4S), p. 323 © 2016 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 171Issue 4SApril 2004Page: 323 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Steven B. Brandes More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

One Blood. The Death and Resurrection of Charles R. Drew

One Blood traces both the life of the famous black surgeon and blood plasma pioneer Dr. Charles Drew and the well-known legend about his death. On April 1, 1950, Drew died after an auto accident in rural North Carolina. Within hours, rumors spread: the man who helped create the first American Red Cross blood bank had bled to death because a whites-only hospital refused to treat him. Drew was in fact treated in the emergency room of the small, segregated Alamance General Hospital. Two white surgeons worked hard to save him, but he died after about an hour. In her compelling chronicle of Drew's life and death, Spencie Love shows that in a generic sense, the Drew legend is true: throughout the segregated era, African Americans were turned away at hospital doors, either because the hospitals were whites-only or because the 'black beds' were full. Love describes the fate of a young black World War II veteran who died after being turned away from Duke Hospital following an auto accident that occurred in the same year and the same county as Drew's. African Americans are shown to have figuratively 'bled to death' at white hands from the time they were first brought to this country as slaves. By preserving their own stories, Love says, they have proven the enduring value of oral history. General Interest/Race Relations

Seven surgical exemplars and the college—lest we forget

The Society of Black Academic Surgeons was founded, not to foster any measure of separatism or exclusivity, but rather to encourage and nurture black surgeons to pursue careers and participate fully in all phases of academic surgery. The Society meets annually with varied scientific presentations by its members. State-of-the-art lectures by nationally acclaimed surgical leaders remain an integral part of the program. On this occasion, it seems appropriate to recall the contributions of some of our colleagues and especially their relationship to the American College of Surgeons (the College, or ACS). We are well aware that progress in academic surgery did not begin with those of us currently on the scene but rather that our paths have been made smoother by those who have gone before us. To that end, I have chosen seven black surgeons who played major roles in these efforts. Owing to space constraints, only abbreviated accounts of their contributions will be given. Oral and written versions of their lives demonstrate a keenness of mind and strength of character that enabled them to confront various indignities while persevering to achieve their goals. Equally important was the demonstration of good will, justice, and fair play by some leaders in American surgery who afforded these seven stalwarts the opportunity to train, to develop, and to succeed. Both groups deserve our praise, tribute, and respect. Prudence dictates that no special mention be made of the living; thus, I will side with prudence and restrict my statements to the contributions of seven colleagues who have departed this vale. These seven surgical exemplars are Daniel H. Williams, Louis T. Wright, Frederick D. Stubbs, William H. Sinkler, Matthew Walker, Charles R. Drew, and Samuel L. Kountz.

Dr. Charles Richard Drew.

Betsy Graves Reyneau was born in Battle Creek, Ml, and raised in Detroit. Her grandfather was chief justice of the Michigan supreme court. She studied painting at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and with Frank Duveneck in Cincinnati. Following additional study in Paris and Rome, she returned to Detroit as a portrait painter. This conventional early life gives no clue to the profound effect this young artist’s later work would have on many Americans. In 1927, Reyneau moved to Europe. Twelve years later, not willing to accept fascism, she returned to the United States. However, the racial segregation she encountered on her return represented to Reyneau a fascism equal to that she had tried to escape. Reyneau decided to address segregation. She would paint portraits of distinguished Afro-Americans and thus make Afro-Amencans visible to the entire world. Her first subject, Dr. George Washington Carver, was displayed at the Tuskegee Institute only 3 months before his death. Looking at his portrait, Carver remarked “You paint the souls of people.” Reyneau learned that there were no portraits of Afro-Americans in any national collection. She persuaded the Smithsonian Institute to accept Dr. Carver’s portrait. Carver’s portrait proved to be the first of a collection of works titled “Portraits of Outstanding Americans of Negro Origin” that was sponsored by the Harmon Foundation. This collection, which was first exhibited at the Smithsonian institute in 1944, was subsequently shown at more than 25 major museums throughout the United States. The exhibition had a profound effect on viewers. Among the prominent Afro-Americans displayed in the exhibit were Paul Robeson, Marion Anderson, Mary McLeod Bethone, William DuBois, and Dr. Charles Richard Drew. Charles Drew was born in Washington, DC, in 1904. After attending Amherst College on an athletic scholarship and teaching for 2 years, he entered McGill University School of Medicine in 1928. Following a residency in surgery at Howard University, Drew received a fellowship in surgery at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1940, Dr. Drew was awarded a doctor of science in medicine for his dissertation on banked blood. He was the first Afro-American to receive this degree. Drew returned to the surgical faculty at Howard. Because of his expertise in preserving and storing blood, Drew was asked by the English to organize their blood transfusion service. He was soon also recruited to direct the blood bank program of the American Red Cross. His efforts were thus responsible for saving thousands of lives during World War II. in 1941 , the Red Cross ordered non-Caucasian blood to be stored separately from Caucasian blood. Drew resigned his Red Cross post and returned to Howard as professor and chairman of the Department of Surgery, a position he retained until his death in a car accident in 1950. Drew was called the dean of black surgeons because he had trained more than half the practicing Afro-American surgeons at the time of his death in 1950. Drew was also an apostle for better health care in the Afro-American community. In Drew’s words, “the enjoyment of the highest obtainable standards of health is one of the fun-

Charles Drew: dispelling the myth.

The name Charles Drew is synonymous with blood transfusions, but his life encompassed many other areas of work. A native of Washington, DC, Drew attended Dunbar High School and Amherst College, and went to medical school at McGill University in Montreal. All during his schooling he was a highly regarded athlete (track and football). Drew spent 2 years in postdoctoral training in Montreal and 3 years in Washington, DC, followed by 2 years in New York City, working on a doctorate in medicine in blood banking. He was instrumental in the Blood for Britain program in 1940 and helped establish the future Red Cross blood bank in the United States. Finally, at Howard University, where he taught from 1941 to 1950, he trained a generation of black surgeons. He died, at age 45, of injuries received in a car accident in 1950 in North Carolina. Controversy surrounding his death, involving numerous erroneous claims, has served unfortunately to detract from the significance of his achievements.

Charles Richard Drew: The Man and the Myth

Prior publications on the legendary Charles Drew have concentrated on his role as a black martyr and premier figure of the postwar civil rights movement, with most failing to capture the person and personality of this unique individual.<i>Charles Richard Drew: The</i><i>Man and the Myth</i>, by Professor Wynes of the University of Georgia, addresses these aspects of Drew's life. In 13 carefully written and researched chapters, Wynes gives the reader a better understanding of Drew the surgeon, educator, investigator, and humanist. The author has skillfully obtained information from the Drew papers at the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (Howard University), and interviews with the Drew family and with personal and professional associates at four universities. Charles Drew has justifiably emerged as the Dean of black surgeons in the 20th century. His formal surgical and basic science training established him as a teacher whose all-consuming interest was the training of young Negro

A Century of Black Surgeons: The USA Experience

The medical community's preoccupation with medical history is based on our continued amazement at the accomplishments of our predecessors, without the diagnostic and therapeutic tools that we believe are indispensable in today's practice of medicine, such as computed tomographic scans, lasers, and third-generation antibiotics. If you are intrigued by medical history, then<i>A Century of Black Surgeons: The USA Experience</i>is required reading. This two-volume set documents a facet of medical history that has not been previously compiled in one text. Of equal importance is the social history of this country, which is chronicled as a necessary part of this unique story. Dr Claude Organ, Jr, and Margaret M. Kosiba, RN, have done an impressive amount of research and documentation in compiling this work. As is well known, much of the history of blacks in the United States has been lost because of destruction of records and lack of documentation.

The Nation Thief by Robert Houston

Reviews 93 The Nation Thief. By Robert Houston. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984. 241 pages, $13.95.) The filibustering William Walker loaded sixty adventurers on an old, leaky brig in May of 1855 and with considerable fanfare sailed out of San Francisco’s Golden Gate, bound for revolution-torn Nicaragua. His purpose: to bring stability, science, democracy, and capitalism to that unhappy land. Robert Houston’s latest book is an historical novel chronicling “General” Walker’s rise and fall. As we might guess in our far more cynical age, Walker, both blessed and cursed by visionary naivete, marched into a morass. And for all his manly efforts, fine phrases, and superior Sharps rifles, he and most of his men sank into it. With good reason, some critics look askance at historical novels. When all is said and done, they remain neither fish nor fowl, or rather they emerge as both fish and fowl, combinations of obligatory events and their authors’ imaginations. Yet, whatever one’s view on what can turn out to be unlikely creatures, strange pastiches, Houston brings it off in Nation Thief. He does this not by telling his story in a determined and unbroken narrative but by allowing the personalities involved to address the reader directly about their experiences. Thus we get a variety of reactions to the unfolding story. This ranges from the earthy and sometimes humorous perceptions of Chelon, leader of Walker’s Indian allies, through the frustrations of Guy Sartain, Walker’s black surgeon caught in a host of racial anomalies, to the pro­ nouncements of General Walker himself. As we know so well from Heart of Darkness, Walker will be compelled to become ever more the inhuman dic­ tator as he attempts to impose order on an ever darker, ever more chaotic situation. And thus we get not so much fiction chained to history as a series of portraits of people falling apart at their physical and psychic seams as their dreams and the world around them become unglued. Nation Thief is a story of loss of innocence, of high hopes going sour before the eyes of the hopeful. The characters stumble toward their grisly doom, storming cities only to lose them, trying to maintain their glittering dream of empire while the jungle and the cholera suck them under one by one. Only William Walker is able to keep his fantasy to the end despite the widening gap between illusion and reality. In this sense, in a book rich with ironies and contradictions, we see that his followers are sane people slowly going insane as they recognize the reality of their circumstances, while Walker, inspirational madman to begin with, maintains his stability by ignoring reality and clinging ever more dearly to the phantom of conquest. And so we have more than a series of deft psychological portraits in Nation Thief. As the characters pass before us in its pages, we witness a chilling morality play. Given our nation’s current designs on Central America, it seems especially appropriate to our times. PETER WILD, University of Arizona ...

Daniel Hale Williams: Innovative Surgeon, Educator, and Hospital Administrator

When Dr. Daniel Hale Williams, a black surgeon, reported his successful suturing of the pericardium early in 1897 he stated: “The Index Catalogue and Medicus of the National Medical Library, surgeon-general's office, Washington, D.C., do not give a single title descriptive of suture of the pericardium or heart in the human subject. This being the fact, this case is the first successful or unsuccessful case of suture of the pericardium that has ever been recorded.” 1 Williams DH Stab wound of the heart and pericardium-suture of the pericardium—recovery—patient alive three years afterward. Med Rec. 1897; 51: 439 Google Scholar Dr. Williams also examined the specimens of pericardial and heart wounds in the Army Medical Museum and found none that had any history of operation. These steps were typical of Dr. Williams' thoroughness throughout his 40-year career.